List of protection cartridges

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A patron is in the Catholic Church , the Orthodox Churches , the Anglican Church , and in some Muslim areas of Asia Minor saint , which is in particular preferred concern called. The reason for this is usually derived from the life story or the type of martyrdom of the saint. A certain object or a certain place is subordinate to its patronage.

In the following list of patron saints , one has to take into account that the patronage of saints was given very differently regionally and internationally and was also subject to a strong change over time. The change of rulers or the Reformation could push old city patrons completely into the background.

Critical objections to current lists of patron saints or patron saints of the Catholic Church are that these often seem arbitrary. Studies on city ​​patrons have shown that the compilation by Dieter Heinrich Kerler, Die Patronate der Heiligen , Ulm 1905, which is repeatedly copied and does not give any sources, is unreliable. Therefore, a lot of the information can only be used with caution. On the other hand, it is also used as a basis for comparison in more recent studies.

Apostle Andreas , patron saint of the city of Bruges, Falkensteiner reredos
Gudula , patron saint of Brussels, 15th century

Local and national saints sorted by state

Bavo , patron saint of Ghent, 1460

Belgium

Germany

Germany : Michael

Localities

St. Hedwig, patron saint of Andechs and Poland
Dionysius of Paris , patron saint of Krefeld, Schedelsche Weltchronik 1493
Mauritius , Zwickau's patron saint, can also be found in the city's coat of arms

Federal states and regions

Bernhard II. (Baden) / Collegiate Church (Baden-Baden)

France

Johannes Vianney , patron saint of the city of Lille

Ireland

Italy

St. Apollinaris , patron saint of Ravenna, Düsseldorf, Remagen and Valence

Italy : Francis of Assisi and Catherine of Siena

Localities

Regions

Croatia

Netherlands

Willibrord , patron saint of Haarlem

Austria

Localities

Federal states

see also main article national patron

Leopold the Saint , patron saint of Vienna, Lower and Upper Austria, statue in Vienna's St. Peter's Church

Poland

Regions

Silesia : Hedwig of Silesia , Ceslaus of Breslau , Hyacinth of Poland OP

Portugal

Switzerland

Localities

Nikolaus von Myra , patron saint of Freiburg, fresco detail by Francesco Guardis , mid-18th century
Charles Borromeo , patron saint of Lugano, painting by Jean-Baptiste Corneille

Cantons and regions

Serbia

Spain

Leander of Seville , patron saint of Seville

United Kingdom

Mungo , patron saint of Glasgow, can also be found in the city's coat of arms

countries

Localities

Other localities

Other regions

Other states

Peter of Alcantara , patron saint of Brazil
St. Patrick , patron saint of Ireland

Continents

National and local saints alphabetically

Andreas Avellino , patron saint of Naples, Italy and Sicily
Bernhard von Clairvaux , Gibraltar's patron saint, leaded glass window, Upper Rhine, around 1450, Musée national du Moyen Âge, Paris
Columban of Iona , patron saint of Scotland, leaded glass window, Oban
Eulalia of Barcelona, ​​patron saint of Barcelona
Gregory the Great , patron saint of England, Millstatt manuscript , 12th century
James the Younger , patron saint of Uruguay, painting by El Greco , 1595
Laurentius , patron saint of Rome, Sri Lanka, Wuppertal and Bülau, painting by Bartolomeo Vivarini , around 1460/70
Martin of Tours , patron saint of France, fresco on a pillar of St. Nicholas Basilica, Meurthe-et-Moselle, Lorraine, 16th century
Nino , patron saint of Georgia
Prokop , patron saint of the Czech Republic, statue, Hodkovice nad Mohelkou
Sava , patron saint of Serbia, 13th century
Teresa of Ávila , the patron saint of Spain, colored wooden statue by Gregorio Fernández
Ivo de Kermartin , patron saint of Brittany and lawyers in France, painting by Rogier van der Weyden , 1450

