Pesaro

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Pesaro
Pesaro (Italy)
Country Italy
region Brands
province Pesaro and Urbino  (PU)
coordinates 43° 55′  N , 12° 54′  E Coordinates: 43° 55′ 0″  N , 12° 54′ 0″  E
height 11  m slm
surface 126 km²
resident 95,203 (Dec 31, 2019)
Postal code 61121-61122
prefix 0721
ISTAT number 041044
folk designation pesaresi
patron saint San Terenzio (September 24)
site Pesaro

The Piazza del Popolo in the center of Pesaro
Ducal Palace

Pesaro  [ ˈpeːzaro ] is a port city in the Marche region and the capital and administrative center of the province of Pesaro and Urbino . Play audio file

Pesaro has 95,203 inhabitants (as of December 31, 2019) in an urban area of ​​126 km² and is a major tourist center on Italy's Adriatic coast . The town is located on the Foglia river , which flows into the Adriatic Sea near the historic old town.

The neighboring municipalities are: Fano , Gabicce Mare , Gradara , Mombaroccio , Monteciccardo , Montelabbate , Tavullia and Vallefoglia .

story

antiquity

The area of ​​today's Pesaro was already inhabited in the early Iron Age, since a prehistoric necropolis was discovered at Novilara. Inscriptions indicating a nearby sacred grove ( lucus ) have also been found not far from Pesaro , as well as the discovery of many from the 3rd and 2nd centuries BC. votive inscriptions to central Italian gods. This suggests that a Roman provincial civic community ( Latin conventus civium Romanorum ) existed there at the time. In its place, 184 B.C. BC under the name of Pisaurum ( ancient Greek Πισαῦρον Pisauron ) a Roman colony with a right-angled street system founded simultaneously with another colony, Potentia , by the triumvirs Quintus Fabius Labeo , Marcus Fulvius Flaccus and Quintus Fulvius Nobilior . Each settler was given a land area of ​​6  jugera , with one unit of the ancient jugerum area measure corresponding to 2523 m 2 . Thus, each Roman colonist of Pisaurum was allotted about 1.5  hectares of land. The place probably got its name after the nearby river Pisaurus , which flows into the Adriatic Sea and is now called Foglia . Located in the Ager Gallicus on the Via Flaminia , Pisaurum was the birthplace of the poet Lucius Accius . 174 BC The censor Quintus Fulvius Flaccus had the road to Pisaurum paved and a temple to Jupiter built in the city. It probably didn't prosper very well and, according to the Roman orator and politician Cicero , numerous local citizens were here in 63 BC. ready to take part in the Catilinarian conspiracy .

After Gaius Iulius Caesar crossed the Rubicon in early 49 BC. When the civil war against Pompeius began, he occupied Pisaurum with a cohort , in addition to several other places that opened the way to Rome for him . A few years later, the triumvir Mark Antony settled some of his veterans in Pisaurum as colonists. Shortly before the Battle of Actium (31 BC), the city seems to have been shaken by a severe earthquake . Between 31 and 27 BC BC, Emperor Augustus transplanted more settlers here, and inscriptions show that the place, where shipbuilding was also practiced, now took the name Colonia Iulius Felix Pisaurum . Pisaurum belonged to the tribe Camilia in the sixth region; and inscriptions list duumvirs , aedins and quaestors as urban magistrates, and various priests in sacred offices. Little is known about the history of the colony during the Imperial period . At least it is mentioned that Pisaurum was threatened by the Juthungs in 270/271 AD ; However, Emperor Aurelian was able to decisively defeat this tribe in the Battle of Fano on the Metaurus River .

