Principality of Taranto

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Pierre Mortier : Taranto around 1704

The Principality of Taranto with its capital Taranto existed from 1088 to 1465. In its 377-year history, it was at times a powerful and almost independent feudal rule of the Kingdom of Sicily and later the Kingdom of Naples . At times, however, “Prince of Taranto” was just an honorary title that was bestowed on the heir to the throne or the husband of a ruling queen.

Under Norman rule (1088-1194)

Southern Italy in 1112
Coat of arms of the Hauteville of Sicily

The Normans came to southern Italy individually as adventurers . Taking advantage of the disagreements between the princes, they were able to establish a permanent rule. Robert Guiskard , who arrived in southern Italy around 1050, received the county of Apulia and Calabria from Pope Paschal II because he had expelled the Saracens from Italy and the possession of Taranto and Matera because he had expelled the Byzantines from Otranto . He was followed by his son Bohemond I , who got the title after a dispute with his half-brother Roger Borsa . Around 1058, the marriage between his father Robert and his mother Alberada von Buonalbergo was annulled because of alleged consanguinity. Robert had a son Roger Borsa from his second wife, Sikelgaita , daughter of Prince Guaimar IV of Salerno , who succeeded the Duchy of Apulia . Bohemond was compensated with Taranto and most of the lands of the "spur" of Apulia.

After the death of Bohemond I (1110) his underage son Bohemund II followed him first under the tutelage of Tankred (until 1112), then under that of Ruggero (1112–1119) and finally under that of Baldwin II. Bohemund's mother was Constanze of France (also: Constance; * probably 1078; † between 1124 and January 1126), daughter of King Philip I of France . Bohemond received his principality only in 1126. With the marriage of Alice of Antioch , the younger daughter of Baldwin II, he renounced his principality, which in 1128 (according to other sources 1127) to his uncle Roger II of Sicily , son of Roger I , Robert Guiskard's brother passed over.

In 1133 Roger managed to permanently stamp out the restless Apulian barons. The years of Roger's rule were fruitful for the city of Taranto, which gained great importance as an industrial and commercial city (ceramics and fish processing). Roger II was considered very educated and cosmopolitan and probably spoke Arabic as well as Greek. He supported the antipope Anaklet II and was therefore excommunicated several times by Pope Innocent II . In order to consolidate the united kingdom, he transferred the Duchy of Apulia to his first-born son Roger (1118–1148), the Principality of Bari and Taranto to his second-born son Tankred (approx. 1120-1138) and his youngest son Alfonso (approx. 1122-1144) the Principality of Capua. In 1151 he appointed his youngest and only surviving son, Wilhelm I, as co-regent, whereby Roger II wanted to prevent any succession battles. Roger II died in 1154 and Wilhelm I, also called William the Evil because of his bad habits , became Prince of Taranto.

When he died in 1166, his underage son Wilhelm II , also known as Wilhelm the Good , was his successor. His mother Margarete led the regency for him with changing advisers. Originally engaged to Maria Komnena from the Byzantine imperial family, Wilhelm married Johanna Plantagenet in 1176 , the daughter of Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine . Johanna was Richard the Lionheart's sister . Wilhelm renounced the principality in favor of his brother Enrico (1158–1172), Prince of Capua. When he died in 1172 and Wilhelm's II marriage was childless, he worried about the succession to the throne. He called the exiled Tankred , his cousin and closest male relative, illegitimate son of Duke Roger III. of Apulia and a daughter of Count Accardo II of Lecce, returned from Constantinople and gave him the title of Count of Lecce back.

Wilhelm, who foresaw what was going on from an illegitimate succession to the throne, consented to the marriage of his aunt Konstanze (1154–1198), the only surviving daughter of Roger II and his third wife Beatrix von Rethel , with his previous enemy, Heinrich VI from Staufer . (1165–1197), son and heir of Emperor Friedrich Barbarossa . In 1184/85 the oath of allegiance took place , which Wilhelm II had the nobles gathered in Troia in Apulia swear to Konstanze and Heinrich. The marriage was consummated in 1186.

