Johannes Dukas Palaiologos

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Johannes Dukas Palaiologos , with his full name Johannes Komnenos Dukas Angelos Palaiologos ( Middle Greek Ἱωάννης Κομνηνός Δούκας Ἄγγελος Παλαιολόγος ; * around 1226/1229 in Asia Minor ; † 1274 or 1275), was a Byzantine general brother of Michael VIII.

Life

Johannes Palaiologos came from the noble family of palaeologists , who had belonged to the top of the Byzantine military aristocracy since the late 11th century and were related to the imperial dynasties of the Dukai and Komnenen . His parents were the Megas Domestikos Andronikos Palaiologos and Theodora Palaiologina , a daughter of the despot Alexios Komnenos Palaiologos .

Nothing is known about Johannes' childhood and youth. In the Byzantine sources it does not appear until 1256, when it was sent to Rhodes by Emperor Theodor II for an unknown reason . In 1258 he took part in the coup d'état of his brother Michael Palaiologos against Georg Muzalon , the regent for the minor John IV. After Muzalon's murder, Michael Palaiologos placed the young emperor in the care of John and their common half-brother Constantine . Michael took over the regency himself, appointed Johannes Megas Domestikos and made him supreme command of the Nicean troops in Macedonia .

On the occasion of his coronation as co-emperor at the beginning of 1259, Michael VIII raised his brother to sebastocrator and arranged a marriage with a daughter of general Konstantin Tornikes . Immediately afterwards Johannes Palaiologos received the order to attack the despotate Epirus , ruled by Michael II Comnenus Dukas . The Nicaeans conquered the fortresses of Deabolis and Ohrid , in September 1259 they decisively defeated the troops of the Principality of Achaia under Wilhelm II of Villehardouin in the Battle of Pelagonia with the support of the defector John I Dukas of Thessaly . John Palaiologos then subjugated Thebes and made Achaia, until then the strongest state of the Latins in Greece, a vassal of Nikaias; the Duchy of Athens soon took its place. In Lampsakos he was elevated to a despot in recognition of his military successes , his father-in-law Tornikes and his half-brother Constantine were elevated to sebastocrators. As personal domains ( Pronoia ) he was awarded the islands of Rhodes and Lesbos .

After the reconquest of Constantinople in 1261 , Johannes Palaiologos led a protracted campaign against the resurgent Epirus, whose ruler Michael II finally had to recognize the sovereignty of the re-established Byzantine Empire in the summer of 1263/1264. He then fought the Turkish threat in Asia Minor and consolidated the imperial rule over the Meander Valley . After 1267, John returned to Europe on his lands at Strymon . After the death of Michael II of Epirus, he restored control of the central government over the monasteries in eastern Thessaly; He had the pirate-struck Xeropotamu monastery on Mount Athos renewed.

Around 1273/1275 John Palaiologos led a large-scale offensive against John I Dukas of Thessaly, who, however, inflicted a heavy defeat on the Byzantines in the battle of Neopatras . On the retreat to the north, he came to the aid of the Byzantine fleet , which was besieged by the Latins in Demetrias , but was then able to successfully repel the attack. Nevertheless, after the failed Thessaly campaign, Johannes Palaiologos removed the despot insignia (or was forced to do so by Michael VIII). He died a short time later.

