Muzaka

The Muzaka were an Albanian aristocratic family from Constantinople who controlled the area of Myzeqeja ( Albanian also Myzeqe ; Aromanian Muzachia ; Italian Musachia ) with the center of Berat in central Albania in the late Middle Ages . According to some authors, the Muzaka are also referred to as a tribe or clan .

1372 family Muzaka received from the Byzantine Emperor John V , the investiture of Kastoria , the title of Despot of Epirus with the "privilege of the golden seal and a throne on which the imperial coat of arms was embroidered in pearls." Emperor Johannes also granted his coat of arms, the double-headed eagle with the star in the middle.

The Muzaka are also associated with the aristocratic Kastrioti family. Donika , daughter of Prince Gjergj Arianiti († 1461) and his wife Maria Muzaka († 1444) married Georg Kastriota , the national hero of Albania , on April 21, 1451 .

Origin and name

The Muzaka are considered one of the most important Albanian families. According to the Albanian historian Skënder Anamali , the family comes from Maliq near Korça , a village which, according to Gjon Muzaka (who is considered unreliable) , was inhabited by Slavs . Gjon Muzaka further claims that the family got their name from the Myzeqeja area, the land of the Molossians . The modification of the name Molossachi became Mosachia / Musachi.

After Karl Hopf , the landscape was called Savra in the Middle Ages and it was not until the Albanian aristocratic Musachi family (Musac, Musacus), who ruled Albania from 1280 to 1600, that the landscape was named.

According to the Austro-Hungarian historian Lajos Thallóczy , the plain between Durazzo and Valona , called Musakja, was named after the Musachi family.

Different spellings of the name include Muzaki, Musachi, Molesachi, Musaka, Musaki, Musac and Musacus.

Today there is the Italianized version of Musciacchio in Italy , descendants of the Arbëresh who came to the Kingdom of Naples between the 15th and 17th centuries . The Musciacchio are mainly located in Apulia. Variants of this surname are: Musacchio, Musachi, Musajo, Mussacchio, Masciacchi, Musacchi, Musacchia, Mosacchio, Masacchio, Musacchii, Musacci and Masciocchi, which occur in America and Italy.

The area of the Muzaka

In the 13th century, the Muzaka family's holdings stretched from the Myzeqeja to the Vjosa River and included little Mussachia, known as the Tomonist (Tumenishti). A little later the family extended their rule to Selenica , Tormoniza near the Tomorr mountain . Part of their property were the cities of Berat, Korça, Soviani (Sclepari), Shkepari, Opari, Maserechi (Masreku) and other places such as Costuri (Casoria), the villages of Lodari (Lopari), which were in the vicinity of Korça.

After the Adriatic port of Vlora fell to the Ottomans in 1417 , these "Via Musachia" (also called Capo de Musachia ) moved to Beligrad (White City), Larissa , Volos or Thessaloniki .

In 1924, the historian Milan Šufflay described the great Musakja plain as fertile only in theory.

In 1929, the area Musachia (Myzeqe) was identified as the largest lowland described by Albania by the floods of Shkumbin , Seman arose and Vjosa and was flooded in winter over large areas. In the area there are lagoons with unsafe banks (Kravasta, Terbuf, Arta).

history

High Middle Ages

In 1090, a member of the Muzaka family is first mentioned by the Byzantine historian Anna Komnena as a loyal commander of the Byzantine emperor Alexios I Komnenos .

Late Middle Ages

The Kingdom of Sicily around 1154

The maximum extent of the Regnum Albaniae

Coat of arms of Charles of Anjou, in use from 1246

When Charles I of Anjou became King of Naples and Sicily after the Battle of Benevento (February 26, 1266) , the widow of Manfred von Hohenstaufen , Helena Angelina Dukaina (daughter of Michael II from the noble dynasty of the Comnenes of the Byzantine Empire) became , imprisoned in Trani until her death in July 1271. He saw their Greek dowry (coastal towns such as Dyrrhachion (Durrës), Butrinto , Vlora, Kanina including Berat , the area of Spinarza at the mouth of the Vjosa and the island of Corfu ) as his inheritance. Charles I of Anjou took possession of Corfu from the crusader Garnier l'Aleman in March 1267, who as captain general of Charles I gradually conquered the despotate of Epirus. Vlora, Kanina, Dyrrhachion (February 1271) and finally Berat (1273) became the Angevin area.

On February 21, 1272 Charles I of Anjou proclaimed the Regnum Albaniae - Kingdom of Albania, whose territory roughly corresponded to a triangle between Dyrrhachion, Berat and Vlora. Charles, who imposed military rule over the Kingdom of Albania, " de facto " abolished the promised autonomy and privileges , introduced new taxes, confiscated land for the benefit of the Angevin nobles and excluded the Albanian nobles from government duties, in an attempt to take his rule and to enforce the local loyalty, the sons of the local nobles as hostages (in 1273 Albanian hostages were in Bari ), which led to a general dissatisfaction in the country, so that some nobles contacted the Byzantine Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos , who promised them to recognize their old privileges.

Gjon Muzaka

In April 1274 the newly appointed Vicar General Norjaud de Toucy reached Dyrrhachion and was greeted by Gjon Muzaka (also: Gjin; German Johannes ) and his son-in-law Paolo (Paulus) Groppa, Lord of Ohrid, as "envoy of the Albanians", who showed them their devotion Compatriots insured. Even so, Toucy made sure to fortify the city and provided Vallona with a good crew. Toucy tried to win over the population, consisting largely of Albanians, some of whom still maintained their freedoms, by granting them privileges.

When Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos sent an army against Dyrrhachion from Ioannina that same year , captured Berat and stationed a strong garrison in Butrint , not a few of those who pledged allegiance to the Anjou joined the Byzantine emperor. King Karl provided all kinds of aid, troops, ships, ammunition, grain, salt, etc. This support from the Kingdom of Sicily and Toucy's energetic approach convinced the Albanian tribal chiefs to enter into a settlement with the vicar general, which guaranteed them the old privileges. Charles approved it on December 1, 1274 on the condition that they take hostages from among them, which they did. And yet some clans opposed the Anjou and hoped for the assistance of the palaeologists , who rearmamented in 1275 to conquer Dyrrhachion and oust the Anjou from Epirus. Gjon Muzaka became one of the main leaders of the Albanian resistance. As an ally of the Byzantine emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos, he fought Charles I's expansionist efforts in Albania and was captured by Charles I on October 11, 1279 with three of his accomplices, Carnesius and Gulielmus Blenisti or Blenishti and the Greek Demitrius Socus (Zûxoç) and brought to Trani.

