Ypati
Ypati municipality Δημοτική Ενότητα Υπάτης (Υπάτη) |
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Basic data | ||
State : | Greece | |
Region : |
Central Greece
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Regional District : | Fthiotida | |
Municipality : | Lamia | |
Geographic coordinates : | 38 ° 52 ' N , 22 ° 14' E | |
Height above d. M .: | 407 m (center of Ypatis) |
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Area : | 257.504 km² | |
Residents : | 4,541 (2011) | |
Population density : | 17.6 inhabitants / km² | |
Code No .: | 270105 | |
Structure: | 16 local communities | |
Website: | www.ypati.gr | |
Located in the municipality of Lamia and in the regional unit of Fthiotida | ||
Ypati ( Greek Υπάτη ( f. Sg. )) Is a village with around 700 inhabitants in the Greek region of Central Greece . From 1912 it formed an independent rural community (kinotita), was elevated to the status of an urban community (dimos) in 1966 and grew in the following decades through incorporation to almost 7,000 inhabitants. With the administrative reform in 2010 , Ypati was absorbed into the municipality of Lamia , where it has since been one of five municipal districts. The place is known as the setting of the ancient novel Metamorphoses by Apuleius .
geography
Ypati is located about 30 kilometers west of Thermopylae on the northern slope of the Iti mountain on the Xerias river, which enters the Sperchios plain here and flows into it in the municipality. The neighboring communities are Sperchiada , Makrakomi , Lianokladio , Lamia , Gorgopotamos , Pavliani and Kalliei , which belongs to the neighboring prefecture of Fokida to the south . About three kilometers northeast of the eponymous village on the plain are sulfur springs that have been known since ancient times and make the place the only sulfur bath in Greece. The municipal area extends a few kilometers into the mountains, the village of Dafni is the southernmost associated settlement.
Structure and population
Ypati is divided into 16 localities, including numerous small villages. The total population in 2001 was 6,855. 724 of these belong to the place Ypati itself. Other larger settlements, all of which are in the plain, are Loutra Ypatis with 645, Mexiates with 793 and Kombotades with 718 inhabitants.
history
Antiquity
In ancient times the place was called Hypata ( ancient Greek Ὕπατα ( n. Pl. )) Or Hypatē ( Ὑπάτη ( f. Sg. )). The origin of the name is believed to be the amalgamation of hypo Oita , ( ὑπὸ Οἴτα , "below the [mountain] Oita"). Hypata is said to have been founded by the Ainianas in 410 BC, who settled here in the south of the Thessalian landscape Phthiotis . Later it belonged to the Amphictyony of Amphela. Even Herodotus mentions the hot springs, which were used in ancient times. The city played a role in the defense against the Celts in 376 BC. After the Second Macedonian-Roman War , during which it served as a meeting place for the members of the Aitolian League , stasis between the supporters of the Romans and those of the Aitolians arose in the city . Probably since 146 BC The city then belonged to the Roman province of Achaea . Archaeological remains from the Roman period suggest that the city was of some importance in the 2nd century.
Late antiquity, Byzantium and the Middle Ages
According to church tradition, St. Herodion is said to have been the city's first bishop in 66 AD, but from a historical perspective this is highly dubious. The names of two bishops have only been passed down with certainty for the 4th and 5th centuries. According to the Eastern Roman historian Prokopios , Emperor Justinian had the city re-fortified in the 6th century, with the invasion of the Slavs from around 580, its trace is initially lost in tradition.
It was not until the middle of the 9th century that the region was again under the control of the Byzantine emperor, and now the place appears again as Neai Patrai ( ancient Greek Νέαι Πάτραι , "New Patras ", modern Greek Neopatra ), an indication that possibly residents of Patras resettled here. After the Fourth Crusade in 1204, the city changed hands more often and was the residential city of the Principality of Great Wallachia from 1268 and of the Catalan Duchy of Neopatria named after it from 1318 . After a short Serbian rule, the city was finally conquered by the Ottomans in 1393 and incorporated into their empire as Batrajik or Patratziki ("Little Patras").