Emperor Heinrich VI. lets King Wilhelm III. of Sicily dazzle and castrate . Illumination from an edition of De casibus virorum illustrium by Giovanni Boccaccio , 15th century.

After the death of Wilhelm II on November 18, 1189, Tankred von Lecce raised his claims to power as the closest male relative. Even if the inheritance rights lay with Konstanze, Tankred was elected King of Sicily on December 8, 1189 by the barons who hated the Hohenstaufen dynasty . Thereby one wanted to protect oneself from the " German frenzy " ( furor Teutonicus ) and the " German brutality " (Teutonica rabies). With the support of Pope Clement III. Tankred was crowned king on January 18, 1190 by Archbishop Walter in Palermo . Thus Heinrich's hopes had been betrayed and his wife Konstanze had come away empty-handed. Tankred's reign was marked by civil wars and attacks by the aspirants to the throne, because in addition to Henry VI. Richard the Lionheart, brother of Johanna, wife of the late Wilhelm II, claimed the Kingdom of Sicily and thus the title of Prince of Taranto. Richard the Lionheart found himself with a considerable sum of money. Henry VI's army was wiped out twice by an epidemic, while the Empress Constance was held captive by the Salernitans and Tankred was extradited. The latter had Ottone Frangipane , the "younger", send them back to Germany with lavish gifts to the emperor.
The war dragged on with no final results until 1194, when Tankred died on February 20 and his only surviving underage son Wilhelm III. was elected King of Sicily by decision of the Sicilian nobility in open revolt against the Hohenstaufen.

When Henry VI. learned of Tankred's death, he came to Italy with a large army. With little resistance he occupied Naples and subjugated Sicily. Tankred's widow, Sibylle von Acerra , sought refuge with her children in the citadel of Caltabellotta . Heinrich offered Sybille the county of Lecce and Wilhelm III in return for the surrender of the throne . the principality of Taranto, which was accepted by Sybille and confirmed by Heinrich in the agreement of Caltabellotta in December 1194. Sybille attended Henry's coronation on December 25, 1194 in Palermo with her son.
On December 29, 1194, Sybille, her children and her closest confidants were taken prisoner under the charge of having organized a plot against Heinrich. Wilhelm was demoted, handed over to Konrad von Lützelhardt and taken to the Hohenems Castle of Alt-Ems (today Hohenems in Vorarlberg ). He is said to have been mistreated there and died around 1198. After more than 100 years of Norman rule, a new era began, that of the Hohenstaufen.

Under Hohenstaufen rule (1194–1200)

Coat of arms of Henry VI.
Terra d'Otranto between 1555 and 1617

After the unexpected death of Henry VI. In 1197 his wife Konstanze dedicated herself to securing rule for herself and her three-year-old son Friedrich . She had him brought to Sicily from the Duchy of Spoleto , first installed him as co-regent and had him crowned King of Sicily on May 17, 1198 in Palermo. The connections that Henry VI. between the government of Sicily and the empire dissolved it in the name of his son. She renounced his claim to the German crown, sought for him primarily the position as King of Sicily and placed him under the protection of Pope Innocent III .

In 1197 Konstanze enfeoffed the commander-in-chief of Terracina , Ottone (also: Oddone) Frangipane ("The Younger") for his services to the Principality of Taranto and the Giustizierato Terra d'Otranto , which is doubted by today's history . Ottone had been loyal to Henry VI since 1186. Between July 6 and December 13, 1186, an Oddone Frangipane appeared eleven times in the series of witnesses in Heinrich's documents.

According to the monk and author Antonio Primaldo Coco (1879 in Francavilla Fontana - 1962), Ottones' appointment as Prince of Taranto must not have been nominal, given his ample income. In 1249 an Arrigo (Enrico) Frangipane, son of Jacob, appears as Prince of Taranto. From the bull regis. vol. 3. on. & lib. 9. fol. 125 Pope Innocent IV reports that Ottone died childless and "left his state to his nephew Arrigo ". Innocent IV invoked a privilege granted by Empress Konstanze from 1197. According to Thumser, it is said to have been an honorary title.