Professions and activities

The miracle of legs during the healing of Justinian by Cosmas and Damian , the patron saints of doctors and pharmacists, painting by Fra Angelico
Bernhard von Menthon , patron saint of mountaineers, statue, Santo Stefano d'Aveto, Ascona
Florian von Lorch , patron saint of the fire brigade, stylized representation on the facade of the Weingarten fire brigade
Petrus Christ : Eligius , the patron saint of goldsmiths, in his goldsmith's workshop, 1449
Hubertus of Liège , patron saint of foresters and hunters, Linoteau of the chapel of the Château d'Amboise
Guercino : the evangelist Luke , patron saint of painters, presents his painting of Our Lady with the baby Jesus
John William Waterhouse : Cecilia of Rome , Patron Saint of Music, 1895
El Greco : the apostle Simon Peter , patron saint of fishermen and boatmen
Crispinus and Crispinianus , patron saints of the shoemakers, colored print, Remondini di Bassano, 17th century
Cimabue : Francis of Assisi , patron saint of social workers

Patron saints of the dioceses

Marian shrine of the patron saint of the Aachen diocese in Aachen Cathedral , 1238
Fidelis von Sigmaringen , patron saint of the Feldkirch diocese, wall painting, St. Venantius branch church, Pfärrenbach, Horgenzell community
Odilia , patron saint of the diocese of Strasbourg, Mont Sainte-Odile monastery, Alsace

Patron saint for special concerns

Ambrose of Milan , patron saint of beekeepers and bees, statue, Sankt Peter am Wimberg

The Catholic Church

Animals

Diseases and ailments

Scenes from the life of Radegunde , patron saint of lepers, 11th century, manuscript 250. Bibliothèque municipale de Poitiers
Statue of Rochus of Montpellier , patron saint of those suffering from the plague, who points to his wound on his thigh, characteristic of his own conquered plague disease. Uggiate-Trevano , Lombardy

media

Population groups

Aegidius , patron saint of mothers and shepherds, against leprosy and epilepsy

Church services

Saint Christopher ,
patron saint of seamen, travelers, porters, drivers and airmen, Hieronymus Bosch , 1504/05

traveler

Hardship and distress

Black Sara , patron saint of the Sinti and Roma.

Associations and Associations

Others

See also

literature

  • Hans-Jürgen Becker: City patrons and urban freedom… . In: Gerd Kleinheyer / Paul Mikat (ed.): Contributions to legal history - memorial for Hermann Conrad. Paderborn 1979, p. 44.
  • Toni Diederich : city ​​patron on the Rhine and Moselle . In: Rheinische Vierteljahrsblätter , Volume 58, 1994, pp. 25–86.
  • Wilfried Ehebrecht: The city and its saints. Aspects and problems based on examples from West and North German cities. In: Ellen Widder, Mark Mersiowsky, Peter Johanek (eds.): Vestigia Monasteriensia. Westphalia - Rhineland - Netherlands. Bielefeld 1995, pp. 197-261.
  • Klaus Graf : Maria as city patroness in German cities of the Middle Ages and early modern times with appendix: Preliminary list of city patrons in Catholic German cities of modern times . In: Klaus Schreiner, Marc Müntz (Hrsg.): Piety in the Middle Ages. Political-social contexts, visual practice, physical forms of expression . Fink, Munich 2002, pp. 125-154, ISBN 3-7705-3625-8 . on-line
  • Peter Johanek : The wall and the saints. City presentations in the Middle Ages. In: Wolfgang Behringer and Bernd Roeck: The image of the city in modern times. 1400-1800 . Munich 1999, pp. 34-38.
  • Dieter Heinrich Kerler: The patronage of the saints . Ulm 1905.
  • Hans Conrad Preyer: city ​​and city patron in medieval Italy . Zurich 1955.
  • Reinhard Rinnerthaler : Oh God, who will help me? - Holy advocates in love stories, helpers of the sick and professional patrons. Publishing house St. Peter, Salzburg 2001.
  • Stefan Samerski, Krista Zach: The renaissance of the national patron: cultures of remembrance in East Central Europe in the 20th / 21st centuries Century . Böhlau, Cologne 2007, ISBN 978-3-412-20004-6 .
  • Barbara Stein: The saints in Austria. Andreas & Dr. Müller Verlag Salzburg, 2004 ISBN 3-902397-52-7 .
  • Jacques Veissid: Savoir à quel saint se vouer 1000 Saints, leur histoire et leurs prières pour faire face aux difficultés de la vie . Editions Perrin 2002, ISBN 978-2-262-01912-9 .
  • Diana Webb: The Saints in the Italian City-States . London / New York 1996.
  • Hans Georg Wehrens: The city patron of Freiburg im Breisgau . Unabridged text in: Journal of the Breisgau history association "Schau-ins-Land" , 126th annual issue, Freiburg i. Br. 2007, pp. 39–68, as well as a brochure with colored images (shortened text), Promo Verlag Freiburg 2007, ISBN 978-3-923288-60-1 .
  • Emil Zimmermann: Emigration country southern Italy: a cultural anthropological and social psychological analysis . Mohr, Tübingen 1982, p. 124 ff.
  • Paul W. Roth: Soldier Saints . Verlag Styria, Graz Vienna Cologne 1993, ISBN 3-222-12185-0 .