Although the Kingdom of Albania was occupied by the Saracen troops of Charles and administered exclusively by French and Italian officials, Charles now tried to get the support of the local Albanian ruling families , such as the Gropa , Scura , Muzaka, Jonima and Arianiti , and in order to obtain this, Charles freed the Albanian nobles quoted above from the Neapolitan prisons and gave some of them Byzantine titles, such as B. that of the Sebastokrator . In 1280 "Joannes dictus Musac" (Johannes, called Musac), who was imprisoned in Brindisi , was released.

Andrea I. Muzaka

One of the first notable members of the family was Andrea I. Molosachi or Muzaki (* err. Around 1258; † 1319 at the age of around 60). In 1280 "Andreas Musac fidelis" (faithful), who had paid homage to the governor of Durazzo, Vaubecourt, was admonished to keep his oath. Between 1281 and 1285 Andrea I was a vassal of King Charles I and received the Byzantine title of Sebastokrator from him, with the intention of securing a local power base. Between 1280 and 1319 Andrea I established a largely independent territorial rule by expanding the area to include Tormoniza, Berat, Këlcyra and Skrapar . In 1318 Pope John XXII wrote. to Andream Musatium and called him "regni Albaniae marescallum" (Royal Marshal of Albania).

Theodor I. Muzaka

After the death of his father, Theodor I inherited Andrea I (1319). Theodor I lived in troubled times. After the murder of the despot of Epiros , Thomas Komnenos Dukas Angelos (1296-1318), by his nephew Nikola Orsini , the Count Palatine of Kefalonia , this new despot of Epiros became. This usurpation of the throne called for the Byzantines, Anjou and Serbs , each of whom tried to snatch his share of the shattered despotate. The Serbian King Stefan Uroš II Milutin prepared for the submission of Albania . As early as June 1319 he assumed the title of ruler of Raszien , Dioclea, Albania and the sea coast .

Pope John XXII. admonished the “great” of Albania, who were devoted to the “ Catholic Church ” in 1318 , the Protosebastos Wilhelm Blevisti and Theodor I. Muzaka, the Mentulo or Matarango, Count of Clissania (son of Theodor I), the Andrea II. Muzaka (son of Theodor I. ), Count Wladislaw Conovic of Dioclea and the sea coast, Count Wilhelm of Albania, Paulus (or Paolo) Materanga (son-in-law of Theodor I) and the other barons of the country loyally remain with the House of Taranto and, where possible, theirs to do to regain the lost places. "

Theodor I. died around 1335. His successor was his eldest son Andrea II. Muzaka.

Andrea II. Muzaka

Coat of arms of the Muzaka family from 1372

Andrea II. Muzaka took over the rule after the death of his father Theodor I. Muzaka (around 1335) and ruled with a few interruptions until his death in 1372. The strongly fortified Berat made Andrea II the capital of his principality Muzakaj . With a clever rocking policy between the regional great powers Byzantium , Serbia and Naples , Andrea II Muzaka managed to maintain and expand his position as an autonomous prince in central Albania.

From 1336 the Serbian King Stefan IV Dušan subjugated the Albanian principalities in several campaigns. Andrea Muzaka's territory was also incorporated into the new empire.

In 1337 Andreas Musacius received from Pope Benedict XII. for his loyalty during Ludwig von Durazzo's campaign to Romania the title "regni Albaniae despotus" (royal despot of Albania) and the privileges promised by Ludwig and his possessions confirmed. In return, one of the two older sons (filii majores) of Andrea (Gjin II. Or Theodor II. ) Should always stay as hostage with the governor Guglielmo de Sanseverino in Dyrrhachion.

Saint Anthony's Church in Durrës

Andrea II. Muzaka was able to extend his rule to the Korça plain to the east. In 1360 he conquered the Adriatic port of Vlora and while moving to the east he succeeded in taking the city of Kastoria on the Pindus from the Serbian pretender Marko Kraljević after the battle of the Mariza in 1371 . For this victory, Andrea II received the investiture of Kastoria, the title of Despot of Epirus , a coat of arms with a double-headed eagle with a star in the middle, the "privilege of the golden seal and a throne chair" from the Byzantine emperor John V in 1372 which the coat of arms was embroidered in pearls ”.

On the death bed (1372) Andrea II divided his possessions among his three sons and gave the firstborn, Gjin I , Tomorizzo and the two Devol, the second, Theodor , the Musakja with the city of Berat and the youngest, Stoya, the Landscape Kastoria with all cities and domains.

Gjin I. Muzaka

When Gjin's brother Stoya died childless, his landscape Kastoria with all cities and domains went to him. Six children resulted from his marriage to Suina, daughter of Materango Arianiti Comneno. The firstborn Andrea III. Muzaka took over the rule after Gjin's death (1389).

Andrea III. was mentioned in April 1393 as the most distinguished citizens of Durazzo and the "Albanian chiefs nearby" received gifts and pensions from the Bailo and captain of Durazzo, Francesco Giorgio Andrea married Kyranna, the daughter of Gjin Zenevisi , lord of Agyrokastro and Vagenetia , with whom he had six children (two sons and four daughters). Both Andrea III. as well as his sons Gjin II. Muzaka and Theodor III. Muzaka were Skanderbeg's colleagues.

Gjin II had two sons. While the older, Andrea († lost after 1484) with his wife Yela Thopia , stayed in Epirus and was persecuted by the Ottomans, the younger, Gjin III , fled . with his family in 1479/80 to Naples.

Theodore II Muzaka

St. Athanasius of Muzaka Church in Kastoria

After the death of his father in 1372, Theodor II started in the Principality of Muzakaj.

Between 1383 and 1384, Theodor II, together with his brother Stoya and the monk Dionysius, had a Greek Orthodox church ( St. Athanasius von Muzaka Church ) built in Kastoria , which was dedicated to Athanasius the Great .

In 1387 Theodor II fought with Gjergj II. Balšić in alliance with the Serbian King Lazar Hrebeljanović and that of Bosnia , Tvrtko I , victoriously against the Ottomans in the battle of Pločnik .

Two years later, Gjergj II. Balšić, Teodor II. Muzaka, Dhimitër Jonima and Pal Kastrioti fought with his son Gjon I. Kastrioti (father of Skanderbeg ) in the battle known as the "Battle of the Nations" on the Amselfeld (June 15, 1389) not far from Pristina on the river Lab in today's Kosovo . The day after, the three surviving Albanian princes Gjergj II. Balšić, Teodor II. Muzaka, under the leadership of Gjon I. Kastrioti, withdrew within their borders. They were able to resist the Ottomans and set up a Christian Albanian entity that stretched from the southern border of Ragusa to the Gulf of Patras .

According to Carl Hermann Friedrich Johann Hopf , Theodor had a son, Nicola, who was captured by his aunt Comita Muzaka († 1396; widow of Balša II and sister of Theodor II) in 1389 and released a year later. After the death of Theodor II (date unknown), rule in the Principality of Muzakaj passed to his nephew Theodor III. Muzaka over. This could only happen because his only son Nicola must have been dead at the time or was held captive by his aunt Comita Muzaka.