When Konstanze died surprisingly on November 27, 1198, Pope Innocent III. take over the reign in Sicily for their underage son Friedrich II. In fact, the country was ruled by German knights who once stood with Emperor Heinrich VI. had come to Italy and refused to bow to the Pope's authority. The most important of them were Markward von Annweiler , who ruled the island of Sicily, and Diepold von Schweinspeunt , who ruled in southern Italy .

Under Brienner rule (1200–1205)

Brienne coat of arms

Elvira (also: Elvire, Albiria, Albinia, Blanche), (sister of Wilhelm III. And eldest daughter of the late Tankred of Lecce, King of Sicily) married Walter III between Easter 1199 and 1200 . von Brienne , who was led by Pope Innocent III, guardian of the underage King of Sicily, Frederick II , who was led by Wilhelm III. lost fiefs (the county of Lecce and the Principality of Taranto) claimed.

Walter appeared before the papal curia in the spring of 1200 with Elvira and her mother Sybille . After consulting the cardinals and other board members, the Pope recognized Elvira's claims to the County of Lecce and the Principality of Taranto. In May 1200, Walter took the oath of loyalty in a public consistory and promised to fight Markward von Annweiler and his followers and to support the rightful King Friedrich II.
On June 11, 1205, Walter was ambushed near Sarno and died on June 14, seriously wounded. The county of Lecce and the Principality of Taranto were confiscated and thus came back under the Hohenstaufen, under Frederick II.

Under Hohenstaufen rule (1205–1266)

Taranto in the 16th century between Porta Napoli (bridge on the left) and Porta Lecce

As early as July 3, 1201, Friedrich was clearly informed by a letter from Pope Innocent about the legal and administrative nature of the Principality of Taranto. Henry VI. had the agreements of Caltabellotta in December 1194, in which the principality in return for the renunciation of all claims to the kingdom to Wilhelm III. (Son of the late Tankred of Lecce) was not observed.

The first intervention by Frederick II against Taranto dates back to April 1210. The Archbishop of Taranto, the "fidelis noster" (our faithful) designated Berardo (1205–1211) and the "Tarentina ecclesia" (Tarentine Church) were granted all privileges and those of his relatives since Roger II, Wilhelm II. And Heinrich VI . and his wife Konstanze confirmed.

Friedrich visited Taranto, today's historic old town, for the first time in April 1221 to sign a number of documents. In his 39 years of reign as Roman-German ruler , Frederick was still in the capital of the principality in October 1225, May / June 1228 and February 1231.

As the central region, the principality remained in the hands of the crown until the end of Frederick's long reign as the emperor on December 10, 1950 - three days before his death - in one of the clauses of the will the concession of the fief with its borders to the son Manfred decreed.

approximate location of the Principality of Taranto 1250 (in gray)

According to the will, Manfred was the third successor in the Kingdom of Sicily, after his half-brothers Conrad IV and Henry VII and his heirs. Through the imperial concession, confirmed by the will of Frederick II, Manfred received the principality of Taranto from Porta Roseti ( Roseto Capo Spulico in Calabria Citeriore ) to the source of the Bradano (near the castle of Lagopesole , Avigliano in Basilicata ) with the counties Montescaglioso , Tricarico and Gravina , the coast from Bari to Polignano , the areas of Polignano with towns and castles to Porta Roseti. He also received the dominion of Monte Sant'Angelo , which was usually assigned to the queens of Sicily. An area that stretched from the Ionian Sea to the Adriatic Sea , from the Province of Terra d'Otranto to Calabria , Basilicata to the Province of Terra di Bari . Manfred was the most powerful prince in the kingdom and had strategic fiefs for the rule of Apulia .