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Karl Kaser: Family and relatives in the Balkans: Analysis of a setting culture. Böhlau Verlag, Vienna 1995, ISBN 978-3-205-98345-3 , p. 215.
  2. ^ Heinrich Rennings / Martin Klöckener (eds.): Documents for the Renewal of the Liturgy, Volume 1 . Butzon & Bercker, Kevelaer 1983, p. 1260.
  3. ↑ Gabriela Signori : Male-female? Late medieval city saints in the changing game of appropriation and reinterpretation . In: Traverse 1994/2, pp. 90-108.
  4. ^ Gabriela Signori: City saints in change. A contribution to the gender-specific meaning and design of symbolic spaces at the end of the Middle Ages . In: Francia 20/1 (1993), pp 39-67.
  5. ↑ Wilfried Ehbrecht: The city and its saints. Aspects and problems based on examples from West and North German cities . In: Vestigia Monasteriensia. Westphalia - Rhineland - Netherlands . Edited by Ellen Widder / Mark Mersiowsky / Peter Johanek, Bielefeld 1995, pp. 197-261.
  6. ↑ Klaus Graf : Because of the "old town patron" of Reutlingen . In: Archivalia of February 26, 2015 .
  7. ↑ Stefan Samerski: The Cologne Pantaleon Adoration: Context - Function - Development . Rüthen Initiative Religiöse Volkskunde 2005, p. 83, FN 365.
  8. ↑ Anneke B. Mulder-Bakker, Marijke Carasso-Kok, Rijksmuseum Meermanno-Westreenianum: Gouden legenden: heiligenlevens en heiligenverering in de Nederlanden , Hilversum 1997, p. 128.
  9. ↑ See entry patron saint : Christian Gotthold Neudecker : General Lexicon of Religious and Christian Church History for all Confessions . Bernhard Friedrich Voig, Weimar 1835, Vol. 4, p. 273.
  10. ↑ Guido von Anderlecht in the Ecumenical Lexicon of Saints
  11. ↑ a b c Joseph Maria von Radowitz: Iconography of the saints: a contribution to art history . Dümmler 1834, p. 8.
  12. ↑ Guido Heinzmann: Community and identity of late medieval small towns in Westphalia. A study of the history of mentality in the cities of Dorsten, Haltern, Hamm, Lünen, Recklinghausen and Werne. Book on Demand, Norderstedt 2006, ISBN 3-8334-4634-X , p. 246 ( dissertation University of Münster 2006).
  13. ↑ a b c d e Joseph Maria von Radowitz: Iconography of the saints: a contribution to art history . Dümmler 1834, p. 2.
  14. ↑ This is partly disputed; see. Klaus Schreiner, Marc Müntz: Piety in the Middle Ages: Political-social contexts, visual practice, physical forms of expression . Fink, Munich 2002, p. 127.
  15. ↑ cf. Wilfried Ehbrecht: Consensus and Conflict. Sketches and reflections on the older constitutional history of German cities . Böhlau, Cologne / Weimar / Vienna 2001, p. 17.
  16. ↑ Martina Klug: From martyr to city patron. Development of a theological-cultic phenomenon into a social factor in the medieval city of Dortmund . In: Reinoldus and the Dortmund community. The medieval city and its holy patron . Edited by Thomas Schild, Beate Weifenbach, (Publications of the Dortmund City Archives, Vol. 15) Essen 2000.
  17. ↑ Konrad Held: Willibald, the city patron and his Eichstätter . Eichstatt 1987.
  18. ↑ Thuringian legend book . G. Sendelbach, Coburg 1858, p. 216.
  19. ↑ Dieter Pötschke: Rolande, Kaiser und Recht: on the legal history of the Harz region and its surroundings . Lukas Verlag, Berlin 1999, p. 153.
  20. ^ Dietrich Poeck: rituals of the council election. Signs and ceremonies of the Council in Europe (12th – 18th centuries) . Böhlau, Cologne, p. 168.
  21. ↑ Stefan Petersen: Urban development in the shadow of the church. Bishop and city in Hildesheim until the beginning of the 13th century . In: Uwe Grieme / Nathalie Kruppa / Stefan Pätzold (eds.): Bishop and Citizen. Dominant relationships in the cathedral cities of the High and Late Middle Ages . Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2004, p. 162.
