Paleologists

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The imperial-Byzantine double-headed eagle of the paleologists
Banner of the Byzantine emperors (palaeologists) with the tetragram cross

The paleologists ( Greek Παλαιολόγος Palaiologos , plural Παλαιολόγοι Palaiologoi ) were the last imperial dynasty of the Byzantine Empire . They ruled the state from 1259 until Constantinople was stormed by the Ottomans in 1453. The paleologists in the male line died out in 1502 with Andreas Palaiologos , who ceded his claim to the throne to Byzantium to Charles VIII of France and later to Ferdinand the Catholic of Spain would have.

The family also ruled the despotate Morea ( Mistra on the Morea peninsula ) from 1382 to 1460, which was entrusted to the heir to the throne (second generation). By inheritance, a branch of the family came into the possession of the Margraviate of Montferrat in northern Italy in 1305 , which passed to the Gonzaga family in 1533 as a female inheritance .

The marriage of Grand Duke Ivan III. of Moscow with Sofia Palaiologa , niece of the last Byzantine emperor Constantine XI. , founded the Russian claim to the spiritual and religious succession of the Byzantine Empire, which was documented, among other things, by the adoption of the double-headed eagle in the Russian coat of arms (see Third Rome ).

Byzantine emperors from the family of palaeologists

Marquis of Montferrat from the family of palaeologists

Family relationships

Michael VIII. To Michael IX.

  1. Alexios Palaiologos ⚭ 1200 Irene Angela, daughter of Emperor Alexios III. of Byzantium
    1. Andronikos Palaiologos († 1246), governor of Macedonia
      1. Michael VIII. Palaiologos (1224–1282), Emperor of Nikaia 1259, Emperor of Byzantium 1261 ⚭ Theodora Dukas († 1304), daughter of Emperor John III. by Nikaia
        1. Irene Palaiologina ⚭ Iwan Assen III. , Tsar of the Bulgarians († 1300)
        2. Andronikos II. Palaiologos (1259–1332), Emperor of Byzantium 1282–1328, ⚭ 1) 1274 Anna († around 1284), probably daughter of King Stephen V of Hungary , ⚭ 2) 1284 Yolande von Montferrat († 1317), Daughter of margrave Wilhelm VII.
          1. Michael IX. Palaiologos (1277-1320), co-emperor 1295 (descendants see below)
          2. Constantine Palaiologos († 1334/35), despot of Thessaloniki
          3. John Palaiologos (1286–1307), Despot of Thessaloniki
          4. Simonis Palaiologina ⚭ 1299 Stefan Uroš II , King of Serbia († 1320)
          5. Theodor I. Palaiologos (1291–1338), Margrave of Montferrat 1305 ⚭ Argentina Spinola, daughter of Obezzino Spinola (descendants see below)
          6. Demetrios Palaiologos , Despot of Thessaloniki
            1. Irene Palaiologina († around 1391) ⚭ Matthaios Asanes Kantakuzenos , Byzantine emperor from 1353 to 1357 and from 1380 to 1383 Byzantine despot of Morea († 1391)
        3. Anna Palaiologina († 1299/1300) ⚭ Demetrios Michael Dukas Komnenos Kutrules , Despot
        4. Konstantin Palaiologos Porphyrogennetos ⚭ Irene Raulaina
          1. Johannes Palaiologos-Komnenos (1292–1327) ⚭ Irene, daughter of Theodoros Metochites
            1. Maria Palaiologina ⚭ 1324 Stefan Uroš III. , King of Serbia († 1331)
              1. Simeon Uroš Palaiologos († 1370/71), Tsar of Thessaly
        5. Theodora Palaiologina ⚭ David VI. Narin, King of Georgia
        6. Eudokia Palaiologina († 1302) ⚭ 1282 John II. Comnenus , Emperor of Trebizond († 1297)
          1. Maria Palaiologa ⚭ 1) 1269 Konstantin Tich Assen , Tsar of the Bulgarians († 1277), ⚭ 2) 1277 Iwajlo , Tsar of the Bulgarians († 1280)
        7. Theodoros Palaiologos († after 1310)
      2. Johannes Dukas Palaiologos († 1274/75), Megas Domestikos, Sebastokrator and Despot
        1. Anna Komnene Dukaina Palaiologina; † as a nun Anthusa (around 1280)
        2. Konstantin Tornikes Palaiologos (from 2nd marriage), Megas Drungarios
      3. Maria Palaiologina, "Protosebastissa" (* around 1216; † before 1266 as a nun Martha) ⚭ 1237 Nikephoros Tarchaneiotes
      4. Eirene Komnene Palaiologina (* around 1218; † as a nun Eulogia in early December 1285) ⚭ Johannes Komnenos Angelos Kantakuzenos, Dux of Thrace, Pinkernes
      5. Konstantin Angelos Komnenos Dukas Palaiologos , 1259 Kaisar (Caesar), 1260 Sebastokrator, 1262–1264 general in the Peloponnese ; † as a monk Kallinikos around 1271