middle age

Destroyed by the Ostrogoth king Witichis in 539 during the Gothic Wars , Pesaro was rebuilt five years later by Belisarius . From 545-553 the city was again in the possession of the Ostrogoths. In the period that followed, Pesaro belonged to the Ravennatic Exarchate and was one of the Five Cities ( Pentapolis ). Aistulf , king of the Lombards , conquered Pesaro in 752 but was defeated by Pepin the Younger , king of the Franks, for two years . In 756 he gave Pesaro and the other cities of the Pentapolis to the Roman Church. However, the nobility Pesaros, allied with Ravenna and its archbishop, often opposed papal rule and expanded its power by building forts in the surrounding area. The emperors of the Holy Roman Empire also tried to use their influence in Pesaro against the popes and to win the local nobles over to their side. For example, therefore, Ludwig the Pious in 817 and Otto III. 1001 of the city various privileges. In 1047 Pope Clemens II died on his return from Germany, where he had been sent to Emperor Heinrich III. to Rome near Pesaros, probably from poison. Around 1050 Pesaro and its environs fell to the March of Ancona . Now that the majority of the leading families of Pesaros stood by the emperors, it came more and more under the influence of the Holy Roman Empire. This often led to disputes between local leaders, such as counts and bishops.

In the 12th century Pesaro was a thriving commune; counts and consuls were also represented in the city regiment. In 1140 Pesaro (along with Fossombrone , Senigallia and Ravenna ) became involved in a war with Fano and thereby with Venice , since the latter allied itself with Fano. In the years that followed, Pesaro was on the side of Emperor Friedrich Barbarossa in his undertakings in Italy. Henry VI lent the city with the mark to his seneschal Markward von Annweiler as a fief. After the death of the emperor (1197), however, Pope Innocent III. the anti-Markward sentiment of the populace in those towns which had been handed over to Markward in order to regain those towns. Since the cities of these regions expected more freedom under the rule of the Church than foreign warriors, they all opened their gates, including Pesaro, to the two priest-cardinals sent by the Pope, who had come to demand the oath of homage. In 1199 they recognized the suzerainty of the pope, but without renouncing their municipal constitutions. Pesaro became a commune again and came at the instigation of Innocent III. as a fief to the noble family of Este (1210-16). Again in 1216 a bloody feud broke out between the neighboring towns of Pesaro. Cesena and Rimini were at war over border disputes, with Pesaro standing by Rimini. The war continued until 1219.

During the reign of Emperor Frederick II, the Ghibellines were able to assert themselves in the disputes between the Ghibellines , which consisted primarily of representatives of the feudal nobility, such as the Montefeltro family , and the Guelfs, who were loyal to the Pope and included the consular families of Pesaro . Keen to increase urban autonomy, the Guelphs sought to reduce imperial influence. After the death of Frederick II (1250), they regained supremacy. Although King Manfred was able to gain supremacy for his party in Pesaro in 1259, after his death in 1266 the Guelphs regained the upper hand. In the second half of the 13th century, the city experienced economic crises as a result of wars and crop failures.

In 1285, the now clearly Guelph-leaning Pesaro fell under the rule of the Malatesta family . In 1296 Giovanni Malatesta became papal Podestà of the city. After his death in 1304, Pandolfo I Malatesta seized the city, but was expelled in August 1306 by the rebellious citizens. The same thing happened to him in Fano and Senigallia. However, after the death of his brother Malatestino dell'Occhio in 1317, he became head of his house and Signore of Rimini, and in 1320 again Podestà of Pesaro. He lived on the best of terms with his nephew Ferrantino Malatesta , a son of Malatestino dell'Occhio.

After Pandolfo's death in 1326, his son Malatesta II Malatesta continued to reign in Pesaro, but stayed there only until 1330 Podestà. In 1331 the Holy See suggested that the family give up the Signory in Rimini in favor of the Church. Malatesta supported the papal legate Bertrand du Pouget , since he had long had strained relations with Ferrantino, who had come to power in Rimini. In 1333 Malatesta conquered Pesaro, where he became Podestà again, as well as Fossombrone and other towns over the next few years. Innocent VI In 1355 he sent Cardinal Albornoz , supported by German knights, against Malatesta, who showed himself to be unreliable in relation to papal interests. His brother Galeotto I Malatesta was taken prisoner by the cardinal, whereupon Malatesta had to agree to return all recent conquests in the March of Ancona. For this he received, against a moderate annual tribute, as papal vicar for ten years, the nominal seignory of Rimini, Pesaro, Fano and Fossombrone. He died in 1364.