  22. ↑ a b Joseph Maria von Radowitz: Iconography of the saints: a contribution to art history . Dümmler 1834, p. 12.
  23. ↑ a b Joseph Maria von Radowitz: Iconography of the saints: a contribution to art history . Dümmler 1834, p. 3.
  24. ^ Dieter Pötschke: Stadtrecht, Roland und Pötschke: on the legal history of Halberstadt, Goslar, Bremen and cities of the Mark Brandenburg . Lukas Verlag, Berlin 2002, p. 247.
  25. ↑ Thomas Ludwig: The documents of the bishops of Meissen: Diplomatic investigations for the 10th – 13th Century . Böhlau, Cologne / Weimar / Vienna 2008, p. 16f.
  26. ↑ Ludwig Bechstein: Myth, Sage, Mare and Fable in the Life and Consciousness of the German People . (= The German people represented in the past and present to justify the future, vol. XIV) TD Waigel, Leipzig 1854, p. 167.
  27. ↑ Markus Späth: The imagery of corporate seals in the Middle Ages: Art history and history in conversation . Böhlau, Cologne 2009, p. 235.
  28. ↑ Gerrit Jasper Schenk: Health and stolen heavens. Virtual rooms with late medieval rulers entering the empire . In: Virtual Spaces: Perception and Imagination of Space in the Middle Ages: Files from the 10th Symposium of the Medievalist Association, Krems, 24. – 26. March 2003 , Akademie Verlag, Berlin 2005. S. 215ff. here p. 229.
  29. ↑ Barbara Stambolis: Libori: the church and folk festival in Paderborn: a study on the development and change of historical festival culture . Waxmann, Munich a. a. 1996.
  30. ↑ Ludwig Braun: Ancilla Calliopeae: a repertory of the neo-Latin epic of France 1500-1700 . Brill, Leiden / Boston 2007, p. 456.
  31. ^ Joseph Maria von Radowitz: Iconography of the saints: a contribution to the history of art . Dümmler 1834, p. 1.
  32. ↑ Gustav Gröber: History of Central French Literature. Outline of the Romance Philology. NF History of French Literature. Berlin 1937, p. 203.
  33. ^ Renate Prochno: The Carthusian monastery of Champmol: Gravege of the Burgundian dukes 1364-1477. Akademie Verlag, Berlin 2002, p. 35.
  34. ^ Joseph Maria von Radowitz: Iconography of the saints: a contribution to the history of art . Dümmler 1834, p. 9.
  35. ↑ Entry Blandina in the calendar of saints of the diocese of Münster
  36. ^ Joseph Maria von Radowitz: Iconography of the saints: a contribution to the history of art . Dümmler 1834, p. 7.
  37. ^ Arnulf in the Ecumenical Lexicon of Saints
  38. ^ Joseph Maria von Radowitz: Iconography of the saints: a contribution to the history of art . Dümmler 1834, p. 6.
  39. ↑ Archived copy ( Memento of March 7, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
  40. ↑ Parkinson, H. (1911). Patron Saints. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
  41. ^ Pio XII: Breve Pontificio con cui il Santo Padre proclama San Francesco d'Assisi e Santa Caterina da Siena Patroni primari d'Italia. Apostolic Breve Pius' XII. from June 18, 1939 on vatican.va (Italian)
  42. ^ Joseph Maria von Radowitz: Iconography of the saints: a contribution to the history of art . Dümmler 1834, p. 16.
  43. ↑ Entry on Nikolaus von Myra on www.psalterium.cz/de/ ( Memento from February 28, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
  44. ↑ martinus.at ( Memento from September 3, 2012 in the web archive archive.today )
  45. ↑ Petronius of Bologna in the Ecumenical Lexicon of Saints
  46. ^ Commemoration of Bozen's patron saint, Blessed Heinrich, 2009
  47. ↑ Catania and its patron saint Saint Agatha (English)
  48. ↑ St. Agatha's Religious Festival 2010: Catania, 3 to 5 February de.agriturismo-on-line.com ( Memento from December 25, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