Ottoman era

In 1417 Berat, the capital of the Myzeqeja, was conquered by the Ottomans . During the Ottoman rule, Berat was the seat of the Sanjak - Beys Yakup Bey Muzaka (son of Theodor III. Muzaka ). In the 1420s, the aristocratic Muzaka family (now Ottoman vassals ) ruled Berat, but still maintained political ties with the Republic of Venice . Some descendants of the family converted to Islam and received prominent positions in the Ottoman army .

Gjin II. Muzaka was a colleague of Skanderbeg and died shortly after the battle of Berat , which was fought in mid-July 1455 on the Tomornizza Mountains . Gjin's land of Tomornizza was first occupied by Skanderbeg and then drafted without regard to his children. Only after the death of Skanderbeg (1468) should the land from his son Gjin III. to be recovered.

Theodor III. Muzaka , a colleague of Skanderbeg in the League of Lezha , lost the city for good in 1450 in a surprise attack by the Ottomans. The siege of Berat , initiated by Skanderbeg in 1455 , was unsuccessful.

Gjin III. Muzaka refused the brilliant offers of Sultan Mehmed II when he converted to Islam and fled to Naples in 1479/80 , where he wrote his family chronicle in 1510.

Family tree

The following family tree comes from that of Gjin III. Muzaka written family history and expanded by his son Constantin and Johann Georg Hahn's journey through the areas of the Drin and Wardar , 1867, p. 284.

Gjon Muzaka ("Joannes dictus Musac", Johannes, called Musac; † after 1280)
- ?, perhaps Andrea I. Muzaka (* err. around 1258, † 1319 at the age of around 60)
  - Theodor I. Muzaka , (lived at the end of the 13th / beginning of the 14th century), Kischètisi (called long hair)
    - Andrea II. Muzaka (* 1319; † 1372), from 1335 despot of Berat ⚭ Efthimijen (also: Etinia, Onorata), daughter of Sebastokrator Paul Matarango, lord of Gora
      - Gjin I. Muzaka ( German Johannes ; * 1337; † 1389), ⚭ Suina, daughter of Materango Arianiti Comneno
        
        Andrea III. Muzaka († after 1393) ⚭ Kyranna, daughter of Gjin Zenevisi from Agyrokastro and Vagenetia
        
        Gjin II. Muzaka ( German Johannes ; † 1455 shortly after the battle of Berat ) ⚭ Chiranna, granddaughter (or niece) of Matarango von Gora
        
        Andrea Muzaka († after 1484) ⚭ Yela Thopia ; lost
        Ginno Muzaka was castellan in Mesagne , Apulia until 1517 ; ⚭ Andronica Sati
        
        Andrea Muzaka , was castellan in Messagne after his father's death in 1517;
        
        Giovanni, lived in Monopoli , Apulia before 1562 ⚭ Caterina
        
        Basilio († between 1567 and 1571) ⚭ 1548 Geronima Boccasini
        
        Giovanni Antonio (born December 16, 1558)
        
        Silvia (December 5, 1561 - August 25, 4622) ⚭ June 14, 1579 Antonio della Porta
        
        Giovanella (born April 23, 1564)
        
        Vito Antonio (July 13, 1567 - November 16, 1651) ⚭ May 29, 1594 Paola De Caro
        
        Beatrice (born September 20, 1595; † before April 12, 1606)
        
        Giovanni Pietro (born April 11, 1598)
        
        Girolamo (* 1600)
        
        Geronima ⚭ October 15, 1628 Domenico Antonio de Zoffalo
        
        Caterina (born November 16, 1603) ⚭ August 20, 1634 Vito Antonio Cappelletto
        
        Beatrice (born April 12, 1606)
        
        Leonardo (November 6, 1608; † 1634) ⚭ November 12, 1633 Crescentia Menga
        Paola (born August 8, 1634)
        
        Tommaso (March 27, 1611 - March 8, 1679) ⚭ July 25, 1655 Angelella Carbonaro
        
        Lucrezia (born October 15, 1613)
        
        Giuseppe (born April 27, 1616)
        
        Tommaso († after 1604), pastor in the Chiesa Santa Maria Amalfitana in Monopoli
        
        Pink ⚭ Vito Jannocaro
        
        Giulia ⚭ January 2, 1562 Tommaso Franticolla
        
        Donato Antonio (April 11, 1525; † after 1613)
        
        Angelella (born January 27, 1527)
        
        Giorgio, participated in the Battle of Lepanto in part
        
        Marziano
        
        Pietro, was pastor in the Chiesa SS. Apostoli Pietro e Paolo in Mononoli
        Giovanni Giacomo (12 November 1533; † before 1586) ⚭ Ippolita Fino
        
        Francesco Paolo
        
        Francesco Antonio ⚭ 1590 Poreta Pignataro
        
        Vittoria ⚭ Macedonio Staugera
        
        Ottavia ⚭ Marino di Ruggero
        
        Lucia
        
        Marzia
        
        Laura
        
        Colella († before 1582) ⚭ Rebecca Chiaritone
        
        Nardo Antonio (born November 14, 1535; † after 1597) ⚭ N. Ckimcenti
        
        Girolamo (January 11, 1539; † after 1630) ⚭ Cannosina di Zolfaio
        
        Cola Maria (* March 25, 1564; † after 1605) ⚭ Ortensia dei Goscia
        
        Giacomo (7 October 1590 - 12 November 1591)
        
        Gio 'Battista ⚭ Rosa Antonia
        
        Girolamo (born November 18, 1596) ⚭ Luigia Laura Maria Pupius
        
        Tommaso (born December 20, 1617) ⚭ January 6, 1644 Lucrezia Brumada
        
        Marco Antonio (born April 26, 1620)
        
        Ortensia (born August 16, 1622)
        
        Cola Maria (born December 23, 1624)
        
        Carmosina († April 23, 1629)
        
        Donato ⚭ January 13, 1617 Giulia Pupino
        
        Giulia (* 1603; † April 15, 1615)
        
        Giacomo (born December 25, 1567)
        
        Orazio (born May 19, 1569)
        
        Donato
        
        Giobattista (January 6, 1572 - April 9, 1648) ⚭ July 31, 1594 Porzia dei Goscia
        (8 children)
        
        Ortensio
        
        Lucrezia (born March 7, 1574)
        
        Isabella (born December 11, 1575) ⚭ July 31, 1594 Donato La Torre
        
        Lucrezia (* March 9, 1578) ⚭ May 3, 1601 Giacomo Lacitignola
        
        Vincenzo (born September 10, 1542)
        