"… Eiusdem domini imperatoria insignitum: quod vidimus, et legimus, et omni vitio, et suspicione carebat, et erat talis tenoris videlicet In nomine Dei Æterni, et Salvatoris nostri lesu Christi, anno ab Incarnatione eius millesimo ducentesimo septimo decembris, nona indictione. ... Nos igitur Federicus secundus, divina favente dementia Romanorum imperator semper augustus, Hierusalem et Sicilise Rex, ... statuimus ... confirmamus dicto Manfredo filio nostro principatum Tarenti, videlicet a porta Roseti usque ad ortum fluminis, pricariciout, Tricariciout, Brandani cura comitatibus et Montis Caveosi comitatus ipse protenditur ad maritimam terræ Bari usque Palinuruin, et ipsum Palinurum cura terris omnibus a Palinuro per totam maritimam usque ad dictum portum Roseti, videlicet civitatibus, castris, et villis infra contentis, cum omnibusuum, tara ipsius principatus, quam comicumitat. Concedimus etiam eidem civitatem Montis S. Angeli cum toto honore suo, et omnibus civitatibus, castris, villis, terris, pertinentiis, iusticiis, et rationibus eodem tenore pertinentibus; videlicet usque de demanio in demanium, et quæ de servitio in servitium. ... "

The rule of the Hohenstaufen ended with the death of Manfred (1266) in the battle of Benevento .

Under Angevin rule (1266–1356)

His empire went to Charles I of Anjou , favored by the Pope, who received the investiture of the Empire of Sicily (which included all of southern Italy) from the Pope . Thereupon Konradin , son of Conrad IV., Moved to Italy in 1267 at the request of the Italian Staufer party, the Ghibellines , whereupon Pope Clement IV banned him. While trying to reach the Saracens of Lucera ( Apulia ), who had rebelled in his favor, his army was defeated on August 23, 1268 in the Battle of Tagliacozzo by the troops of Charles I of Anjou. Although Konradin initially escaped capture, he was picked up by Giovanni Frangipani at Astura and delivered to Karl von Anjou. After a sham trial, Konradin and ten to fifteen companions, including Friedrich I of Baden , had Konradin publicly beheaded like a criminal on October 29, 1268 in the Piazza del Mercato in Naples and buried in unconsecrated ground.

Already in 1261 Charles I of Anjou was offered the crown of Naples by Pope Urban IV , and in 1265 the investiture of Clement IV was renewed to him; the coronation took place in 1266, about a month before the battle of Benevento. Almost all cities in southern Italy paid homage to him, including Taranto, for which the city received many privileges.

The reign of Charles I of Anjou, younger brother of the French King Louis IX. , served to strengthen French power and to organize the administrative organization of the conquered regions. The support of the clergy contributed a lot: the Archbishop of Taranto received a tenth of the country's land and forests, as well as other economic benefits. The political center, however, remained the "Magna Kuria ", a royal court founded by the Norman Wilhelm II . In 1285 Charles II succeeded him to the throne during the Sicilian Vespers .

Coat of arms of Philip I of Taranto

In 1294 he handed over the Principality of Taranto to his son Philip I , the ninth Prince of Taranto, in order to have the entire region under control. It is to him that we owe the development of the town of Martina Franca in the province of Taranto at the beginning of the 14th century; he expanded the refugee village of San Martino, founded in the 10th century, and granted rights and tax relief for those who moved there.

While in the following decades Robert (1309–1343), son of Charles II., And Johanna I (1343–1382), niece of Robert, followed on the throne in the Kingdom of Naples , the Principality of Taranto went after the death of Philip I ( 1132) to his sons Robert and Philip II and finally to Jakob del Balzo, son of Margherita, (sister of Philip II) and Francesco del Balzo, Duke of Andria (1364). There were years of intense clashes between the royal and feudal power of the barons .

During the reign of Joan I, the Kingdom of Naples was invaded by King Louis of Hungary , brother of the murdered Andrew of Hungary , 1st husband of Johanna from the House of Anjou, in order to avenge the death of his brother. Johanna fled to Provence .

Under the rule of the Orsini (1393-1465)

At that time, Prince Robert, nephew of Joan I, ruled Taranto who, thanks to the city nobility, remained loyal to the Anjou family, although the plebeians openly showed their affection for foreigners. In 1364 Francesco del Balzo, Duke of Andria, and his son Jakob del Balzo, Prince of Taranto, rebelled against the crown. Johanna I thus revoked the fiefs of Andria and Taranto and confiscated their goods. Francesco del Balzo fled to Greece and the title Prince of Taranto went to Otto IV von Braunschweig-Grubenhagen , fourth husband of Johanna I.