Andronikos III. until Constantine XI.

  1. Michael IX. Palaiologos (1277-1320), co-regent 1295 (see above)
    1. Andronikos III. Palaiologos (1297–1341), Emperor of Byzantium 1328, ⚭ 1) Irene (Adelheid) von Braunschweig-Grubenhagen († 1324), daughter of Duke Heinrich I of Braunschweig , ⚭ 2) 1326 Johanna von Savoyen († 1365), daughter of Count Amadeus V.
      1. Johannes V. Palaiologos (1332-1391), Emperor of Byzantium 1341-1376 and 1379-1391, ⚭ 1347 Helene Kanzakuzena Assenina († 1391), daughter of Emperor Johannes VI. Kantakuzenos from Byzantium
        1. Andronikos IV. Palaiologos (1348–1385), Emperor of Byzantium 1376–1379
          1. John VII. Palaiologos , co-regent 1376–1379, regent 1390, emperor of Byzantium 1399–1402
            1. Andronikos V. Palaiologos (~ 1400–1407), co-emperor of Byzantium
        2. Manuel II. Palaiologos (1350–1425), co-regent 1373, Emperor of Byzantium 1391–1423
          1. John VIII. Palaiologos (1392–1448), Emperor of Byzantium 1423–1448, ⚭ 1) 1411 Anna (1393–1417), daughter of Grand Duke Vasily II of Moscow , ⚭ 2) 1420 Sofia of Montferrat († 1425), daughter of Margrave Theodor II of Montferrat
          2. Theodor II Palaiologos († 1448), despot of Morea 1407–1443
            1. Elena Palaiologa ⚭ John II , King of Cyprus († 1458)
          3. Andronikos Palaiologos (1400–1429), despot and governor of Thessaloniki
            1. Johannes Palaiologos , Despot
          4. Constantine XI. Palaiologos (1404–1453), Emperor of Byzantium 1448
          5. Thomas Palaiologos († 1465), Prince of Achaia 1432–1460, ⚭ 1430 Caterina, daughter of Prince Centurione II of Achaia
            1. Manuel Palaiologos - descendants
            2. Sofia Palaiologa († 1503) ⚭ 1473 Ivan III. , Grand Duke of Moscow (1440–1505)
            3. Andreas Palaiologos (1453–1502)
            4. Elena Palaiologa († 1474) ⚭ Lazar Branković , Despot of Serbia († 1458)
          6. Demetrios Palaiologos , despot of Morea 1443–1460
        3. Michael Palaiologos († 1376/77),
        4. Theodor I. Palaiologos († 1407), despot of Morea 1383 - descendants, extinct 1460
      2. Michael Palaiologos , despot
      3. Irene Palaiologina , Empress of Trebizond (1340–1341) ⚭ divorced 1339 Basilios Komnenos , Emperor of Trebizond (1332–1340)
    2. Manuel Palaiologos († 1319/20), despot
    3. Theodora Palaiologina ⚭ 1) 1320 Theodor II. Swetoslaw Terter , Tsar of the Bulgarians († 1322), ⚭ 2) 1325 Michael , Tsar of the Bulgarians († 1330)