        Donata (September 22, 1585 - September 22, 1585) ⚭ Giacomo Mazzarisi
        
        Maddalena ⚭ June 27, 1582 Donato Antonio Valente
        
        Sibilla
        
        Rosa Antonia ⚭ 1578 Cola Pitinaro
        
        Elena ⚭ in Messagne Marino lonima
        
        Ludovica ⚭ in Messagne Massenzio Cantone
        
        Gaspare ⚭ NN
        
        Giovanni, participated in the Battle of Lepanto in part
        
        Domenico, cashier and judge in Nardò
        
        Teodoro
        
        Francesca ⚭ 1545 Pietro Scolmafora
        
        Gio 'Cataldo, who lived in Mesagne in 1565, apparently came from Taranto
        
        Costantino, governor of Mesagne ⚭ Beatrice Melvindi in 1520
        
        Achille (* 1520; † 1583) ⚭ Ippolita Matterdona
        
        Beatrice (* 1569) ⚭ 1582 Gaspare Resta
        
        Caterina (baptized November 16, 1572; † 1660) ⚭ Fabrizio Cingotto
        
        Lucrezia (March 14, 1575 - July 2, 1622) ⚭ Bernardino Dormio
        
        Cecilia ⚭ 1. Giò Jaco Dormio; ⚭ 2. Virgilio Ganza
        
        Andronica (born November 2, 1540) was a nun
        
        Angelo (April 2, 1554 - November 14, 1644)
        
        Ascanio (June 6, 1568 - before September 17, 1572)
        
        Lucia (born November 4, 1574 in Mesagne)
        
        Francesco Antonio (born April 8, 1599 in Mesagne)
        
        Angelo (* December 27, 1600) ⚭ Isabella Pinto
        Domenico
        
        Caterina (born March 22, 1603)
        
        Vittoria (born November 6, 1562)
        
        Ascanio (born September 17, 1572) ⚭ Angela Sturda
        
        Francesco Antonio (born January 6, 1577)
        
        Zanfina (anche Suina) Muzaka ⚭ 1. Musachi Comneno, son of Comneno Arianiti; after the divorce ⚭ 2. Moisi Arianit Golemi , Lord of Dibra
        
        Gjin III. Muzaka (also Gjon; † after 1510), came to the Kingdom of Naples around 1480; ⚭ Maria Dukagjini
        
        Theodor Muzaka (* 1478) died childless
        
        Elena Muzaka
        
        Andriano Muzaka (* 1479/80 in Durrës; † May 10, 1526 in France, poisoned) died childless
        
        Constantin Muzaka (* after 1480 in the Kingdom of Naples; † after 1550), lived in Naples ⚭ Lucrezia Egidio
        
        Giovanni (* 1510)
        Antonio (Marcantonio) came from Naples ⚭ Mesagne Laura Toschez
        Auriana (* in Mesgane; baptized December 13, 1567)
        
        Caspare ⚭ NN
        Adriano († around 1600 as the last of this tribe)
        
        Porfida, lady-in-waiting to Queen Joan of Aragon ⚭ Pietro Rocco
        
        Maria Muzaka († before 1444) ⚭ Musachi Comneno,
        Porfida, the great ⚭ in Naples Giulio de Balignano
        
        Elena Muzaka ⚭ Giorgio Blandisi of Carles, Lord of Sub- Debar
        
        Comita Muzaka ⚭ Ananiti, son of Musachi Arianiti Comneno
        
        Condisa Muzaka ⚭ Duru, son of Aidino, lord of Neppe
        
        Teodora Muzaka ⚭ 1. Goisavo Balšić ; ⚭ 2. Lekë Dukagjini
        
        Theodor III. Muzaka (* err. Around 1417)
        Jakup Beu
        
        Maria Muzaka ⚭ Arianiti Comnenus (* approx. 1400; † 1461 in Durrës)
        
        Andronika Arianiti (* 1428; † 1505/1506) ⚭ April 21, 1451 Georg Kastrioti
        Gjon II. Kastrioti (* first half 1455; † 1505)
        
        ...
        
        Elena Muzaka ⚭ Philip of Ragusa
        
        Comita Muzaka ⚭ Arianiti, son of Musachi Arianiti Comneno
        
        Condisa Muzaka ⚭ Duru, son of Aidino; Lord of Neppe
      - Elena Muzaka ⚭ Aidino Lopes
      - Materango Muzaka
        
        Ginno Musachi Matarango ( German Johannes ; † killed by the Ottomans)
        Andrea, was a Muslim; Lord of Gora
        
        Teodora Matarango ⚭ Andrea Musachi, son of uncle Laldi
        
        Comita Matarango ⚭ Andrea Muzaka, the blind man
        
        Chiranna Matarango ⚭ the cousin Ginno Muzaka, son Andrea
      - Condisa Muzaka ⚭ Soliman-bey; had two children
      - Blasio Muzaka
        
        Bogdan Muzaka, was killed by the Ottomans
        
        Giovanni Muzaka, was killed by the Ottomans
        
        Ginno Muzaka, was killed by the Ottomans
        
        Theodor Muzaka, was killed by the Ottomans
        
        Costantino Muzaka, was killed by the Ottomans
        
        ♀ ⚭ Costantino Miserri von Guascito, was slain by the Ottomans
        
        Teodora Muzaka ⚭ Paul Zardari
        Maria ⚭ Branai o Brana (italianizzato: Bernardo) Konti († 1508) → see: Descendants of Vrana Konti
      - Bogdan Muzaka
        
        Ginno (Bogdan) Muzaka , Baron of Meriona in Tomomiza
        Sinaibergo, Muslim ⚭ Yela Arianiti from Dibra.
        
        Andrea Muzaka (blind), Lord of Copes ⚭ the cousin Comita Matarango von Gora
        
        Mighiria
        
        Paolo
        
        Blasio
        
        Chiranna ⚭ Aiderbeo, Lord of Sbirina
        
        Pietro Muzaka
        Asan (died 1514), Muslim, Bassà of Romania
      - Laldi Muzaka
        Andrea Muzaka ⚭ the cousin Teodora Matarango von Gora
      - Theodor II. Muzaka (* 1337; † between 1389 and 1396) took part in the battle on the Amselfeld (June 15, 1389); Sebastokrator, despot of Berat and the Myzeqeja ⚭ NN
        
        Nicola , Lord of the Devoll Valley
        Pietro ⚭ Angelina
        Hassan († 1614), Muslim, Pasha of Romania
        
        Andrea (blind? † 1389), Lord of Gopeš ⚭ Comita Matarango of Gora
        
        Anna (Kyranna) ⚭ Haidarbeg from Svirini
        
        Hassanbeg
      - Stoya Muzaka († 1384)
      - Comita Muzaka († 1396) ⚭ Balša II of Cedda († September 18, 1385 in the Battle of Savra )
        Ruđina Balšić († 1420), Duchess of Vlora , Kanina , Himara and Berat ⚭ 1391 Mrkša Žarković († 1414), son of Žarko (* around 1336; † before 1371)
      - Chiranna Balšić ⚭ Paolo (Paulus) Groppa, Lord of Ohrid
    - Mentulo or Matarango , Count of Clissania

Today's name bearers

Gjergj Muzaka (* 1984), Albanian football player

literature

Rosario Jurlaro: I Musachi, despoti d'Epiro . Edizioni del Centro Librario, Bari (Italian, vatrarberesh.it [PDF; accessed March 2, 2018]).