1378 after the death of Pope Gregory XI. Europe suffered clashes between Urban VI. and the antipope Clemens VII. Otto IV. von Braunschweig-Grubenhagen and Johanna I were partisans of Clemens. Because of her support for Clemens, Johanna von Urban VI. threatened with deposition and crusade. Urban transferred the Kingdom of Naples to Charles of Durazzo and crowned him in Rome in 1380. Karl managed to occupy Naples in 1381 and lock Johanna in. Otto tried to free her, but failed and was also captured. Johanna, who did not want to renounce her rights, was strangled in 1382 before Ludwig von Anjou , to whom she had transferred her inheritance, could rush to her aid with his army. Giacomo del Balzo, taking advantage of the situation, returned to Taranto and sided with Durazzo.

The coat of arms of Raimondo Orsini del Balzo

Around 1380 Raimondo Orsini del Balzo , son of Niccolò Orsini and Maria del Balzo, came back from the east and occupied some lands that belonged to his father. Raimondo, also called Raimondello , allied himself with Louis of Anjou, and he managed to obtain the goods from Niccolò, which he was legally entitled to. In 1384 he married the Countess of Lecce Maria d'Enghien . Through this marriage he united most of the Terra d'Otranto and became one of the most powerful feudal lords of the Mezzogiorno . He owes the construction of the citadel (1404), a massive square-shaped fortified tower that secured the entrance to the city on the Ponte di Porta Napoli . In the meantime the rulers of the House of Anjou had been defeated once and for all. After the death of Raimondello in Lecce in 1406, King Ladislaus of Naples tried to take this great fiefdom for himself. He made a treaty with Maria: she gave him Taranto and herself. So she became Queen of Naples. Her and Raimondello's son Giovanni Antonio Orsini del Balzo was the last Prince of Taranto from this famous family.

The uprising of the local barons (1459-1462) in the Principality of Taranto and in some cities of the Capitanata , whose leader was Giovanni Antonio, ended in favor of the Aragonese in August 1462 with the Battle of Orsara. In the same year the peace treaty between Ferdinand of Aragon and Giovanni Antonio Orsini del Balzo was signed in the presence of Cardinal Bartolomeo Roverella .

Giovanni Antonio died under misterious circumstances between November 14th and 15th, 1463. He is said to have been strangled by Paolo Tricarico in the castle of Altamura in what is now the province of Bari .

Giovanni Antonio left no legitimate heirs and his lands and treasures were confiscated by the King of Naples, Ferdinand of Aragon, his close relative. He was followed on the throne by his niece Isabella von Claremont, daughter of his sister Caterina Orsini del Balzo and Tristano von Claremont, and wife of King Ferdinand I, who died in 1465. Her heir was her eldest son Alfonso II , who was to be King of Naples from 1494 to 1495. His wife was Hippolyte Maria Sforza from Milan .

This was the end of the Principality of Taranto. It was incorporated into the Kingdom of Naples by King Ferdinand I in 1465 after the death of Isabella of Clermont . However, the title "Prince of Taranto" was still given to the sons of the kings of Naples.

The expansion of the Principality of Taranto

Principality of Taranto between 1414 and 1421 (in gray)

The areas ceded to Bohemond in 1086 corresponded to the city of Taranto, the areas of the County of Conversano and all of Salento , except for Lecce and Ostuni .

Over the years the Principality of Taranto was repeatedly divided. On the one hand because the princes rewarded their knights with territories for their achievements, on the other hand because the Neapolitan rulers, who in the meantime feared the power of the principality, withdrew territories from the principality and gave them to other barons.

After 1399, when the ownership of the principality passed to Raimondo Orsini del Balzo , the territories of the principality were those of the county of Lecce , the county of Soleto and some baronies and lordships in the provinces of Terra di Lavoro and Terra di Bari .