Malatesta's son Pandolfo II Malatesta retained the Signoria of Pesaro after the ten years that had been granted to the family in 1355, as a vassal of the Church. In 1363 he came to the aid of the Florentines with a small army against the Pisans . In his last years he mostly lived in Pesaro and died there in 1373. His son Malatesta IV Malatesta was still a minor at that time and became Signor of Pesaro in 1385. In 1404 he entered the service of the Venetians as a general in order to fight with them against Francesco II da Carrara for the possession of Padua . Later allied with the anti -pope Alexander V , he fought on his orders in 1409 on the side of the Florentines against the troops of King Ladislaus of Naples , who defeated Pope Gregory XII. supported. Malatesta IV died in Gradara on December 19, 1429 . From 1419 to 1451 Giovanni Benedetti was bishop of Pesaro, whom Pope Nicholas V sent to Siena as his legate in 1449 and liked to use in various matters.

Renaissance

In the meantime, Martin V had returned to Rome after the end of the Western Schism in 1420 and since then had worked single-mindedly to reassert the dominion of the papacy, which had long been dormant in Romagna, so that difficult times began for the Malatesta and other papal governors. Some representatives of the Malatesta had to cede several of their possessions to the Pope. Nevertheless, Galeazzo Malatesta was able to succeed his father Malatesta IV in 1429 as Signore of Pesaro. Driven out of the city in 1431, he regained control of it in 1433. Due to heavy debts, in January 1445 he sold Pesaro to Alessandro Sforza , brother of the later Duke of Milan Francesco I Sforza , and Fossombrone to Federico da Montefeltro . Galeazzo had no legitimate sons and, like his father, was at enmity with the Malatesta line ruling in Rimini. Sigismondo Malatesta , lord of Rimini, although Sforza's son-in-law, was so indignant at this loss of Malatesta heritage that he violently attacked his father-in-law about it. On March 16, 1445, Alessandro Sforza entered Pesaro with great festivities, of which he was Signore from then on.

The pope was angered by the sale of Pesaro, which was nominally under his suzerainty, and excommunicated Galeazzo Malatesta. Alessandro Sforza, who had only briefly left his brother's party, concluded a treaty regarding Pesaros with the new Pope Nicholas V on July 23, 1447. In this way he achieved his recognition as an inherited papal vicar of Pesaros. On the site of the original Malatesta Castle, Alessandro built the Ducal Palace in the city center in 1450, now the seat of the Prefecture. In 1460, with his son-in-law Federico da Montefeltro, he led Milanese and papal troops to assist King Ferdinand I of Naples in fighting rebellious barons supporting the claims of John of Anjou , Duke of Lorraine. However, Alessandro and Federico suffered a crushing defeat on July 22, 1460 at San Fabiano d'Ascoli (near Giulianova ) against Jacopo Piccinino , commander of the pro-Angevin forces.

After Alessandro's death in April 1473, his son Costanzo I Sforza succeeded him in ruling Pesaro. In May 1475, a legendary five-day wedding took place in Pesaro: Costanzo Sforza and Camilla Marzano D'Aragona got married. In 1480, the conquest-loving Girolamo Riario turned against Costanzo, who long ago would have liked to fight for possessions in Romagna. But since Florence and King Ferdinand of Naples took care of Costanzo, Riario soon left him and acquired Forlì instead . Costanzo died on July 19, 1483, leaving a natural son, Giovanni Sforza , for whom his stepmother had difficulty obtaining confirmation from the papal vicariate of Pesaro. In 1493 Giovanni married Lucrezia Borgia , an illegitimate daughter of Pope Alexander VI. In the war that broke out in 1494 between the French king Charles VIII and Alfonso II of Naples, who was allied with the pope , Giovanni Sforza belonged to Alexander VI as son-in-law. to the opponents of Charles VIII, who was advancing across the Alps to Italy. However, he soon became estranged from his father-in-law; his marriage to Lucrezia Borgia was annulled in 1497. Cesare Borgia , the son of Alexander VI, tried to create a large principality by overthrowing the smaller dominions of Romagna and in October 1500 also took action against Pesaro. Giovanni Sforza was then expelled by a popular riot. So Cesare Borgia was owned by Pesaro until 1503, where Giovanni Sforza only after the death of Alexander VI. could return. Confirmed in the Vicariate of Pesaro by the new Pope Julius II in 1504, he ruled the city until his death in July 1510.