Web links

Robert Elsie : 1515 John Musachi: Brief Chronicle on the Descendants of our Musachi Dynasty (English)

Remarks

↑ Sebastokrator, "regni Albaniae marescallum" (Royal Marshal of Albania)
↑ is mentioned both in 1389 and in 1393 as an honorable citizen of Durrës.
↑ Grabossa received as dowry
↑ Skanderbeg's comrades-in-arms
↑ had to emigrate
↑ 1568 - Procurator of Cesare Lombardo
↑ Teodoro, in 1512 he sold the nobility or barons' feud from Crepacore in the province of Brindisi , around 1516 that of Galesano in the province of Brindisi
↑ Francesco Antonio has several children who change the surname to Musciaccki.
^ Author of the family chronicle
↑ was 1½ years old when he escaped
↑ was 1½ months old when he escaped; Commander of 100 cavalrymen in the service of the King of France
↑ Dangelino named after his mother Angjelina Kastrioti (sister of Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg)
↑ was brought up in Naples; Lady-in-waiting of Queen Joan of Aragon of Naples
↑ Skanderbeg's comrades-in-arms
↑ Lord of Çermenika , Mokra and Spatennia (Shpat), which separates his country from ours and forms the border; one of the captains from Skanderbeg to Devoll
↑ (* May 6, 1405; † January 17, 1468) Lord of Dibra, Mat and Kruja to the sea and of Deberina, also called Randesio (Rene?) And from the province of Guonimi (Gjonem)
↑ After the death of his father, fled with his mother to Naples
↑ was captured by the Ottomans and his limbs smashed with hammers
↑ When the Princess of Valona, Comita Muzaka († 1396; widow of Balša II. And sister of Theodor II.), Waged war against her nephew Nicola in 1389, he was captured. His followers did not want to hand over the "turris Pirgi" tower with the customs office at the mouth of the Seman until Nicola was released. Both parties provisionally ceded the tower to the Venetian Baila of Corfu, who, after Nicolas was released in 1390, gave it to Comita Muzaka with the obligation to provide three sailors for the Corfu fleet every year (Illyrian-Albanian Research, Volume 1, p . 170 f.)
↑ In 1389 Comita waged war against her nephew Nicola (see note under Nicola Muzaka)
↑ After the death of her father Balša II, her mother Comita (sister of Theodor II. Muzaka ) could only maintain rule over Vlora , Kanina , Himara and Berat in the south, while the Zeta and the region around Skadar escaped from captivity Đurađ II. Balšić fell. Comita ruled from Berat until her death in 1396.

