Canton lucerne

Canton lucerne
coat of arms
Canton of the Swiss Confederation
Abbreviation / license plate :	LU
Official language :	German
Main town :	Lucerne
Accession to the federal government :	1332
Area :	1493.52  km²
Height range :	399–2347 m above sea level M.
Website:	www.lu.ch
population
Residents:	409,557 (December 31, 2018)
Population density :	274 inhabitants per km²
Proportion of foreigners : (residents without citizenship )	17.9% (December 31, 2015)
Unemployment rate :	2.3% (December 31, 2015)
Location of the canton in Switzerland
Map of the canton
Municipalities of the canton

Coordinates: 47 ° 6 '  N , 8 ° 12'  E ; CH1903:  657,798  /  216835

Lucerne ( abbreviation LU ; Swiss German Lozärn, French Lucerne, Italian Lucerna, Rhaeto-Romanic Lucerna ^{? / I} ) is a German-speaking canton in Switzerland and belongs to the greater region of Central Switzerland ( Central Switzerland). The main town and at the same time the most populous place is the city of the same name Lucerne .

geography

Floor area

The canton has a share of the Central Plateau , the Pre-Alps and the Swiss Alps . Geographically speaking, most of it belongs to the Central Plateau, but does not consist of large, flat plains, but is often a hilly landscape with plains. Typical examples are the Lucerne hinterland in the northwest of the canton, the Entlebuch and the Gäu around Lake Sempach . The Brienzer Rothorn , the Pilatus massif and the Rigi massif are alpine regions in the south and east of the canton.

From the entire canton area are:

• 54.7% agricultural area , including
  • 46.5% meadow and arable land
  • 5.5% alpine farmland
  • 2.8% fruit , viticulture and horticulture
• 30.1% wooded areas , including:
  • 27.0% forest
  • 3.0% wood
  • 0.1% bush forest
• 8.4% settlement area, including:
  • 4.1% building area
  • 2.7% traffic area
  • 0.7% industrial area
  • 0.5% special settlement areas
  • 0.4% recreational and green spaces
• 6.8% unproductive area, including:
  • 4.4% standing water (lakes)
  • 0.9% unproductive vegetation
  • 0.9% area without vegetation
  • 0.5% rivers (rivers and streams)

climate

Despite its small size, there are various microclimate zones in the canton of Lucerne . In the northern part of the canton it rains significantly less than in the Napfbergland or the Pilatus region. The places at the foot of the Rigi , where tropical fruits and palm trees thrive, have a particularly mild microclimate .

The area around the city of Lucerne has a special microclimate. On the one hand, it receives plenty of rain because of the Pilatus massif (which has earned it the nickname Schüttstein of Switzerland among other Swiss people ), on the other hand, the foehn often ensures above-average temperatures in autumn and spring.

Neighboring cantons

The canton of Lucerne is a single canton , bordered to the west and southwest on the canton of Bern , in the north and northeast on the canton of Aargau , on the east by the cantons Schwyz and train and in the south on the cantons of Obwalden and Nidwalden .

Extreme points

The highest point is 2349.7  m above sea level. M. the Brienzer Rothorn in the southwest of the canton, the lowest point at 403.1  m above sea level. M. the Reuss near Honau on the border with the canton of Zug . The highest peak, which lies entirely in the canton of Lucerne, is the Hengst (Schrattenfluh) at 2092  m above sea level. M.

Lakes

The lakes Rotsee , Baldeggersee , Sempachersee , Mauensee and Soppensee are completely in the canton. The canton of Lucerne has a share in Lake Lucerne , Lake Zug and Lake Hallwil .

Rivers

The most important rivers are the Reuss , Kleine Emme , Wigger , Luthern , Suhre , Pfaffneren and Entlen .

population

As of December 31, 2018, the population of the canton of Lucerne was 409,557. The population density of 274 inhabitants per square kilometer is above the Swiss average (207 inhabitants per square kilometer). The proportion of foreigners (registered residents without Swiss citizenship ) was 17.9 percent on December 31, 2015, while 24.6 percent were registered nationwide. As of December 31, 2015, the unemployment rate was 2.3 percent compared to 3.7 percent at the federal level. On April 27, 2016, the population in the canton of Lucerne reached the 400,000 mark for the first time.