The paleologists in Montferrat to Margrave Johann Jakob

  1. Theodor I. Palaiologos (1291-1338), Margrave of Montferrat 1305 (see above)
    1. John II († 1372), Margrave of Montferrat 1338, ⚭ 1) 1337 Cecile de Comminges ( House Comminges ), ⚭ 2) 1358 Isabella of Aragón, daughter of King James II of Mallorca
      1. Otto III. (1361–1378), Margrave of Montferrat 1372, ⚭ 1377 Violanta Visconti († 1382), daughter of Galeazzo II Visconti
      2. Johann III. († 1381), Margrave of Montferrat 1378
      3. Theodor II (1364–1418), Margrave of Montferrat 1381, ⚭ 1) Argentina Malaspina, ⚭ 2) 1393 Johanna von Bar († 1402), daughter of Count Robert , ⚭ 3) 1403 Margherita of Savoy (around 1382–1464) , Daughter of Duke Amadeus of Piedmont
        1. Johann Jakob (1395–1445), Margrave of Montferrat 1418, ⚭ 1411 Johanna von Savoyen (1392–1460), daughter of Duke Amadeus VII (descendants see below)
        2. Sofia ⚭ 1421 John VIII. Palaiologos (1392–1448), Emperor of Byzantium
        3. Sibylle ⚭ 1413 John , King of Cyprus
    2. Jolante († 1342) ⚭ 1330 Aymon , Count of Savoy (1291–1343)

The paleologists in Montferrat from Margrave Johann IV.

  1. Johann Jakob (1395–1445), Margrave of Montferrat 1418, (see above)
    1. Johann IV. († 1464), Margrave of Montferrat 1445, ⚭ 1458 Margherita of Savoy († 1483), daughter of Duke Ludwig
    2. Isabella ⚭ 1436 Ludwig I , Margrave of Saluzzo
    3. Wilhelm X. († 1483), Margrave of Montferrat 1464, ⚭ 1) Marie de Foix († 1467), daughter of Count Gaston, Prince de Navarre , ⚭ 2) 1469 Elisabetta Sforza († 1473), daughter of Duke Francesco I. Sforza of Milan , ⚭ 3) 1474 Bernarde de Penthièvre († 1485), daughter of Count Johann
      1. Johanna ⚭ 1481 Ludwig II , Margrave of Saluzzo
      2. Bianca († 1509) ⚭ 1485 Charles I Duke of Savoy (1468–1490)
    4. Boniface IV († 1494), Margrave of Montferrat 1483, ⚭ 1) 1483 Hélène de Penthièvre († 1484), daughter of Count Johann, ⚭ 2) 1485 Maria Komnena (1466–1495), daughter of Prince Stefan of Serbia
      1. Wilhelm XI. (1486–1518), Margrave of Montferrat 1494, ⚭ 1508 Anne d'Alençon (1492–1562), daughter of Duke René
        1. Mary (1509-1531)
        2. Margarete (1510–1566) ⚭ 1531 Federico II. Gonzaga (1500–1540), Duke of Mantua , followed in Montferrat in 1533
        3. Boniface V (1512–1530), Margrave of Montferrat 1518
      2. Johann Georg (1488–1533), Margrave of Montferrat 1530, ⚭ 1533 Julia von Aragón († 1542), daughter of Frederick I of Naples
      3. Margarete († 1496) ⚭ Viktorin (1443–1500), Duke of Münsterberg , Duke of Troppau , Count of Glatz
    5. Amadea ⚭ 1437 John II , King of Cyprus († 1458)

The French Paléologue family is said to have come from a non-equal connection of a member of this Byzantine imperial dynasty ; a member of the same was the French diplomat Maurice Paléologue (1859-1944), who became known through his diary report on the fall of the tsarist empire.