List of the princes of Taranto

  • Hauteville dynasty :
    • 1088 Bohemond I (* 1054; † 1111), 1098 also Prince of Antioch ;
    • 1110 Bohemund II (* 1108; † 1130);
    • 1128 Roger II (* 1095; † 1154), Duke of Apulia, King of Sicily;
    • 1133 Tankred (approx. 1120-1138), 2nd son of Rogers II, Prince of Taranto and Prince of Bari , received the principality from his father;
    • 1138 Wilhelm I (* 1122; † 1166), called the Evil, later King of Sicily, the youngest son of Rogers II, became Prince of Taranto when his brother Tankred died;
    • 1144 Simon, son of Rogers II, became Prince of Taranto when his brother Wilhelm became Prince of Capua ;
    • 1166 Wilhelm II , son of Wilhelm I .; renounces the principality in favor of his brother Heinrich
    • 1172 Wilhelm II.
    • 1189 Tankred of Lecce , illegitimate son of Duke Roger III. of Apulia
    • 1194 William III. , Tankred's son
  • Frangipane dynasty :
    • 1197 Ottone (also: Oddone) Frangipane ("The Younger"), investiture of Queen Constance of Sicily
    • 1249 Arrigo (Enrico), his nephew; Son of Jacob
  • Hohenstaufen dynasty:
  • Anjou dynasty
    • 1266 Charles I (* 1227; † 1285), subjugated Manfred and was appointed King of Naples and Sicily by the Pope;
    • 1285 Charles II (* 1254; † 1309), son of Charles I, King of Naples;
    • 1294 Philip I (* 1278; † 1331), son of Charles II;
    • 1332 Robert of Taranto (* 1299; † 1364), son of Philip I;
    • 1346 Ludwig von Taranto (* 1320; † 1362), son of Philip I, 1346 King of Naples as 2nd husband Johannas I ;
    • 1364 Philip II (* 1329; † 1374), son of Philip I;
      • 1356 Philip III, son of Philip II, died young, the title reverted to his father;

In 1465 King Ferdinand I , known as Ferrante , united the Principality of Taranto with the Kingdom of Naples after the death of his wife. The principality was dissolved, but the title continued to be given to sons of the kings of Naples, most recently:

  • La Trémoille dynasty
    • Louis III († 1577), Duc de Thouars, Prince de Tarente et de Talmond, Comte de Taillebourg, de Guînes et de Benon, his son
    • Claude (* 1566; † 1604), Duc de La Trémoille, 2nd Duc de Thouars, Prince de Tarente et de Talmond, Comte de Guînes etc., his son
    • Henri (* 1598; † 1674), 2nd Duc de La Trémoille, 3rd Duc de Thouars, Prince de Tarnente et de Talmond, Comte de Laval, de Montfort, de Guînes, de Benon, de Taillebourg et de Jonvelle
    • Henri Charles (* 1620; † 1672), Prince de Tarente et de Talmond, Comte de Laval etc., his brother
    • Charles Belgique Hollande († 1709), 3rd Duke of La Trémoille, 4th Duke of Thouars, Prince de Tarente et de Talmond, his son
    • Charles Louis Bretagne († 1719), 4th Duke of La Trémoille, 5th Duke of Thouars, Prince de Tarente, his son
    • Charles-Armand-René († 1741), 5th Duke of La Trémoille, 6th Duke of Thouars, his son
    • Jean Bretagne Charles Godefroi († 1792), 6th Duke of La Trémoille, 7th Duke of Thouars, his son
    • Charles Bretagne Marie Joseph († 1839), 7th Duke of La Trémoille, 8th Duke of Thouars, his son
    • Louis Charles († 1911), 8th Duke of La Trémoille, 9th Duke of Thouars, Prince de Tarente, his son
    • Louis Charles Marie († 1921), 9th Duke of La Trémoille, 10th Duke of Thouars, Prince de Tarente, his son
    • Louis Jean Marie († 1933), 10th Duke of La Trémoille, 11th Duke of Thouars, Prince de Tarente, his son - ultimus familiae