Population development

The population development in the area of ​​today's canton Lucerne since 1798:

year Residents 1798 089,117 1816 108,978 1837 124,521 1850 132,843 1860 130'504 1870 132,153 1880 134,708 1888 135,360

year Residents 1900 146,519 1910 167'223 1920 177,073 1930 189'391 1941 206,608 1950 223,249 1960 253,446 1970 289,641

year Residents 1980 296,159 1990 326,268 2000 350'504 2005 356,384 2010 377,610 2015 398,762 2016 400,018

Population development in the canton of Lucerne

Sources: Helvetic census 1798, cantonal census 1816, Federal census 1837, Federal Statistical Office, censuses 1850–2000; from 2010 estimates at the end of the year

The canton's population grew only slightly between 1850 and 1888. At that time, many poor rural residents emigrated to industrialized regions in Switzerland and overseas. With the rise of tourism and the increased settlement of industrial companies, this then changed. The population continues to grow today. In the past, the main reason for the strong population growth was the birth surplus; today it is immigration.

languages

In 2012, 90.4 percent of the population were German, 2.8 percent Italian and 1.7 percent French-speaking. Furthermore, English was represented with 2.9 percent.

Alemannic dialects

Various dialects are spoken in the canton of Lucerne, some of which are close, some of which are clearly different. Lucerne German sub-dialects are:

• the dialect between Malters in the south and Triengen in the north, thus encompassing the center of the canton
• the dialect in the former offices of Lucerne and Hochdorf, hence of the city and Seetal
• the dialect of the Entlebuch
• the dialect of the Lucerne hinterland
• the dialect in the Rigi communities of Greppen , Weggis , Vitznau

Finally, the dialect of Schongau already points towards Freiamt. The dialect of Entlebuch tends towards Bern German in many ways, and the area of ​​the Rigigemeinden, which is a geographical exclave of the Canton of Lucerne bordering the Canton of Schwyz , can be assigned to the Schwyz dialect. The typical high Alemannic Lucerne German is spoken mainly in the greater Lucerne-Sempach-Seetal region.

National languages

Despite heavy immigration from abroad in the 20th century, the language landscape has not changed much. The immigrants mostly integrate themselves linguistically in the second generation of immigrants (so-called secondos ) or at the latest in the third generation of immigrants.

Development of languages ​​in the Canton of Lucerne 1880–2000

language	1880	1900	1950	1960	1970	1980	1990	2000
German	134'155	143,337	216,647	239,068	263,310	269,327	289,160	311,543
Italian	294	2,204	3,587	10,126	15,635	11,638	9,192	6,801
French	302	747	2,150	2,244	2,015	2,129	2,046	2,053
Romansh	5	64	338	466	525	642	473	388
Spanish	-	-	33	203	4,473	3,681	2,015	2,491
Portuguese	-	-	-	-	-	-	2,567	3,126
Albanian	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	6,768
Serbo-Croatian	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	7,401
Turkish	-	-	-	-	282	-	1,465	955
English	-	-	123	253	485	820	697	1,643
total	134,708	146,519	223,249	253,446	289,641	296,159	326,268	350'504

Among the older resident population there are quite a few people with Hungarian, Czech, Slovak, Polish and Tibetan mother tongues (refugees who entered the country between 1939 and 1969). Other larger linguistic minorities speak Albanian, Serbo-Croatian, Greek, Dutch, Swedish, Kurdish, Vietnamese, Arabic, Somal and Tamil.

Nationalities

Nationalities in the canton of Lucerne 2000–2015 (figures in percent)

nationality	2000	2005	2010	2015 number	2015 share
Switzerland	85.18	84.64	83.35	327,503	82.13
European Union 1 , of which:	10.75	11.62	14.67	41,274	10.35
Germany	1.20	1.74	3.13	13,838	3.47
Italy	2.26	1.95	1.78	7'413	1.86
Portugal	1.08	1.30	1.49	7,330	1.84
Spain	0.71	0.55	0.45	2,057	0.52
Croatia	0.85	0.78	0.62	2,037	0.51
Kosovo	0-	0-	1.14	7'427	1.86
Serbia 2	4.37	4.18	2.42	4,815	1.21
North Macedonia	0.85	0.69	0.61	2,301	0.58
Bosnia and Herzegovina	0.86	0.79	0.64	2,015	0.51
Turkey	0.43	0.41	0.45	1'565	0.39
Sri Lanka	0.17	0.52	0.46	1,423	0.36

¹ 2000: EU-15, 2005: EU-25, 2010: EU-27

² Serbia until 2005 including Montenegro and Kosovo

Religions - denominations

The canton of Lucerne is a traditionally Catholic canton. With a total population of 406,506 inhabitants in the canton of Lucerne in 2017, 246,799 inhabitants (60.71 percent) were members of the Roman Catholic Church , while 41,622 inhabitants (10.24 percent) belonged to the Evangelical Reformed Church .