Contender for the imperial Byzantine title

The male line of paleologists, descendants of Constantine, the last Byzantine emperor, died out in the early 16th century. This fact has never discouraged the contenders for the imperial Byzantine title from appearing in various parts of Europe up to our day. The paleologists were a widespread family as far back as the Byzantine era, and not all who bore this name were related to the imperial line.

However, the irresistible attempt of later paleologists was to seek and establish connections with the last Roman emperors. As penniless refugees from the ruined Byzantium, one could trade with the name Paleologos and gain prestige, if not receive a pension from a prince, a pope or a cardinal. Many of them settled in northern Italy, in Venice , in Pesaro or in Viterbo .

In the 15th and 16th centuries, numerous paleologists served as stradiotes or cavalrymen for the Republic of Venice . Venetian documents often refer to their "arduous" ability to serve the Serenissima . Teodoro Paleologo, whose career is well documented, died in 1532 and was likely from Mistra. Others were Giovanni around 1482, Annibale and his son Leziniano around 1586 and Andrea Paleologo Graitzas around 1460, of whom some of the surprisingly numerous paleologists of Athens still claim the descent. At the beginning of the 16th century, a Lucio or Livio Andronico Paleologo lived in San Elpidio a Mare near Pesaro.

Brass tombstone of Teodoro Paleologus (* Pesaro 1578 err.) In the St. Leonard e St. Dilpe Church in Landulph.
Tombstone of Teodoro Paleologus (son) in St Michael's Chapel at Westminster Abbey
Gravestone of Ferdinando in the Saint John cemetery on the island of Barbados

In the English civil war (1642-1651) between the royalists and parliamentarians , the brothers Teodoro (* 1609) and Giovanni Palaiologos (* 1611) fought as high-ranking officers against each other for both parties. Tombs of the Palaiologos are located in the parish church of St Leonard and St Dilpe in Landulph, Cornwall , in Westminster Abbey in London and on the island of Barbados .

  1. Teodoro Paleologo (* Pesaro 1578 err .; † Clifton, Landulph 1636; buried on October 20, 1636) ⚭ 1. (July 6, 1593 island of Chios ) Eudoxia Commena († 1596); ⚭ 2. (May 1, 1600 Cottingham , Yorkshire ) Mary Balls, daughter of William Balls of Hadley, Suffolk Ghent.
    1. Teodora ∞ (born July 6, 1594 island of Chios; daughter of the 1st wife) ⚭ (October 10, 1614 Chiesa Santi Pietro e Paolo dei Greci in Naples ) Prince Demetrius Rhodocanakis (Rhodokanakis); the couple had several children. The youngest was
      1. Konstantin Rhodocanakis (* December 5, 1635 Rhodocanakis Castle in Chios, † August 13, 1689 in Amsterdam from typhus ) ⚭ (October 1667 in Chios) Henriette, daughter of Duke Anthony Koressy and Donna Virginia Visconti .
        1. Mary (* 1678; † January 1688 in London)
        2. Julia ⚭ June 6, 1691 (cousin) Prince Francis Rhodocanakis
    2. Teodoro (* 1609; † 1644)
    3. Johann (* 1611; † June 14, 1645, Battle of Naseby )
    4. Ferdinand (* 1615 approx .; † October 1678, Parish St. John Barbados ) ⚭ Rebecca Pomfrett
      1. Teodorico (+ 1680) ∞ Martha Bradbury delle Barbados
        1. a son (* Stepney, a borough of the London Borough of Tower Hamlets)
        2. maybe a daughter too
    5. Maria (buried May 15, 1674, Landulph)
    6. Dorothea (buried July 12, 1683, Landulph) ∞ (December 23, 1656, Landulph) William Arundell

literature

Web links

Commons : Palaiologos dynasty  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Remarks