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literature

  • Michael Angold: A Byzantine Government in Exile. Government and Society under the Laskarids of Nicaea, 1204-1261 . Oxford University Press, London 1975, ISBN 0-19-821854-0 , pp. 82, 181, 282.
  • Jean-Claude Cheynet, Jean-François Vannier: Études prosopographiques (= Publications de la Sorbonne. Série Byzantina Sorbonensia. Vol. 5). Publications de la Sorbonne Center de Recherches d'Histoire et de Civilization Byzantine, Paris 1986, ISBN 2-85944-110-7 , p. 178.
  • §Божидар Ферјанчић: Деспоти у Византији и Јужнословенским земљама§ (= Посебна издања . Vol. 336; Византолошки институт Vol. 8.). Српска академија наука и уметности, Београд 1960, pp. 15-16, 21-25 passim , 35-39 passim .
  • Божидар Ферјанчић: Севастократори у Византији . In: Зборник радова Византолошког института . Vol. 11, 1968, ISSN  0584-9888 , pp. 141-192 ( PDF file; 4.0 MB ), here: pp. 175-177.
  • John Van Antwerp Fine: The Late Medieval Balkans: A critical Survey from the late Twelfth Century to the Ottoman Conquest. University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor MI 1994, ISBN 0-472-08260-4 , pp. 170, 188.
  • Deno John Geanakoplos: Emperor Michael Palaeologus and the West 1258-1282. A Study in Byzantine-Latin Relations. Harvard University Press, Cambridge MA 1959, pp. 41, 62-72 passim , 283.
  • Alexander P. Kazhdan (Ed.): The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium . Oxford University Press, New York NY 1991, ISBN 0-19-504652-8 , p. 1558.
  • Ruth Macrides: George Akropolites: The History - Introduction, Translation and Commentary. Oxford University Press, Oxford 2007, ISBN 978-0-19-921067-1 , pp. 347, 350.
  • Ruth Macrides, Joseph A. Munitiz, Dimiter Angelov: Pseudo-Kodinos and the Constantinopolitan Court: Offices and Ceremonies (= Birmingham Byzantine and Ottoman Studies . Vol. 15). Ashgate, Farnham 2013, ISBN 978-0-7546-6752-0 , pp. 45, 430 f.
  • Paul Magdalino: Notes on the Last Years of John Palaiologos, Brother of Michael VIII. In: Revue des études byzantines. Vol. 34, 1976, ISSN  0766-5598 , pp. 143-149.
  • Ljubomir Maksimović: The Byzantine provincial administration under the Palaiologoi. Adolf M. Hakkert, Amsterdam 1988, ISBN 90-256-0968-6 , p. 119.
  • Donald M. Nicol : The Despotate of Epiros. Basil Blackwell, Oxford 1957, pp. 173-192 passim .
  • Donald M. Nicol: The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261-1453. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1993, ISBN 0-521-43991-4 , pp. 47, 59, 85.
  • Averkios Th. Papadopulos: Attempting a Genealogy of Palaiologists, 1259–1453. Pilger-Druckerei, Munich 1938 (reprinted by Adolf M. Hakkert, Amsterdam 1962), pp. 4–5 No. 2.
  • Erich Trapp , Hans-Veit Beyer, Sokrates Kaplaneres: Prosopographisches Lexikon der Palaiologenzeit . 9. Fascicle: [Ογουζάλπης] - Πέτκος (= Publications of the Commission for Byzantine Studies . Vol. 1/9). Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1989, ISBN 3-7001-1641-1 , pp. 96–97 No. 21487.
  • Warren Treadgold : A History of the Byzantine State and Society. Stanford University Press, Stanford CA 1997, ISBN 0-804-72630-2 , p. 819.

Web links

Remarks

  1. ↑ See ODB , p. 1558; Cheynet / Vannier, Études , p. 178.
  2. ↑ See Macrides, Akropolites , p. 350.
  3. ↑ Cf. Geanakoplos, Emperor , p. 41.
  4. ↑ See Macrides, Akropolites , pp. 347-350.
  5. ^ See Geanakoplos, Emperor , p. 62.
  6. ↑ See Geanakoplos, Emperor , pp. 65-72; Macrides, Akropolites , pp. 360-364.
  7. ↑ See Nicol, Last Centuries , p. 85.
  8. ↑ See Nicol, Last Centuries , p. 47.
  9. ↑ See Fine, Late Medieval Balkans , p. 170; PLP 9, p. 96.
  10. ^ See Geanakoplos, Emperor , p. 283; Fine, Late Medieval Balkans , p. 188.
  11. ↑ See Nicol, Last Centuries , p. 59.
personal data
SURNAME Johannes Dukas Palaiologos
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Johannes Komnenos Dukas Angelos Palaiologos (full name); Ἱωάννης Κομνηνός Δούκας Ἄγγελος Παλαιολόγος (Middle Greek)
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Byzantine despot and general, brother of Emperor Michael VIII.
DATE OF BIRTH between 1226 and 1229
PLACE OF BIRTH Asia Minor
DATE OF DEATH 1274 or 1275