Giovanni's third wife, Ginevra Tiepolo, had borne her husband a son, Costanzo II, for whom his uncle Galeazzo Sforza now assumed the regency. However, the small child died on August 5, 1512 at the age of only two, after which his mother withdrew to a monastery. Pope Julius II was unwilling to transfer the vicariate of Pesaro to Galeazzo Sforza, but bestowed lordship over Pesaro on his nephew Francesco Maria I della Rovere , lord of Urbino and Senigallia. The death of Julius II shortly afterwards, in February 1513, deprived the new lord of Pesaro of his most important political support. Leo X became the new head of the Roman Catholic Church . The justification for this approach was, among other things, the repetition of the accusation that della Rovere had murdered Cardinal Francesco Alidosi in 1511. The expelled and excommunicated duke sought refuge in Mantua and in 1517 tried in vain to reconquer his former possessions. After the death of Lorenzo de' Medici in May 1519, Leo X treated Pesaro and the Duchy of Urbino as a fief escalated to the Papal States. Only after Leo's death on December 1, 1521, Francesco Maria was able to reconquer his former principality and was in it by the newly elected Pope Hadrian VI. confirmed, so that Pesaro came back under the rule of the noble family della Rovere .

In 1523 Francesco Maria entered the military service of the Republic of Venice, which he served until his death. First he fought as Captain General of the Serenissima during the Italian War from 1523 in Lombardy against the French King Francis I. Although he was responsible for the protection of Rome, he did nothing against the sacking of the Eternal City by the troops of Emperor Charles V in 1527 ( Bag of Roma ). Finally in 1530 he moved the capital of his duchy from Urbino to Pesaro. He died there on October 20, 1538, allegedly by poison.

Now Guidobaldo II della Rovere , the son of the late duke, succeeded to the throne. He obtained the enfeoffment with the Duchy of Urbino only by renouncing the territory of Camerino , whose heiress Giulia di Varano he had married, giving his claims to Pope Paul III. sold. Through his 1548 marriage to Vittoria Farnese , he approached Paul III. on. Julius III appointed him captain-general of the papal troops. From the mid-1560s he then sought closer foreign policy ties to King Philip II of Spain. At his court in Pesaro he afforded an expensive and representative court. Tasso was drawn to court by Lucrezia d'Este , the wife of his son Francesco Maria II , and Pesaro became a center of the Italian literary scene. To finance the costly maintenance of the court, Guidobaldo tightened taxes, which provoked an uprising among the population of Urbino, who already felt disadvantaged by the transfer of their residence to Pesaro. Through the mediation of Pope Gregory XIII. the dispute was settled in 1573 in the interest of the duke. Soon after, Guidobaldo died in Pesaro on September 28, 1574.

modern times

After the della Rovere family died out with the death of Duke Francesco Maria II († April 23, 1631), Pope Urban VIII claimed his dominions as escheated fiefdoms. From then on the Vicariate of Pesaro belonged to the Papal States . The coastal area around Pesaro was subsequently repeatedly the theater of war and always suffered greatly on such occasions. This was the case in October 1708, when the papal general, Count Ferdinando de' Marsigli, withdrew from Ferrara and Comacchio to Pesaro before the imperial general Daun . In February 1742, after the death of Emperor Charles VI. against his daughter Maria Theresa , the Bourbon troops gathered in the Stato dei Presidi were also on the move and slowly moved towards Pesaro via Foligno . The regiments under the Duca di Castropignano , which were to be sent directly to this army from Naples , also marched in the direction of Pesaro . In 1743 the Spanish army established itself in Pesaro and stayed between that town and Fano for a few winter months until Lobkowicz received reinforcements, while the Spanish army, suffering from shortages, dwindled more and more. Then he attacked them in March 1744 and pushed them back beyond Senigallia to Loreto, where in a skirmish he forced them to continue their retreat even further, beyond Recanati . But soon after early March 1745, de Gayes, having received reinforcements from Spain and Naples, moved across the Apennines ; his troops appeared at Pesaro on March 18, and the Austrians even had to retreat from Rimini . In this way, Pesaro was alternately traversed and occupied by the armies of the warring powers.