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b ^c Rosario Jurlaro, p. 12
↑ Hasan Celâl Güzel, Cem Oğuz, Osman Karatay, Murat Ocak: Ottomans . In: The Turks . tape 2 . Yeni Türkiye, Ankara 2002 (English).
^ ^A ^b ^c John Van Antwerp Fine: The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest . University of Michigan Press, 1994, ISBN 978-0-472-08260-5 , pp. 290 (English, online preview in Google Book Search).
↑ Donald M. Nicol : The Despotate of Epiros 1267-1479. A contribution to the history of Greece in the middle age . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1984, ISBN 0-521-26190-2 , pp. 197 (English, online preview in Google Book Search).
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Johann Georg von Hahn : Journey through the areas of the Drin un Wardar . In: Memoranda of the Imperial Academy of Sciences . Second division. tape 16 . Imperial and Royal Court and State Printing House, Vienna 1869, p. 99 ( online version in Google Book Search).
^ ^A ^b Carl Hermann Friedrich Johann Hopf : Chroniques gréco-romanes inédites ou peu connues . Weidmann, Berlin 1873, p. 281 (Italian, archive.org ).
^ Robert Elsie : Historical Dictionary of Albania . Scarecrow Press, 2010, ISBN 978-0-8108-6188-6 , pp. 315 (English).
↑ Skënder Anamali, Kristaq Prifti: Historia e popullit shqiptar në katër vëllime . Botimet Toena, Tirana 2002, ISBN 978-99927-1-622-9 , pp. 255 ff . (Albanian).
^ Robert Elsie: John Musachi: Brief Chronicle on the Descendants of our Musachi Dynasty 1515 . In: Early Albania: A Reader of Historical Texts, 11th-17th Centuries . Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2003, ISBN 3-447-04783-6 , p. 34 (English, online preview in Google Book Search).
^ Early Albania: A Reader of Historical Texts, p. 40
^ ^A ^b Early Albania: A Reader of Historical Texts, p. 39
^ Carl Hermann Friedrich Johann Hopf, p. 278
^ Ludwig von Thallóczy: Illyrisch-Albanische Forschungen . tape 1 . Duncker & Humblot, Munich 1916, p. 85 ( archive.org ).
^ Carl Hermann Friedrich Johann Hopf, p. 270
^ Johann Georg von Hahn, 1869, p. 102
↑ Franz Babinger : The end of the Arianites . Verlag der Bazerische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Munich 1960, p. 12 (Italian, badw.de [PDF; accessed on March 2, 2018]).
↑ Carl Hermann Friedrich Johann Hopf, p. 35
↑ ^a ^b Heide Brigitte Buschhausen, Helmut Buschhausen: The Marienkirche of Apollonia in Albania: Byzantines, Normans and Serbs in the fight for the Via Egnatia . Publishing house of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1976, p. 26 .
↑ Musacchio - Origine del Cognome. Retrieved March 2, 2018 (Italian).
↑ Cognome Musciacchio. Retrieved March 2, 2018 (Italian).
↑ Musciacchio Distribuzione del Cognome. Retrieved March 2, 2018 (Italian).
↑ Gillian Gloyer: Albania . Bradt Travel Guides, Chalfont St. Peter 2012, p. 244 (English, online preview in Google Book Search).
↑ Milan Šufflay : Cities and castles of Albania: mainly during the Middle Ages . Hölder-Pichler-Tempsky A.-G., Vienna 1924, p. 31 .
↑ Milan Šufflay, p. 33
↑ Rivista di Malariologia . In: 20 . Rome 1941, p. 79 (Italian).
^ Carlo Tagliavini, Paolo Emilio Pavolini, Roberto Almagia, Mario Berti and others: Albania. In: Enciclopedia Italiana. Retrieved March 2, 2018 (Italian).
↑ Studia Albanica . tape 27 . L'Institut, Tirana 1990, p. 179 (French).
↑ Piro Tase: TË HUAJT PËR SHQIPËRINË DHE SHQIPTARËT . Lulu, 2010, ISBN 978-0-557-33253-3 , pp. 101 (Albanian, online version in Google Book Search).
↑ Helena of Epirus. Retrieved March 2, 2018 .
^ ^A ^b ^c Johann Georg von Hahn: Journey through the areas of the Drin un Wardar . Imperial and Royal Court and State Printing Office, Vienna 1867, p. 276 ( online version in Google Book Search).
↑ Gustav Friedrich Hertzberg : History of Greece: since the death of ancient life to the present . tape 2 . Friedrich Andreas Perthes, Gotha 1877, p. 136 ( online version in Google Book Search).
↑ Kenneth Meyer Setton: The Papacy and the Levant, 1204-1571: The thirteenth and fourteenth centuries . tape 1 . The American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia 1976, ISBN 0-87169-114-0 , pp. 81 ( online version in Google Book Search).
↑ Gustav Friedrich Hertzberg, p. 167
^ ^A ^b Robert Elsie: A Biographical Dictionary of Albanian History . IB Tauris, London, New York 2012, ISBN 978-1-78076-431-3 , pp. 81 f . (English, online preview in Google Book Search).
↑ ^a ^b Johann Georg von Hahn 1867, p. 277
↑ Skënder Anamali, Kristaq Prifti, pp. 208 ff.
↑ ^a ^b General Encyclopedia of Sciences and Arts . First Section AG. Hermann Brockhaus, Leipzig 1867, p. 300 ( full text in Google Book Search).
^ Alain Ducellier: La façade maritime de l'Albanie au Moyen age: Durazzo et Valona du XIe au XVe siècle . Institute for Balkan Studies, Thessaloniki 1981, pp. 294 (French).
↑ ^a ^b Skënder Anamali, Kristaq Prifti, p. 211
↑ ^a ^b ^c Johann Georg von Hahn 1867, p. 278
↑ Ferit Duka: Muzakajt - Lidhëz e fuqishme midis kohëve paraosmane dhe osmane . In: Historical Studies . tape 1-2 , 2004, pp. 7th f .
↑ Muzakajt ne Myzeqe. Retrieved March 4, 2018 (sqS).
↑ Rosario Jurlaro, p. 60
↑ General Encyclopedia of Sciences and Arts, 1867, p. 419
↑ General Encyclopedia of Sciences and Arts, 1867, p. 419 f.
↑ General Encyclopedia of Sciences and Arts, 1867, p. 442
^ Edwin E. Jacques: The Albanians. An ethnic history from prehistoric times to the present . Ed .: MacFarland. Jefferson, 1995, ISBN 0-89950-932-0 , pp. 167 .
↑ See Nicol, Epiros , p. 197.
↑ ^a ^b ^c Dr. Ernst Gamillscheg: Codices Manuscripti . In: Year 18 . tape 20/21 . B. Hollinek, 1997 (Italian).
^ Carl Hermann Friedrich Johann Hopf, p. 282
↑ Rosario Jurlaro, p. 62
↑ General Encyclopedia of Sciences and Arts . First Section AG. Hermann Brockhaus, Leipzig 1868, p. 93 ( full text in Google Book Search).
↑ Rosario Jurlaro, p. 61
↑ ^a ^b ^c General Encyclopedia of Sciences and Arts, 1868, p. 163
↑ ^a ^b General Encyclopedia of Sciences and Arts, 1868, p. 162
^ Carl Hermann Friedrich Johann Hopf, p. 282
↑ St. Athanasius of Mouzaka. Retrieved March 20, 2018 (Greek).
^ Franco Demarchi: Minoranze linguistiche tra storia e politica . Gruppo Culturale CIVIS - Biblioteca Cappuccini, Trient 1988, Le minoranze etniche nei Balcani by Adriana Mitescu, p. 175 (Italian, version in Google Book Search).
^ Robert Elsie , Anna Di Lellio: The battle of Kosovo 1389: an Albanian epic . IB Tauris, London 2009, pp. 12 (English).
↑ Irvin Faniko: L'evoluzione storico della Carta-giuridico Fondamentale Albanese . Photocopy Canon sh.pk, Tirana 2013, Le popolazioni illiriche, p. 29 ff . (Italian, uniroma1.it [PDF]).
↑ Irvin Faniko: L'evoluzione storico della Carta-giuridico Fondamentale Albanese . Photocopy Canon sh.pk, Tirana 2013, Le popolazioni illiriche, p. 30 (Italian, uniroma1.it [PDF]).
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Carl Hermann Friedrich Johann Hopf, p. 532
↑ Illyrian-Albanian Research, Volume 1, p. 170
^ ^A ^b ^c Edwin E. Jacques: The Albanians. An ethnic history from prehistoric times to the present . Ed .: MacFarland. Jefferson, 1995, ISBN 0-89950-932-0 , pp. 174 .
↑ General Encyclopedia of Sciences and Arts, 1868, p. 134
↑ Agostino Pertusi, Martino Segono: Martino Segono di Novo Brdo, vescovo di Dulcigno: un umanista serbo-dalmata del tardo Quattrocento, vita e opere . Istituto storico italiano per il Medio Evo, Rome 1981, p. 247 (Italian).
↑ General Encyclopedia of Sciences and Arts, 1868, p. 162
↑ Rosario Jurlaro, p. 59 ff.
↑ ^a ^b General Encyclopedia of Sciences and Arts, p. 42
^ Acta and Diplomata Res Albaniae Media Aetatis illistrantia . tape II . Adolphi Holzhausen, Vienna 1616 (Latin, bnf.fr ).
↑ General Encyclopedia of Sciences and Arts, 1868, p. 122.
↑ General Encyclopedia of Sciences and Arts, p. 263
↑ ^a ^b ^c Arianiti Comneno. Retrieved March 21, 2018 (Italian).
↑ Biografia Andronica Arianiti Commeno. Retrieved March 21, 2018 (Italian).
↑ Selim Islami: Historia e Shqipërisë: përgatitur nga një kolektiv punonjësish shkencorë të sektorëve të historisë së kohës së lashtë dhe të kohës së mesme . tape 1 . Instituti i Historisë dhe i Gjuhësise, Tirana 1959, p. 268 (Albanian).
↑ Johann Georg von Hahn : Journey through the areas of the Drin un Wardar . In: Memoranda of the Imperial Academy of Sciences . Second division. tape 16 . Imperial and Royal Court and State Printing House, Vienna 1869, p. 125 ( online version in Google Book Search).
^ Giovanni Musachi: Breve Memoria de li discendenti de nostra Casa Musachi . In: Chroniques gréco-romanes inédites ou peu connues . Weidmann, Berlin 1873, p. 301 (Italian, archive.org ).
^ Edwin E. Jacques, p. 167
^ Giornale di scienze, letter e arti per la Sicilia . Tipografia del Giornale Letterario, Palermo 1836, p. 306 (Italian, online version in Google Book Search).