Since the 2000 census (except for the Roman Catholic and Evangelical Reformed Church), there are no more precise figures on the religious affiliation of the total population in the canton. However, the Federal Statistical Office (FSO) carries out sample surveys in which other religious communities in the canton are also recorded. In the 2017 survey, 3/4 of all respondents aged 15 and over in the canton of Lucerne admitted to a Christian denomination, while 1/4 professed to another or no religion. However, if the nationality or origin of the respondents are taken into account, the survey shows a much more differentiated picture:

Lucerne population aged 15 and over by religion and nationality / origin in 2017
( sample survey : figures in percent, rounded)

religion	Total of respondents	Swiss State ality	Swiss people without a migration background	Swiss with a migration background	Foreign heads of state ality
Christianity	75	79	82	59	55
- Roman Catholic	60	65	69	37	38
- evangelical reformed	10	11	12	08th	05
- other Christian denominations	05	03	01	14th	12
other religions	05	03	00	20th	19th
- Muslim	04th	02	00	14th	16
- other religious communities	01	01	00	06th	03
non-denominational	18th	17th	16	20th	25th
no information	02	01	02	01	01

During the Reformation, writings of the Anabaptist and Reformed directions reached the area of ​​the Catholic canton of Lucerne and led to the conversion of individuals. However, the government stepped in vigorously and suppressed the Reformation with executions and expulsions. In the Middle Ages there was at times a Jewish community; Pogroms and finally the expulsion of the remaining Jews put an end to it. That is why the canton remained purely Catholic until the 19th century.

Reformed people settled in the canton from the early 19th century. Reformed services have been held in Lucerne's Peterskapelle since 1826. Increased immigration began in 1848 when freedom of establishment was introduced in the new federal state of Switzerland. Reformed and Jewish communities emerged and - through the split from the Roman Catholic Church - the Christian Catholic (Old Catholic) community.

Nevertheless, the canton remained Catholic until after the Second World War - apart from a steadily growing minority of Protestants - as the following table shows:

Denominations in the canton of Lucerne 1850-2000 ( censuses )

Denomination	1850	1900	1950	1960	1970	1980	1990	2000
Catholics	131,280	134,020	189,917	215,686	246,888	244,066	255,106	248,545
Protestants	1563	12,085	30,396	34,721	38,712	39,816	44,479	42,926
Jews	0	319	497	532	563	587	585	399
Christian Catholics	-	-	1129	1466	741	594	453	471
Muslims	-	-	-	6th	372	1691	6123	13'227
Eastern Christians	-	-	21st	39	412	1473	4604	7801
other religions	-	-	-	-	-	-	1243	2883
Non-denominational	-	-	-	769	1672	4979	10,396	20,681
total	132,843	146,519	223,249	253,446	289,641	296,159	326,268	350'504

Since 1960, however, a profound change has taken place. In the 1960s, Orthodox Christians immigrated from Yugoslavia and Greece and Muslims from Yugoslavia. Since then, the Roman Catholic population has decreased from 85.2 percent (1970) to 70.9 percent (2000) (despite the strong immigration of Catholic southern Europeans).

Over 90 percent of Muslims are Bosniaks, Albanians, Turks or Kurds. The Orthodox Christians come almost entirely from south-east Europe. Among the other religions, Hinduism and Buddhism are important. The Hindus are almost exclusively Tamils ​​from Sri Lanka. The Buddhists fall into two groups: on the one hand there are immigrants from Southeast and East Asia (Vietnam, Cambodia, China, Tibet etc.), on the other hand they are native converts.

As a result of the reduced religious affiliation, the proportion of people with no religious affiliation due to leaving the church is increasing rapidly (1970: 0.6 percent; 2000: 5.9 percent).

The cantonal constitution recognizes the Roman Catholic, the Protestant Reformed and the Christian Catholic regional churches as corporations under public law.

economy

In 2011 the gross domestic product (GDP) was 64,618 Swiss francs per inhabitant. In 2012, the canton of Lucerne had 234,924 employees, of which 14,238 were in the primary (primary production) , 55,744 in the secondary (industry) and 164,942 in the tertiary sector (services) . 30,413 jobs were counted in the canton in 2012 (of which 4,986 in the primary, 4,591 in the secondary and 20,836 in the tertiary sector). The unemployment rate amounted at 31 December 2015 of 2.3 percent compared to 3.7 percent at the federal level.

State organization, politics

Constitution

The new constitution of the Canton of Lucerne from 2007 came into force on January 1, 2008. The state constitution of January 29, 1875 was previously in force and has since been partially revised over 40 times.