Something similar also happened during the Napoleonic Wars . But the French Revolution also caused devastation in Pesaro and its surroundings. When in February 1796 the French also occupied these areas and the French commander of the citadel of Ancona tempted the revolutionary-minded with his favoritism to revolt against the Pope and to proclaim the independent Republic of Ancona , it was possible in December 1796 that Senigallia and Pesaro joined the revolution. After the French had founded the Roman Republic (February 1798), there was an uprising against this republic in Umbria in April 1798 , but the French quickly suppressed it by force. In December 1800, Pesaro was occupied by Austrian troops under Sommariva , albeit only briefly. On June 17, 1801, the newly elected Pope Pius VII landed aboard a frigate in Pesaro and was greeted with jubilation by the residents. Since the founding of the Kingdom of Italy in 1805, Pesaro has been the chief town of a vice-prefecture of the Metauro department. When King Joachim Murat of Naples advanced to the Pesaro area in the spring of 1815 and was hard pressed by Frimont , Bianchi and Neipperg , he called his troops from Tuscany here in order to unite them more around Pesaro. Nevertheless, after a few days Murat found himself in a precarious position, tried to negotiate and soon left this area entirely, which was then immediately occupied by the Austrians. Pesaro was again a theater of war at the time of the rebellion of the papal provinces in this area in February 1821, when the soldiers of the Austrian lieutenant field marshal Baron Frimont , after a few skirmishes, dispersed the insurgents and pushed forward through the Marche.

In 1860, Pesaro fell to the Kingdom of Italy , when troops from Piedmont entered Pesaro on September 11 of that year (see Unification of Italy ).

Culture

On June 10, 1818, the new opera house was inaugurated with a performance of the opera La gazza ladra by the composer Gioachino Rossini .

The Italian state has awarded the European Heritage Label to Rossini's birthplace in Pesaro, which now houses a museum, along with the birthplaces of Giacomo Puccini in Lucca and Giuseppe Verdi in Le Roncole . Festivals in honor of Gioachino Rossini have also been held in Pesaro every summer since 1980 .

The Pesaro Film Festival (Mostra Internazionale del Nuovo Cinema) has been held in Pesaro since 1965 .

Attractions

Cathedral of the Assumption
Interior of the Cathedral
Villa Imperiale

Cathedral of Pesaro : A new church was erected over an early Christian building in the 13th/beginning of the 14th century, of which only a Gothic portal and the heavily restored facade are visible today. The three-aisled interior is the result of extensive renovations between 1866 and 1903. In 1633 the cathedral was dedicated to Maria Assunta . The most spectacular work of art inside are the late Roman mosaics , which were discovered in 1611 in two layers, 1.50 and 2.20 m below today's floor, uncovered in 1866 and made at least partially visible since 2000 by several large glass plates in the floor. On an area of ​​600 m²,representations of ancient myths and Christian symbols are reproduced in addition to musical patterns.

The Musei Civici in the Palazzo Mosca (Piazza Toschi Mosca 21) exhibit sacred paintings from the early 15th century onwards, including a major work by Giovanni Bellini , the " Pala di Pesaro ", a large Coronation of the Virgin with Saints, from 1475. The excellent ceramics department contains the Probably the best compilation of Renaissance majolica from the famous pottery centers of the Marche (Gubbio, Deruta, Urbino, Pesaro, Casteldurante ) that the country has to offer.

Also accessible through the museum is the Domus Romana , a Roman dwelling excavated in 2005, decorated with mosaics and inhabited from the 1st to 3rd centuries. The presentation of the remains is commented on using multimedia.

Noteworthy is the Art Nouveau house Villa Ruggieri , on the Piazzale della Liberta , which opens onto the sea . In the center of this square, Arnaldo Pomodoro's " Sfera Grande " from 1998 floats above a water mirror, a huge, gold-plated polyester sphere whose torn and seemingly brittle surface " encourages the viewer to symbolically interpret the state of the world ".