Modern times
revolution
In the Greek Revolution , Ypati (or Patratziki) played a not insignificant role. As a mountain region, it was home to many Klephtes and also the scene of three battles:
- The battle on April 18, 1821, when the Turkish-occupied Ypati was attacked by Greek revolutionaries under Mitsos Kondogiannis, Dyovouniotis, Diakos and Bakogiannis. The garrison in the city was defeated and there were takeover negotiations, but these were unsuccessful because a large Turkish army set up camp nearby, which forced the Greeks to retreat.
- The battle in May 1821, in which the Greek military leaders Gouras, Skaltsodimos and Safakas wanted to capture Ypati in order to stop the Turkish advance into Livadia. However, they were attacked first and were able to repel the attack, after which, however, the plans to capture Ypati were abandoned.
- The battle on April 2, 1822, when, by agreement with Alexandros Ypsilantis, the generals Kontogiannis, Panourgias, Skaltsas and Sfakas managed to take the city, but not the castle above the city, where 1,500 Turks and Albanians had holed up. After a few days, the successful attack on the castle followed, together with the arrival of reinforcements, which caused the besieged to flee. However, the Greeks had to withdraw again when Turkish reinforcements arrived from Lamia .
After the liberation of Greece, the city belonged to the Greek state founded in 1830 and took its ancient name again in 1833. The municipality of Ypati was established by law on January 10, 1834.
In the period following independence, the country was plagued by robbers, for whom the forested region offered many hiding places. Most of them were all caught and executed over time.
The next big event in the history of the place was the Turkish-Greek War of 1896/1897, in which the Turks advanced to the nearby town of Domokos. This caused the population to leave the city and flee to the surrounding mountain villages.
Second World War
On December 2, 1942, ten residents of the village were executed on the ruins of the bridge over the Gorgopotamos river, because it had been blown up. On December 5th, six more people were executed by the Italians.
Saturday, June 14th 1944 was probably the blackest day in the recent history of the place. Since Ypati was a center of the ELAS resistance movement , German occupation forces pillaged and looted the place and executed civilians and resistance members. 28 people were killed, 30 injured and 375 of the 400 houses, Byzantine churches and historic villas were destroyed. At the entrance to the city there is now a monument that commemorates the events of that day.
The Metamorphoses of Apuleius
In the novel Metamorphoses (also known as: The Golden Donkey ), written in the 2nd century by the Roman writer Apuleius , the protagonist Lucius comes on a business trip to Hypata, where Thessalian witches are up to mischief. After a strange ritual that is celebrated in Hypata in honor of the god of laughter, Lucius learns that Pamphile, his host's wife, is also a witch. When Lucius tries to imitate a spell she has secretly observed - she turns into an eagle owl and flies away - he is turned into a donkey. Only long later and after many adventures does Lucius regain his human form by eating roses.
See also
literature
- Olga Karagiorgou: Urbanism and Economy in Late Antique Thessaly (3rd - 7th c. AD): The Archaeological Evidence , Diss. Oxford 2001 ( online ( Memento from July 15, 2006 in the Internet Archive ))
Web links
- Portrait (English)
- The golden donkey (Metamorphoses) (German)
Individual evidence
- ↑ Results of the 2011 census at the National Statistical Service of Greece (ΕΣΥΕ) ( Memento from June 27, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) (Excel document, 2.6 MB)
- ↑ Herodotus: Historien, Book 7 ( English translation )
- ↑ Portrait of the 70 disciples of Jesus ( Memento of the original from May 13, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. on the website of the Russian Orthodox Church Leipzig
- ↑ History of the place before and during the revolution ( Memento of the original from September 28, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. on the official website of the municipality of Ypati
- ↑ History of the place after the liberation ( memento of the original from September 28, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. on the official website of the municipality of Ypati
- ↑ History of the site during the Second World War ( Memento of the original from September 28, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. on the official website of the municipality of Ypati