  1. ↑ The St. Leonard and St. Dilpe Church is known as the resting place of Teodoro Palaiologos (* 1560 approx. Pesaro (Byzantium and England, p. 201); father of the brothers Teodoro and Giovanni). Teodoro died in the home of Sir Nicholas Lower in Clifton, Landulph and was buried in St. Leonard and St. Dilpe Church on October 20, 1636 (Byzantium and England, p. 201). His brass plaque can be seen in the choir. The inscription reads:
    HERE LYETH THE BODY OF THEODORO PALEOLOGVS / OF PESARO IN ITALY DESCENDEN FROM YE IMPERIAL / LYNE OF YE LAST CHRISTIAN EMPORERS OF GREECE / BEING THE SONNE OF CAMILO YE SONNE OF PROSPER / THE SONNE OF THEODORO THE Y. SONNE OF IOHN / SONNE OF THOMAS SECOND BROTHER TO COSTANTIN / PALEOLOGVS THE 8TH OF THAT NAME AND LAST OF / YE LYNE YT RAYGNED IN COSTANTINOPLE VNTILL SVB / DEWED BY THE TURKES WHO MARRIED WITH MARY / YE DAUGHTER OF GILLIAM BALLS / OF SOUFFE. & HAD ISSVE 5 CHILDREN THEO / DORO IOHN FERDINANDO MARIA & DOROTHY & DEPARTED THIS LIFE AT CLYTON YE 21YH OF IANVARY 1636.
    (This is where the body of Teodoro Paleologus [father] of Pesaro in Italy rests; descendant of the imperial line of Greece's last Christian imperial line He is the son of Camillo, the son of Prosper, the son of Teodoro, the son of Giovanni, the son of Tommaso, the second brother of Konstantin Paleologi, the 8th of that name and the last to reign in Constantinople until for the Turkish conquest; he married Mary, the daughter of William Balls of Hadley in Souffolke Gent and had five children: Teodoro, Giovanni, Ferdinando, Maria and Dorothea and ended this life on January 21st in Clyton [sic!] 1636. )
  2. ↑ In 1600 he was a knight of Henry Clinton, 2nd Earl of Lincoln (* 1539; + 1616) in Tattershall Castle , Lincolnshire . It was there that he met the English mercenary and adventurer John Smith , who had recently returned from service on the continent and, when he was only 21 years old, " satiated with too many businesses that he liked, " he retired back to Tattershall Forest, where he led a solitary existence like a hermit. His friends " persuaded a Mr. Theadora Polalga ... a noble Italian gentleman to interfere with his woody knowledge " and gradually brought him back into society.
    Between 1609 and 1621 he was a mercenary during the Twelve Years Armistice (1609–1621) on behalf of the British in the Spanish Netherlands .
    On March 19, 1627/28 he was in Plymouth and from there wrote a letter to the | 1. Duke of Buckingham George Villiers (1592-1628) and asked him to be taken into the service of King Charles I of England. The Duke's answer is unknown, but even if it had been favorable it would lead nowhere.
    In 1628 he appears to have owned a small estate in Plymouth, as his name appears on the monthly reports for poor relief in Old Town Ward and was valued at half penny per week.
    At some point, presumably after that last date, Teodoro moved with his daughters (the sons were likely grown up and found happiness elsewhere) to Landulph, Cornwall, where they likely lived with Sir Nicholas and Lady Lower in Clifton. Teodoro was buried in St. Leonard and St. Dilpe Church in Landulph. (The Palaeologus Family)
  3. ↑ The Exeter Cathedral Register shows that he was buried on October 20, 1636 and not engraved on January 21, as on the brass plaque next to the sacred door.
    Around 1795, the tomb containing the paleologist's body was accidentally destroyed, revealing an oak coffin that was opened, revealing a well-preserved body and showing that he was a very tall man with an aquiline nose and a very long white beard. (The Palaeologus Family)
  4. ↑ Constantino Rhodocanakis was a well-known doctor and scholar and friend of Charles II , King of Great Britain, France and Ireland.