With its modest but old building fabric, the ghetto , the Jewish quarter with its synagogue, is a less spectacular, but rare and historically noteworthy testimony to cultural history.

The Villa Imperiale , the most important Renaissance castle in the Marche, is located a few kilometers outside the city on the slopes of Monte Piccio. Begun in 1469, it was extensively remodeled in 1530 and richly furnished. Today it belongs to the private property of the Albani family and is only accessible to a limited extent.

Sports

Pesaro is home to the Victoria Libertas basketball club , which has won the Italian championship and cup twice each. The club, which has been playing in Serie A again since 2007, plays its home games in the Adriatic Arena . Robursport Pesaro is currently one of the best clubs in the country in women's volleyball and was able to secure the Italian championship in 2008, 2009 and 2010. Due to the same main sponsor, both clubs are known under the name Scavolini Pesaro . Pesaro was also the venue for the 2012 Bossel European Championships.

culinary

The well-known semi-hard cheese Casciotta d'Urbino comes from the area around Pesaro .

town twinning

sons and daughters of the town

web links

Commons : Pesaro  - Collection of images, videos and audio files
Wikivoyage: Pesaro  – Travel Guide

itemizations

  1. ↑ Statistiche demographic ISTAT. Monthly population statistics from the Istituto Nazionale di Statistica , as of December 31, 2019.
  2. ^ a b c Edmund Richardson:  PISAURUM (Pesaro), Italy . In: Richard Stillwell et al. (ed.): The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites. Princeton University Press, Princeton NJ 1976, ISBN 0-691-03542-3 .
  3. ↑ Gianfranco Paci: Pisaurum. In: The New Pauly (DNP). Volume 9, Metzler, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-476-01479-7 , column 1041.
  4. ↑ Titus Livius , Ab urbe condita 39,44,10; Velleius Paterculus , Historia Romana 1,15,2.
  5. ↑ a b Pisaurum , in: William Smith (ed.): Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography , Vol. 2 (1857), p. 633.
  6. ↑ Titus Livius, Ab urbe condita 41,27,11.
  7. ↑ Cicero, Pro P. Sestio 9.
  8. ↑ Gaius Iulius Caesar, De bello civili 1,11,4.
  9. ↑ Plutarch , Antony 60:2.
  10. ^ a b Pesaro , in: Enciclopedia Italiana , Vol. 26 (1935).
  11. ↑ Aurelius Victor , Epitome de Caesaribus 35,2.
  12. ↑ Procopius , Gothic War 3,11,32 ff.
  13. ↑ Geographer of Ravenna 4,31; Paulus Deaconus , Historia Langobardorum 2,19.
  14. ^ a b c d e f E. Archetti Giampaolini: Pesaro . In: Lexicon of the Middle Ages (LexMA) . tape 6 . Artemis & Winkler, Munich/Zurich 1993, ISBN 3-7608-8906-9 , Sp. 1913 .
  15. ↑ a b c d GF Schreiner: Pesaro. In: Johann Samuel Ersch , Johann Gottfried Gruber : (ed.): General Encyclopedia of Sciences and Arts . , Section 3, Part 18 (1843), pp. 248–256, here: p. 252.
  16. ^ a b c Pesaro , in: Treccani, Enciclopedia online .
  17. ↑ Pesaro. In: Meyers Great Conversation Lexicon. 6th edition. Volume 15, 1906, p. 639.
  18. ↑ a b c d e G. F. Schreiner: Pesaro. In: Johann Samuel Ersch, Johann Gottfried Gruber: (ed.): General Encyclopedia of Sciences and Arts. , Section 3, Part 18 (1843), pp. 248–256, here: p. 253.
  19. ↑ Anna Falcioni:  MALATESTA, Pandolfo. In: Mario Caravale (ed.): Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (DBI). Volume 68:  Malatacca-Mangelli. Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, Rome 2007.
  20. ↑ Anna Falcioni:  MALATESTA, Malatesta detto Malatesta Antico o Guastafamiglia. In: Mario Caravale (ed.): Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (DBI). Volume 68:  Malatacca-Mangelli. Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, Rome 2007.