  49. ↑ http://www.heiligenlexikon.de/Stadler/Homobonus_von_Cremona.html
  50. ^ The baptistery near the cathedral in Florence, baptistery, Stature des Johannes
  51. ↑ Tales of Martyrs from the Great Persecution ( Memento from December 25, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 272 kB)
  52. ↑ Article Ambrosius on the kirchensite.de of the diocese of Münster
  53. ↑ Entry St. Januarius on the website of a German parish of the same name ( Memento from August 4, 2012 in the web archive archive.today )
  54. ↑ The blood miracle of St. Januarius - www.portanapoli.com
  55. ↑ http://www.americancatholic.org/features/anthony/
  56. ^ Key to Umbria: City Walks. Saints of Perugia ( Memento of May 14, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
  57. ↑ Archived copy ( Memento from January 6, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
  58. ↑ Archived copy ( Memento from January 4, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
  59. ^ Ricarda Gerhardt: Slovenia with Istria and Trieste: travel manual . Iwanowski's Reisebuchverlag, Dormagen 2005, p. 386.
  60. ↑ Servulus the Ecumenical Holy lexicon
  61. ↑ martinus.at ( Memento from September 3, 2012 in the web archive archive.today )
  62. ↑ Arié Malz: Saint Blaise as a communication figure between the upper and lower classes in the Republic of Ragusa . In: Carsten Goehrke, Nada Boškovska Leimgruber (ed.): Ways of Communication in the History of Eastern Europe , Böhlau, Cologne 2002, p. 3.
  63. ↑ Jožko Belamerić: Sveti Valho i Dubrovnik obitelj svetaca zaštinika . In: Dubrovnik. Ćasopis za knijiževnost. Nova serija 5/5, 1994, pp. 29-39.
  64. ^ Duncan Garwood: Mediterranean Europe . Lonely Planet, London 2009, p. 135.
  65. ↑ Lost tag slogans and their background. "Freezing for Willibrord rabbit and deer, January sends a lot of rain" - www.agrarheute.com, November 7, 2009 ( Memento from November 10, 2009 in the Internet Archive )
  66. ↑ http://elib.uni-stuttgart.de/opus/volltexte/2009/4402/pdf/qua16.pdf
  67. ↑ Amandus of Maastricht in the Ecumenical Lexicon of Saints
  68. ↑ Helmut de Boor, Ursula Hennig, Richard Newald: The courtly literature: preparation, bloom, finish, 1170-1250. Beck, Munich 1991, p. 39
  69. ↑ Archived copy ( Memento from January 19, 2012 in the Internet Archive )
  70. ^ Helmut de Boor, Richard Newald, Ingeborg Glier: The German literature in the late Middle Ages: 1250-1370. Couples poems, drama, prose. Beck, Munich 1987, Vol. 2, p. 362.
  71. ^ Birgit Borowski: Netherlands . Baedeker, Ostfildern 2007, p. 342.
  72. ↑ The natural patron of the country? - martinus.at ( Memento from September 16, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
  73. ↑ a b The Diocese of Gurk in Figures, Data, Facts , on Diocese of Gurk , accessed December 20, 2010
  74. ↑ M. Niederkorn-Bruck: The holy Koloman: the first patron of Lower Austria. (Studies and research from the Lower Austrian Institute for Regional Studies 16) , Vienna 1992.
  75. ^ Friedrich Wilhelm Bautz:  Coloman (Colman, Kolman). In: Biographisch-Bibliographisches Kirchenlexikon (BBKL). Volume 1, Bautz, Hamm 1975. 2nd, unchanged edition Hamm 1990, ISBN 3-88309-013-1 , Sp. 1100.  ( Article / beginning of article in the Internet archive )
  76. ↑ See overall on Upper Austria; Rudolf Zinnhobler: Patron saints and saints of Upper Austria: Church in Upper Austria. 200 years of the Diocese of Linz. Upper Austrian State Exhibition 1985, Linz 1985, pp. 33–49.
  77. ↑ Ernst Walder, Heinrich Stirnimann, Niklaus von Flüe : Flüe, Niklaus von. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
  78. ^ Jean-Blaise Fellay: Catholic Reform. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