See also

literature

  • Il Principato di Taranto in: Compendio della storia di Taranto by Francesco Sferra . Stabilimento Tipografico di Salv. Latronico, Taranto 1873 (Italian).
  • Giovanni Antonucci: Le vicende feudali del Principato di Taranto . In: Japigia 2, 1931, pp. 149–157 ( digitized from provincia.brindisi.it , Italian), accessed on March 18, 2017.
  • Cosimo Damiano Fonseca: Per la storia del Principato di Taranto. Il contributo di Giovanni Antonucci. In: Giuseppe Giordano, Cesare Marangio, Antonio Nitti (eds.): Giovanni Antonucci. La figura e l'opera. Mesagne 1999, pp. 73-84 ( PDF on rmoa.unina.it (Italian), accessed March 18, 2017).
  • Cav. Bruno di Biccari: Da Buonalbergo ad Orsara di puglia (Microstoria di una famiglia) . Regione Puglia, Lucera (Italian). , accessed March 18, 2017.
  • Conte Berardo Candida Gonzaga: Memorie delle famiglie nobili delle province meridionali d'Italia , Volume 2 . Stabilimento Tipografico del Cav. G. De Angelis e figlio, Naples 1876 (Italian). , accessed March 31, 2017.
  • Pietro Palumbo: Il Prinsipato di Taranto (1300-1463) in: Storia di Francavilla, città in terra d'Otranto . Editrice Salentina, Lecce 1870 (Italian). , accessed April 1, 2017.
  • Matthias Thumser: The Frangipane - Outline of the history of a noble family in high medieval Rome In: Sources and research from Italian archives and libraries, Vol. 71 . S. 106-163 . , accessed March 30, 2017.
  • Domenico Ludovico De Vincentiis: Storia di Taranto (=  Collana di storia ed arte tarantina . Volume 2 ). Mandese, Tarent 1983, p. 143 (Italian, reprint of the 1878 edition, presented by Cosimo Damiano Fonseca).
  • Roberto Visconti: Storia e Leggenda nella Lecce Medioevale. In: Studi salentini. Volume 13, 1962, pp. 369-376 (Italian, PDF ).
  • Antonio Primaldo Coco: Ottone ed Enrico Frangipani, Principi di Taranto. In: Rinascenza salentina. Volume 11, 1943, pp. 214–220 (Italian, PDF ).