  21. ↑ Anna Falcioni:  MALATESTA, Pandolfo. In: Mario Caravale (ed.): Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (DBI). Volume 68:  Malatacca-Mangelli. Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, Rome 2007.
  22. ↑ Anna Falcioni:  MALATESTA, Malatesta detto Malatesta dei Sonetti o Senatore. In: Mario Caravale (ed.): Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (DBI). Volume 68:  Malatacca-Mangelli. Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, Rome 2007.
  23. ↑ Trevor Dean: Malatesta. In: Volker Reinhardt (ed.): The large families of Italy. Alfred Kröner Verlag, Stuttgart 1992, ISBN 3-520-48501-X , p. 327.
  24. ↑ Anna Falcioni:  MALATESTA, Galeazzo. In: Mario Caravale (ed.): Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (DBI). Volume 68:  Malatacca-Mangelli. Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, Rome 2007.
  25. ↑ a b c GF Schreiner: Pesaro. In: Johann Samuel Ersch, Johann Gottfried Gruber: (ed.): General Encyclopedia of Sciences and Arts. , Section 3, Part 18 (1843), pp. 248–256, here: p. 254.
  26. ↑ Edoardo Rossetti:  SFORZA, Alessandro. In: Raffaele Romanelli (ed.): Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (DBI). Volume 92:  Semino–Sisto IV. Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, Rome 2018.
  27. ↑ A Renaissance Wedding: The Celebrations at Pesaro for the Marriage of Costanzo Sforza & Camilla Marzano D'Aragona (26 – 30 May 1475). (Studies in Medieval and Early Renaissance Art History). Harvey Miller Publ., 2013, ISBN 978-1-905375-93-6 .
  28. ↑ Edoardo Rossetti:  SFORZA, Costanzo. In: Raffaele Romanelli (ed.): Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (DBI). Volume 92:  Semino–Sisto IV. Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, Rome 2018.
  29. ↑ Edoardo Rossetti:  SFORZA, Giovanni. In: Raffaele Romanelli (ed.): Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (DBI). Volume 92:  Semino–Sisto IV. Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, Rome 2018.
  30. ↑ GF Schreiner: Pesaro. In: Johann Samuel Ersch, Johann Gottfried Gruber: (ed.): General Encyclopedia of Sciences and Arts. , Section 3, Part 18 (1843), pp. 248–256, here: pp. 254 f.
  31. ↑ Gino Benzoni:  FRANCESCO MARIA I Della Rovere, duca di Urbino. In: Fiorella Bartocini (ed.): Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani (DBI). Volume 50:  Francesco I Sforza–Gabbi. Istituto della Enciclopedia Italiana, Rome 1998.
  32. ↑ Sebastian Becker: Dynastic politics and legitimation strategies of the della Rovere , de Gruyter, 2015, ISBN 978-3-11-037680-7 , p. 42 f.
  33. ↑ Sebastian Becker: Dynastic politics and legitimation strategies of the della Rovere , 2015, pp. 43-46.
  34. ↑ GF Schreiner: Pesaro. In: Johann Samuel Ersch, Johann Gottfried Gruber: (ed.): General Encyclopedia of Sciences and Arts. , Section 3, Part 18 (1843), pp. 248–256, here: p. 255.
  35. ↑ a b G. F. Schreiner: Pesaro. In: Johann Samuel Ersch, Johann Gottfried Gruber: (ed.): General Encyclopedia of Sciences and Arts. , Section 3, Part 18 (1843), pp. 248–256, here: p. 256.
  36. ↑ Volker Scherliess : Gioacchino Rossini. Rowohlt, Reinbek near Hamburg, 5th edition, 2009, p. 136.
  37. ↑ Roger Willemsen: Brands. p. 139.
  38. ↑ Georg Kauffmann : Emilia-Romagna, Marche, Umbria. Architectural monuments and museums (= Reclam's art guide Italy. Volume 4; Reclam's universal library. No. 10206/10214). Reclam, Stuttgart 1971, ISBN 3-15-010206-5 , pp. 15-19; 3rd Edition. Ibid 1987, ISBN 3-15-010206-5 , pp. 483–487, here 483.
  39. ↑ Once a week as part of a guided tour that requires registration. Status: 2018.