[69] Sebastokrator, "regni Albaniae marescallum" (Royal Marshal of Albania)

[71] s mentioned both in 1389 and in 1393 as an honorable citizen of Durrës.

[73] Grabossa received as dowry

[74] Skanderbeg's comrades-in-arms

[77] to emigrate

[78] 1568 - Procurator of Cesare Lombardo

[79] Teodoro, in 1512 he sold the nobility or barons' feud from Crepacore in the province of Brindisi , around 1516 that of Galesano in the province of Brindisi

[80] Francesco Antonio has several children who change the surname to Musciaccki.

[81] Author of the family chronicle

[82] was 1½ years old when he escaped

[83] was 1½ months old when he escaped; Commander of 100 cavalrymen in the service of the King of France

[84] Dangelino named after his mother Angjelina Kastrioti (sister of Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg)

[87] was brought up in Naples; Lady-in-waiting of Queen Joan of Aragon of Naples

[88] Skanderbeg's comrades-in-arms

[90] Lord of Çermenika , Mokra and Spatennia (Shpat), which separates his country from ours and forms the border; one of the captains from Skanderbeg to Devoll

[91] (* May 6, 1405; † January 17, 1468) Lord of Dibra, Mat and Kruja to the sea and of Deberina, also called Randesio (Rene?) And from the province of Guonimi (Gjonem)

[92] After the death of his father, fled with his mother to Naples

[93] was captured by the Ottomans and his limbs smashed with hammers

[96] When the Princess of Valona, Comita Muzaka († 1396; widow of Balša II. And sister of Theodor II.), Waged war against her nephew Nicola in 1389, he was captured. His followers did not want to hand over the "turris Pirgi" tower with the customs office at the mouth of the Seman until Nicola was released. Both parties provisionally ceded the tower to the Venetian Baila of Corfu, who, after Nicolas was released in 1390, gave it to Comita Muzaka with the obligation to provide three sailors for the Corfu fleet every year (Illyrian-Albanian Research, Volume 1, p . 170 f.)

[98] In 1389 Comita waged war against her nephew Nicola (see note under Nicola Muzaka)

[99] After the death of her father Balša II, her mother Comita (sister of Theodor II. Muzaka ) could only maintain rule over Vlora , Kanina , Himara and Berat in the south, while the Zeta and the region around Skadar escaped from captivity Đurađ II. Balšić fell. Comita ruled from Berat until her death in 1396.

[:12-1] Rosario Jurlaro, p. 12

[2] Hasan Celâl Güzel, Cem Oğuz, Osman Karatay, Murat Ocak: Ottomans . In: The Turks . tape 2 . Yeni Türkiye, Ankara 2002 (English).

[:290-3] A ^b ^c John Van Antwerp Fine: The Late Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest . University of Michigan Press, 1994, ISBN 978-0-472-08260-5 , pp. 290 (English, online preview in Google Book Search).

[4] Donald M. Nicol : The Despotate of Epiros 1267-1479. A contribution to the history of Greece in the middle age . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1984, ISBN 0-521-26190-2 , pp. 197 (English, online preview in Google Book Search).

[:99-5] Johann Georg von Hahn : Journey through the areas of the Drin un Wardar . In: Memoranda of the Imperial Academy of Sciences . Second division. tape 16 . Imperial and Royal Court and State Printing House, Vienna 1869, p. 99 ( online version in Google Book Search).

[:281-6] A ^b Carl Hermann Friedrich Johann Hopf : Chroniques gréco-romanes inédites ou peu connues . Weidmann, Berlin 1873, p. 281 (Italian, archive.org ).

[7] Robert Elsie : Historical Dictionary of Albania . Scarecrow Press, 2010, ISBN 978-0-8108-6188-6 , pp. 315 (English).

[8] Skënder Anamali, Kristaq Prifti: Historia e popullit shqiptar në katër vëllime . Botimet Toena, Tirana 2002, ISBN 978-99927-1-622-9 , pp. 255 ff . (Albanian).

[9] Robert Elsie: John Musachi: Brief Chronicle on the Descendants of our Musachi Dynasty 1515 . In: Early Albania: A Reader of Historical Texts, 11th-17th Centuries . Harrassowitz, Wiesbaden 2003, ISBN 3-447-04783-6 , p. 34 (English, online preview in Google Book Search).

[10] Early Albania: A Reader of Historical Texts, p. 40

[:39-11] A ^b Early Albania: A Reader of Historical Texts, p. 39

[12] Carl Hermann Friedrich Johann Hopf, p. 278

[13] Ludwig von Thallóczy: Illyrisch-Albanische Forschungen . tape 1 . Duncker & Humblot, Munich 1916, p. 85 ( archive.org ).

[14] Carl Hermann Friedrich Johann Hopf, p. 270

[15] Johann Georg von Hahn, 1869, p. 102

[16] Franz Babinger : The end of the Arianites . Verlag der Bazerische Akademie der Wissenschaften, Munich 1960, p. 12 (Italian, badw.de [PDF; accessed on March 2, 2018]).

[17] Carl Hermann Friedrich Johann Hopf, p. 35

[:26-18] Heide Brigitte Buschhausen, Helmut Buschhausen: The Marienkirche of Apollonia in Albania: Byzantines, Normans and Serbs in the fight for the Via Egnatia . Publishing house of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1976, p. 26 .

[19] Musacchio - Origine del Cognome. Retrieved March 2, 2018 (Italian).

[20] Cognome Musciacchio. Retrieved March 2, 2018 (Italian).

[21] Musciacchio Distribuzione del Cognome. Retrieved March 2, 2018 (Italian).

[22] Gillian Gloyer: Albania . Bradt Travel Guides, Chalfont St. Peter 2012, p. 244 (English, online preview in Google Book Search).

[23] Milan Šufflay : Cities and castles of Albania: mainly during the Middle Ages . Hölder-Pichler-Tempsky A.-G., Vienna 1924, p. 31 .

[24] Milan Šufflay, p. 33

[25] Rivista di Malariologia . In: 20 . Rome 1941, p. 79 (Italian).

[26] Carlo Tagliavini, Paolo Emilio Pavolini, Roberto Almagia, Mario Berti and others: Albania. In: Enciclopedia Italiana. Retrieved March 2, 2018 (Italian).

[27] Studia Albanica . tape 27 . L'Institut, Tirana 1990, p. 179 (French).

[28] Piro Tase: TË HUAJT PËR SHQIPËRINË DHE SHQIPTARËT . Lulu, 2010, ISBN 978-0-557-33253-3 , pp. 101 (Albanian, online version in Google Book Search).