  79. ↑ Winterthur Patron Saints, The Three - Winterthur Glossary. Retrieved June 16, 2020 .
  80. ↑ http://www.drstandley.com/saints_stteresaofavila.shtml
  81. ↑ Archived copy ( Memento from January 18, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
  82. ^ Joseph Maria von Radowitz: Iconography of the saints: a contribution to the history of art . Dümmler 1834, p. 13.
  83. ^ Joseph Maria von Radowitz: Iconography of the saints: a contribution to the history of art . Dümmler 1834, p. 14.
  84. ^ Joseph Maria von Radowitz: Iconography of the saints: a contribution to the history of art . Dümmler 1834, p. 4.
  85. ^ Iglesia de San Andrés, Tomb of Isidore of Madrid
  86. ↑ Archived copy ( Memento of March 4, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
  87. ^ Joseph Maria von Radowitz: Iconography of the saints: a contribution to the history of art . Dümmler 1834, p. 15.
  88. ^ Vinzenz Ferrer in the Ecumenical Lexicon of Saints
  89. ^ Karl Schlögel, Frithjof Benjamin Schenk , Markus Ackeret (eds.): Saint Petersburg: Schauplätze einer Stadtgeschichte . Campus Verlag, Frankfurt am Main / New York 2007, p. 51.
  90. ↑ Hartmut Lehmann, Anne-Charlott Trepp : In the sign of the crisis. Religiousness in Europe in the 17th Century . Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 1999, p. 602.
  91. ^ Joseph Maria von Radowitz: Iconography of the saints: a contribution to the history of art . Dümmler 1834, p. 17.
  92. ^ Joseph Maria von Radowitz: Iconography of the saints: a contribution to the history of art . Dümmler 1834, p. 10f.
  93. ^ Joseph Maria von Radowitz: Iconography of the saints: a contribution to the history of art . Dümmler 1834, p. 1.
  94. ^ Ferdinand Gregorovius: History of the city of Rome in the Middle Ages: from V to XVI. Century, Volume 2 , JG Cotta, 1869, pp. 170f.
  95. ^ Karl Kaser: Family and relatives in the Balkans: Analysis of a setting culture . Böhlau Verlag, Vienna 1995, p. 215.
  96. ↑ About the influence of the Jakobskult in the medieval German Empire: Klaus Herbers, Dieter R. Bauer: The Jakobuskult in Süddeutschland: Cult history in regional and European perspective . Narr, Tübingen 1995, here p. 36.
  97. ↑ Elke Gerr: The large first name book . (all first names sorted according to culture; historical meaning and origin; practical information on legal regulations and registry offices), Humboldt-Taschenbuchverlag, Munich 2003, p. 85.
  98. ↑ Johannes Hoops, Heinrich Beck: Reallexikon der Germanischen Altertumskunde . Vol. 28, de Gruyter, Berlin 2004, p. 393.
  99. ^ Bernhard Schmidt: The folk life of the modern Greeks and the Hellenic antiquity . BiblioBazaar, LLC, NA 2008, p. 41.
  100. ^ Wolfgang Uwe Eckart, Robert Jütte: Medical history: an introduction . Böhlau, Vienna 2007, p. 243.
  101. ↑ Adrien Phillippe, Hermann Ludwig: History of the pharmacists among the most important peoples of the earth from the earliest times up to our days: together with an overview of the current state of pharmacy in Europe, Asia, Africa and America . Mauke, Jena 1955, p. 195.
  102. ^ For France, Susanne Böttcher: French Atlantic coast: from Bordeaux to Biarritz . Michelin Green Guide, Travel-House-Media, Munich 2006, p. 159.
  103. ↑ For Austria, Beatrix Pinzer, Egon Pinzer: Zillertal, Gerlostal, Tuxer Tal . Edition Löwenzahn, Innsbruck 2001, p. 242.
  104. ^ A b Hans Delbrück : History of the art of war in the context of political history . Vol. 4, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin NA 1962, p. 531.
  105. ^ Joseph Maria von Radowitz: Iconography of the saints: a contribution to the history of art . Dümmler 1834, p. 15.