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Arcangelo Martucci: Profilo della storia di Taranto . Delfino, Taranto 1963, p. 23 (Italian).
  2. ↑ Luigi Madaro: Le origini del Principato di Taranto e sue vicende feudali dai Normanni agli Angioini. Industria grafica O. Ferrari & C., Alessandria 1926, p. 9.
  3. ↑ Storia di Taranto, p. 141
  4. ↑ a b Bohemondo II. Treccani .it, accessed on March 17, 2017 (Italian).
  5. ^ A b Giovanni Antonucci, p. 152
  6. ↑ a b c d e f g Storia di Taranto, p. 143
  7. ↑ a b Tancredi Re di Sicilia. Treccani.it, accessed March 24, 2017 (Italian).
  8. ^ A b Lioba Geis: Court chapel and chaplains in the Kingdom of Sicily (1130–1266) . De Gruyter, Berlin 2014, p. 206 .
  9. ↑ Stefan Weinfurter: The Empire in the Middle Ages: Small German History from 500 to 1500 . CH Beck, Pfungstadt 2008, p. 152 .
  10. ^ Bernhard Schimmelpfennig: Kings and princes, emperors and popes in the 12th century . Oldenbourg, Munich 2010, p. 50 .
  11. ^ Matthias Thumser, p. 145
  12. ↑ Memorie storico-diplomatiche dell'antica citta e ducato di Amalfi…, Volume 1 . Stabilimento Tipografico Nazionale, Salerno 1876, p. 373 (Italian, online version in Google Book Search).
  13. ^ Guglielmo III d'Altavilla, re di Sicilia. Treccani.it, accessed March 24, 2017 (Italian).
  14. ^ Luigi Salvatorelli: Storia d'Italia, Volume 4 . Mondadori, Milano 1940, p. 391 (Italian).
  15. ^ Francesco Panarelli:  Guglielmo III d'Altavilla. In: Mario Caravale (ed.): Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (DBI). Volume 60:  Grosso – Guglielmo da Forlì. Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, Rome 2003, pp. 792-793.
  16. ↑ a b Costanza d'Altavilla. Treccani .it, accessed March 29, 2017 (Italian).
  17. ↑ Francesco Zazzera, Vitale, Costantino .: Della famiglia Frangipani tratta della seconda parte della nobiltà dell'Italia del signor don Francesco Zazzera d'Aragonia napoletano. All'illustriss. et reuerendiss. signor abbate Roberto Frangipane. Costantino Vitale, Naples 1617, p. 35 (Italian, online version in Google Book Search).
  18. ↑ a b Per la storia del Principato di Taranto, p. 3
  19. ^ Matthias Thumser, p. 144
  20. ^ Antonio Primaldo Coco, p. 217
  21. ↑ Francesco Zazzera, Vitale, Costantino, p. 36 ff.
  22. ^ Matthias Thumser, p. 158
  23. ^ Hubert Houben : Gualtiero di Brienne. Treccani .it, Rome, 2005, accessed March 31, 2017 (Italian).
  24. ↑ a b c d Taranto. In: Treccani .it. Retrieved September 2, 2017 (Italian).
  25. ↑ Manfredi, re di Sicilia. In: Treccani .it. Retrieved September 2, 2017 (Italian).
  26. ^ Francesco Capecelatro: Storia di Napoli - Periodo Svevo . In: 5 . tape 3 . Turin 1870, p. 208 (Latin).
  27. ↑ La città antica di Taranto, p. 19.
  28. ↑ a b La città antica di Taranto, p. 20
  29. ^ Gennaro Maria Monti: La spedizione in Puglia di Giorgio Castriota Scanderbeg ei feudi pugliesi suoi della vedova e del figlio. Emeroteca.provincia.brindisi.it, SS 129 , accessed on August 19, 2019 (Italian).
  30. ↑ Claudia Corfiati: Il principe di Taranto tra storia e leggenda. Scademia.edu, p. 4 , accessed March 12, 2019 (Italian).
  31. ^ Aurora Martino: Giovan Girolamo II Acquaviva d'Aragona (1604 c.-1665) Signore feudale del Mezzogiorno spagnolo . Universidad de Valladolid, Valladolid 2012, p. 68 (Italian).
  32. ^ Brindisi al tempo dei re aragonesi sul trono di Napoli. brindisiweb.it, p. 4 , accessed March 8, 2017 (Italian).
  33. ^ Franco Porsia: Taranto (Le Citta nella storia d'Italia) . Laterza, Rome, Bari 1989, ISBN 978-88-420-3454-4 , pp. 34 (Italian).
  34. ↑ Cav. Bruno di Biccari, p. 78
  35. ^ Matthias Thumser, p. 162

Remarks

  1. ↑ " ... Il quale per merito delle sue virtù, fu dall'Imperatrice Costanza, ...., Creato Principe di Taranto, e Signore di tutta la Provincia di Terra d'Otranto ... "
  2. ↑ Jacob was the first-born son of Ottone, the "elder" and a Byzantine princess
  3. ↑ " ... Costui morendo senza figli lasciò lo stato ad Arrigo [Enrico] suo nipote figlio di Iacopo, come tutto si legge in una Bulla d'Innocenzo Quarto ... Nobili viro Hernico Fraiapane ... .. Comiti Principi Tarentino, ... concessionem clarissime memriæ Costantiæ Ro. Imperatricis, & Reginæ Siciliæ, ac etiá 9. Friderici Rom. Imperatoris tunc Regis Siciliæ, factam olim Oddoni Fraiapani patruo tuo, eisq; successoribus de principatu Tarentino, & tota terra Idruntina; tibi qui eiusdem Oddonis hæres extitis liberaliter duxinus confirmandam… .. Perusia February 12th. Pont. Nostri 9. di questo Arrigo fu figliuolo .... "