[29] Helena of Epirus. Retrieved March 2, 2018 .

[:276-30] A ^b ^c Johann Georg von Hahn: Journey through the areas of the Drin un Wardar . Imperial and Royal Court and State Printing Office, Vienna 1867, p. 276 ( online version in Google Book Search).

[31] Gustav Friedrich Hertzberg : History of Greece: since the death of ancient life to the present . tape 2 . Friedrich Andreas Perthes, Gotha 1877, p. 136 ( online version in Google Book Search).

[32] Kenneth Meyer Setton: The Papacy and the Levant, 1204-1571: The thirteenth and fourteenth centuries . tape 1 . The American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia 1976, ISBN 0-87169-114-0 , pp. 81 ( online version in Google Book Search).

[33] Gustav Friedrich Hertzberg, p. 167

[:81-34] A ^b Robert Elsie: A Biographical Dictionary of Albanian History . IB Tauris, London, New York 2012, ISBN 978-1-78076-431-3 , pp. 81 f . (English, online preview in Google Book Search).

[:277-35] Johann Georg von Hahn 1867, p. 277

[36] Skënder Anamali, Kristaq Prifti, pp. 208 ff.

[:300-37] General Encyclopedia of Sciences and Arts . First Section AG. Hermann Brockhaus, Leipzig 1867, p. 300 ( full text in Google Book Search).

[38] Alain Ducellier: La façade maritime de l'Albanie au Moyen age: Durazzo et Valona du XIe au XVe siècle . Institute for Balkan Studies, Thessaloniki 1981, pp. 294 (French).

[:211-39] Skënder Anamali, Kristaq Prifti, p. 211

[:278-40] Johann Georg von Hahn 1867, p. 278

[41] Ferit Duka: Muzakajt - Lidhëz e fuqishme midis kohëve paraosmane dhe osmane . In: Historical Studies . tape 1-2 , 2004, pp. 7th f .

[42] Muzakajt ne Myzeqe. Retrieved March 4, 2018 (sqS).

[:60-43] Rosario Jurlaro, p. 60

[44] General Encyclopedia of Sciences and Arts, 1867, p. 419

[45] General Encyclopedia of Sciences and Arts, 1867, p. 419 f.

[46] General Encyclopedia of Sciences and Arts, 1867, p. 442

[47] Edwin E. Jacques: The Albanians. An ethnic history from prehistoric times to the present . Ed .: MacFarland. Jefferson, 1995, ISBN 0-89950-932-0 , pp. 167 .

[48] See Nicol, Epiros , p. 197.

[:07-49] Dr. Ernst Gamillscheg: Codices Manuscripti . In: Year 18 . tape 20/21 . B. Hollinek, 1997 (Italian).

[50] Carl Hermann Friedrich Johann Hopf, p. 282

[51] Rosario Jurlaro, p. 62

[52] General Encyclopedia of Sciences and Arts . First Section AG. Hermann Brockhaus, Leipzig 1868, p. 93 ( full text in Google Book Search).

[53] Rosario Jurlaro, p. 61

[:163-54] General Encyclopedia of Sciences and Arts, 1868, p. 163

[:162-55] General Encyclopedia of Sciences and Arts, 1868, p. 162

[56] Carl Hermann Friedrich Johann Hopf, p. 282

[57] St. Athanasius of Mouzaka. Retrieved March 20, 2018 (Greek).

[58] Franco Demarchi: Minoranze linguistiche tra storia e politica . Gruppo Culturale CIVIS - Biblioteca Cappuccini, Trient 1988, Le minoranze etniche nei Balcani by Adriana Mitescu, p. 175 (Italian, version in Google Book Search).

[59] Robert Elsie , Anna Di Lellio: The battle of Kosovo 1389: an Albanian epic . IB Tauris, London 2009, pp. 12 (English).

[60] Irvin Faniko: L'evoluzione storico della Carta-giuridico Fondamentale Albanese . Photocopy Canon sh.pk, Tirana 2013, Le popolazioni illiriche, p. 29 ff . (Italian, uniroma1.it [PDF]).

[61] Irvin Faniko: L'evoluzione storico della Carta-giuridico Fondamentale Albanese . Photocopy Canon sh.pk, Tirana 2013, Le popolazioni illiriche, p. 30 (Italian, uniroma1.it [PDF]).

[:532-62] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g Carl Hermann Friedrich Johann Hopf, p. 532

[63] Illyrian-Albanian Research, Volume 1, p. 170

[:174-64] A ^b ^c Edwin E. Jacques: The Albanians. An ethnic history from prehistoric times to the present . Ed .: MacFarland. Jefferson, 1995, ISBN 0-89950-932-0 , pp. 174 .

[65] General Encyclopedia of Sciences and Arts, 1868, p. 134

[66] Agostino Pertusi, Martino Segono: Martino Segono di Novo Brdo, vescovo di Dulcigno: un umanista serbo-dalmata del tardo Quattrocento, vita e opere . Istituto storico italiano per il Medio Evo, Rome 1981, p. 247 (Italian).

[67] General Encyclopedia of Sciences and Arts, 1868, p. 162

[68] Rosario Jurlaro, p. 59 ff.

[:42-70] General Encyclopedia of Sciences and Arts, p. 42

[72] Acta and Diplomata Res Albaniae Media Aetatis illistrantia . tape II . Adolphi Holzhausen, Vienna 1616 (Latin, bnf.fr ).

[75] General Encyclopedia of Sciences and Arts, 1868, p. 122.

[76] General Encyclopedia of Sciences and Arts, p. 263

[Arianiti_Comneno-85] Arianiti Comneno. Retrieved March 21, 2018 (Italian).

[86] Biografia Andronica Arianiti Commeno. Retrieved March 21, 2018 (Italian).

[89] Selim Islami: Historia e Shqipërisë: përgatitur nga një kolektiv punonjësish shkencorë të sektorëve të historisë së kohës së lashtë dhe të kohës së mesme . tape 1 . Instituti i Historisë dhe i Gjuhësise, Tirana 1959, p. 268 (Albanian).

[:125-94] Johann Georg von Hahn : Journey through the areas of the Drin un Wardar . In: Memoranda of the Imperial Academy of Sciences . Second division. tape 16 . Imperial and Royal Court and State Printing House, Vienna 1869, p. 125 ( online version in Google Book Search).

[95] Giovanni Musachi: Breve Memoria de li discendenti de nostra Casa Musachi . In: Chroniques gréco-romanes inédites ou peu connues . Weidmann, Berlin 1873, p. 301 (Italian, archive.org ).

[97] Edwin E. Jacques, p. 167

[100] Giornale di scienze, letter e arti per la Sicilia . Tipografia del Giornale Letterario, Palermo 1836, p. 306 (Italian, online version in Google Book Search).