  106. ↑ Franc Minarik: The patron saints of physicians, pharmacists and patients, Cosmas and Damian, in Slovenia . Stuttgart 1969.
  107. ↑ Erich Keyser, Heinz Stoob: German City Book: Handbook of Urban History, Volume 3, Part 1 . Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 1939, p. 237.
  108. ↑ In certain areas of France, Jagíc Festschrift: zbornik u slavu Vatroslava Jagicá . Weidmann, Berlin 1908, p. 516.
  109. ^ Evidence for Westphalia: Historical work on Westphalian state research . 1937, p. 14.
  110. ↑ Heinz Petersen: book covers . Akademische Druck- und Verlagsanstalt, 2nd edition Graz 1991, p. 192.
  111. ↑ Hellmuth Helwig: Handbuch der Einbandkunde . Volume 1, Maximilian Society, Hamburg 1953, p. 100.
  112. ↑ Klaus Simon: Burgundy . DuMont, Ostfildern 2007, p. 77.
  113. ↑ George Westermann, Adolf Glaser, Friedrich Spielhagen, Friedrich Düsel, Gustav Karpeles (eds.): Westermannsmonthshefte, Volume 10 , 1861, p. 294.
  114. ↑ a b Hadrian von Nicomedia - Ecumenical Saint Lexicon. Retrieved July 15, 2020 .
  115. ^ JW Wolf: Contributions to German mythology . Vol. 1, Göttingen / Leipzig 1852, p. 85.
  116. ↑ Allgemeine Forst- und Jagdzeitung, Vol. 3, 1827, pp. 539f.
  117. ↑ Lexicon entry v. franz-sales-verlag.de Franz von Sales: Patron of journalists "They treat writers too harshly"
  118. ↑ Ernst von Moeller: Saint Ivo as the patron saint of lawyers . In: Historische Vierteljahresschrift 12 (1909), pp. 321–351.
  119. ^ Joseph Maria von Radowitz: Iconography of the saints: a contribution to the history of art . Dümmler 1834, p. 7.
  120. ↑ http://www.bistum-regensburg.de/borPage000020.asp
  121. ^ Albertus Magnus was born in 1941 by Pope Pius XII. designated as the patron saint of natural scientists, see: Albertus Magnus: De homine. About man . ed. by Henryk Anzulewicz, Meiner Verlag, Hamburg 2004, foreword, p. XV.
  122. ^ Joseph Maria von Radowitz: Iconography of the saints: a contribution to the history of art . Dümmler 1834, p. 18.
  123. ↑ Archived copy ( Memento of May 13, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
  124. ↑ Wendelin in the Ecumenical Lexicon of Saints
  125. ↑ Gera, outer pulpit of the Trinity Church with a portrait of St. Wolfgang as the patron saint of shepherds
  126. ↑ Max Gerhardt: The superstition in the French novella of the 16th century . Slatkine 1970, p. 52.
  127. ↑ Ecumenical Lexicon of Saints Entry on “Brendan 'the traveler'”. Accessed February 4, 2013.
  128. ^ Clarus of Vienne in the Ecumenical Lexicon of Saints
  129. ^ Joseph Maria von Radowitz: Iconography of the Saints: A Contribution to Art History , Dümmler 1834, p. 15.
  130. ↑ Klaus Simon: Burgundy , DuMont. Ostfildern 2007, p. 77.
  131. ↑ Joseph Maria von Radowitz: Iconography of the Saints: A Contribution to Art History , Dümmler 1834, p. 5.
  132. ↑ https://vdstra.de/heiliger-christophorus/
  133. ^ Joseph Maria von Radowitz: Iconography of the Saints: A Contribution to Art History , Dümmler 1834, p. 7.
  134. ^ Fabian Prilasnig: The Slovenian viticulture. Manners. GRIN Verlag 2008, p. 13.
  135. ↑ See for all patrons of the German dioceses; August Leidl (ed.): Diocese patron in Germany . Munich / Zurich 1984.
  136. ↑ Ernst Badstübner u. a .: The art of the Middle Ages in the Mark Brandenburg: Tradition - Transformation - Innovation . Lukas, Berlin, p. 217.
  137. ↑ see: Directory for the Liturgy of the Hours and Mass in the Church Province of Hamburg, Osnabrück and Hamburg 2017.
  138. ^ Wolfgang H. Fritze : Hildesheim - Brandenburg - Posen. Godehard cult and long-distance trade in the 12th century . In: Winfried Schich : Contributions to the origin and development of the city of Brandenburg in the Middle Ages . De Gruyter, Berlin 1993, p. 120.