  5. ↑ He was buried in the Protestant Nieuwe Kerk in Amsterdam. Thanks to the care of his widow, the place of his burial was covered by a marble slab that has been preserved with an inscription to this day (John Yarker, p. 15).
  6. ↑ She was buried in the fields of the old church of Saint Pancras.
  7. ↑ During the Second Episcopal War (1640) he was sent as a lieutenant in the English army against the Scots.
    When the Civil War broke out in 1642, he sided with the MPs and his name appeared as a lieutenant in the army of Arthur Capell, 6th Earl of Essex .
    In 1644 he died or was killed. On May 3, he was buried in St. Michael's Chapel in Westminster Abbey near the tomb of Catherine, Lady Saint John of Bletso in the north transept. He was buried in Westminster Abbey, not because of his imperial descent, but because he had fought on the side of Parliament in the army of Oliver Saint John against the royalists in the Civil War (1642-1651).
    A manuscript in the House of Lords contains a draft order dated May 3, 1644, to pay Sir Philip Stapledon £ 50 as part of the arrears of Captain Paleologus. (The Palaeologus Family)
  8. ↑ In 1641 he was on the island of Barbados; In 1645 he fought for the royalists (for the king) in the English Civil War and would have died on June 14, 1645 at the Battle of Naseby.
  9. ↑ He emigrated to Barbados before the English Civil War.
    It appears that he and his brother Giovanni went there to join their mother's relatives (Mary Balls) who had already settled in Barbados. They were among the first to settle, as the island was only discovered around 1620; Ferdinand had plantations in Barbados that he had bought himself or through his mother;
    in 1649 he held the role of sexton in the evangelical parish of San Giovanni (St. John);
    in 1655 and 1657 he held numerous parish offices, including that of administrator;
    on September 26, 1670 he wrote his will; Ferdinand divided his property between his widow Rebecca and his son Theodoric. The widow was to act as guardian until the child was 14 years old;
    on October 3, 1678 he was buried in the Johanneskirche. (Donald M. Nicol, p. 202)
  10. ↑ The inscription on his tombstone reads: Here Lyeth ye body of Ferdinando Paleolocus descenden from ye imperial line of ye last christian emporers of Greece, churchwarden of this parish 1655 - 1656 vestryman twentye years died October 3, 1678 (Here lies the body of Ferdinando Paleolocus who descends from the imperial line of the last Christian emperors of Greece and was the church leader of this parish from 1655 to 1656, died on October 3, 1678)
  11. ↑ or in San Mellion - the marriage is recorded in both registers

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Byzantium and England, p. 116
  2. ↑ a b Byzantium and England, p. 117
  3. ^ Teodoro Paleologo greco. Retrieved May 5, 2019 (Italian).
  4. ↑ a b Byzantium and England, p. 202
  5. ^ John Thomas Towson: A visit to the tomb of Theodoro Paleologus . (English, org.uk [PDF]).
  6. ↑ a b c d e f The Palaeologus Family
  7. ↑ a b c W. H. Hamilton Rogers, p. 221
  8. ^ John Yarker: A discourse in praise of antimony and the virtuesthereof, and history of prince Rhodocanakis . Sria High Council Lib, 1867, p. 12 (English, sriaeastern.org [PDF]).
  9. ↑ a b c John Yarker, p. 14
  10. ^ The Immortal Emperor, p. 124
  11. ↑ Theodorious (Greek; or Theodore) named after his grandfather became a sailor and returned to England (actually to Stepney, a district of the London borough of Tower Hamlets) and died in 1693 in Coruña, a municipality in northwestern Spain. He was the last descendant of the male lineage of this branch of paleologists.
  12. ↑ a b c D. M. Nicol, p. 203