  139. ↑ Ella Plett: The canon reform of the 11th and 12th centuries and the Frankenthal Regular Canon Foundation . GRIN Verlag, 2007, p. 16.
  140. ^ Josef Leinweber: Kilian Churches in the north of the medieval diocese of Würzburg: St. Kilian. 1300 years of martyrdom of the Franconian apostles . 2. Vol., 1989, WDGB 51, I. 413-416.
  141. ↑ Joseph of Nazareth - Ecumenical Lexicon of Saints. Retrieved August 13, 2018 .
  142. ↑ Example of the blessing of horses on the name day of Saint George in southern Germany
  143. ↑ Example for the Spanish area - abendblatt.de
  144. ↑ Eduard Hoffmann-Krayer, Hanns Baechtold-Staeubli: Concise dictionary of German superstition : Freen - lumbago . Walter de Gruyter 2002, Sp. 651ff.
  145. ^ Schmidt-Goebel: Russinische Volks-Naturgeschichte . In: Österreichische Revue , Vol. 3, 1865, p. 192.
  146. ^ Joseph Maria von Radowitz: Iconography of the saints: a contribution to the history of art . Dümmler 1834, p. 35.
  147. ^ Franz von Sales - patron saint of the deaf ( Memento from August 3, 2012 in the web archive archive.today )
  148. ↑ a b The veneration of Wendelinus
  149. ^ Joseph Maria von Radowitz: Iconography of the saints: a contribution to the history of art . Dümmler 1834, p. 5.
  150. ↑ Dieter Breuers: The Cologne and their cathedral: stories and history around the Cologne cathedral . Bastei Lübbe, Bergisch Gladbach 2004, p. 178.
  151. ↑ cf. Herbert Poensgen: Exit: Calendar thoughts about God and the world . Norderstedt 2003, p. 23.
  152. ^ Joseph Maria von Radowitz: Iconography of the saints: a contribution to the history of art . Dümmler 1834, p. 5.
  153. ↑ Mel Greaves: Cancer - the stowaway of evolution . Springer, Berlin 2003, p. 77.
  154. ^ Manfred Stöhr: Doctors, healers, charlatans: conventional medicine and alternative healing methods on the test bench; Prof. Dr. Dedicated to Hanns Kaiser on the occasion of his 80th birthday . Steinkopff, Darmstadt 2001, p. 9.
  155. ↑ Ortrun Riha : Leprosy as a metaphor. From the story of a social illness. In: Dominik Gross, Gundolf Keil, Monika Reininger: Medicine in History, Philology and Ethnology: Festschrift for Gundolf Keil . Königshausen and Neumann, Würzburg 2003, pp. 89–106, here p. 91
  156. ↑ Christa Pieske: Working group image, printing paper: conference proceedings. Kassel 1998 . Waxmann, Münster 1999, p. 9.
  157. ↑ Ute Schmidt-Hackenberg, Kadie Schmidt-Hackenberg: Listening and understanding: why people ate pretzels in January and didn't get some rest in July… . Vincentz, Hannover 2003, p. 103.
  158. ^ Richard Kinseher: The bow in culture, music and medicine, as a tool and weapon . BoD, Dortmund 2005, p. 69.
  159. ^ Joseph Maria von Radowitz: Iconography of the saints: a contribution to the history of art . Dümmler 1834, p. 16.
  160. ↑ Cf. borrowing from the Latin name apollinaris for the pain reliever henbane ; Angelika Prentner: Mind-altering plants: A - Z . Springer, Vienna a. a. 2005, p. 48.
  161. ↑ Tamara Thiesen: Benedikt Dreyer: the work of the late Gothic Lübeck carver . Ludwig, Kiel 2007, p. 373.
  162. ↑ Kai Detlev Sievers: The parable of the rich man and poor Lazarus in the mirror of pictorial tradition . Ludwig, Kiel 2005, p. 16.
  163. ↑ Klaus Herbers: The Way of St. James with a medieval pilgrim guide on the way to Santiago de Compostela . Tübingen, Narr 2001, p. 138.
  164. ↑ Reinhard Richter: National Thinking in Catholicism of the Weimar Republic . Münster 2000, p. 204.
  165. ^ Günther Alsbach: Scouts: The training regulations of the EPG . Georgsburgverlag, Durfus 2002, p. 47.
  166. ↑ About the completely different figurative design and interpretation of patron saints with identical names in southern Italy.