The last constitutional revision was a lengthy process. A group from the Cantonal Council drew up a draft. Interested groups could take part in the consultation process until the end of 2004. The Grand Council of the Canton (today the Cantonal Council) passed the draft of the new constitution on January 30, 2007 with 70 to 45 votes. In the referendum of June 17, 2007, the constitution was adopted with 51,273 votes to 29,137 with a participation of 34.31 percent; it came into force on January 1, 2008.

legislative branch

→ Main article : Cantonal Council (Lucerne)

15th

19th

8th

34

22nd

22nd

15th 19th 8th 34 22nd 22nd 

A total of 120 seats

• GPS : 15
• SP : 19
• glp : 8
• CVP : 34
• FDP : 22
• SVP : 22

The legislative body ( legislature ) is the 120-member Cantonal Council ( called the Grand Council until 2007 ), which is elected by the people on the basis of proportional representation.

The people who are entitled to vote and vote take part in legislation through direct democratic means. 5000 eligible voters can apply for a total or partial revision of the constitution ( constitutional initiative ), 4000 eligible voters for the enactment, amendment or repeal of a law ( legislative initiative ). It is imperative that constitutional amendments as well as laws and resolutions of the cantonal council that entail expenditure of more than 25 million francs ( mandatory referendum ), other laws and expenses between 3 and 25 million francs at the request of 3,000 voters or a quarter of the municipalities are submitted to the referendum ( optional referendum ).

Allocation of mandates from the Lucerne Cantonal Council 1999–2019

	Political party	Seats 2019	Share of voters 2019 (%)	Seats 2015	Share of voters 2015 (%)	Seats 2011	Share of voters 2011 (%)	Seats 2007	Share of voters 2007 (%)	Seats 2003	Share of voters 2003 (%)	Seats 1999	Share of voters 1999 (%)
	Christian Democratic People's Party (CVP)	34	27.51	38	30.86	39	31.29	46	37.31	44	35.88	48	39.84
	Swiss People's Party (SVP)	22nd	19.63	29	24.11	27	22.27	23	19.03	26th	19.88	22nd	17.02
	FDP.The Liberals (FDP)	22nd	19.56	25th	21.04	23	18.87	29	23.05	28	23.15	31	25.67
	Social Democratic Party of Switzerland (SP)	19th	13.84	16	11.85	016 1	10.96	13	10.71	16	11.57	12	09.62
	Green Party of Switzerland (GPS)	015 2	11.65	07th	06.70	09	08.67	09	07.31	06th	05.63	07th	05.70
	Green Liberal Party (glp)	08th	04.32	05	04.32	06th	05.90	0-	0-	0-	0-	0-	0-

Elections to the Lucerne Cantonal Council 2019

Turnout: 41.5%

 %

30th

20th

10

0

27.51

19.63

19.56

13.84

11.65

6.55

0.31

0.60

0.32

CVP

SVP

FDP

SP

GPS

glp

BDP

EPP

Otherwise.

Gains and losses

compared to 2015

 % p

   6th

   4th

   2

   0

  -2

  -4

  -6

-3.35

-4.49

-1.48

+1.99

+4.95

+2.23

-0.57

+0.40

+0.28

CVP

SVP

FDP

SP

GPS

glp

BDP

EPP

Otherwise.

^{1 of} which 1 was selected on the JUSO list
^{2 of} which 1 was selected on the Young Greens list

executive

The executive body ( executive ) is a five-member government council elected by the population with voting and voting rights according to the majority vote .

Members of the Government Council of the Canton of Lucerne as of July 1, 2019

Government Council	Official title	Political party	department
Paul Winiker	District President	SVP	Justice and Security Department
Guido Graf	Government Council	CVP	Health and Social Department
Fabian Peter	Government Council	FDP	Building, Environment and Economic Department
Marcel Schwerzmann	Government Council	independent	Education and Culture Department
Reto Wyss	Government Council	CVP	Finance Department

Like his deputy, the chairman of the government council is elected for one year and acts as a “ primus inter pares ”. Until 2007, his official title was « mayor », that of his deputy « governor ». Since January 1, 2008, the chairman has been using the official title of “District President”. Lukas Gresch-Brunner (independent) has held the office of state clerk since 2012.

See also : List of District Presidents of the Canton of Lucerne

See also : List of Government Councilors of the Canton of Lucerne

Judiciary

The cantonal court acts as the judicial body ( judiciary ) as the highest court in Lucerne . It was formed in 2013 from the previous higher court and the previous administrative court.

The courts of first instance for civil and criminal matters are designated by law. These are the district courts ( called district courts until 2007 ), the criminal, labor, juvenile and compulsory measures courts . In many cases, the first instance is preceded by the arbitration authorities who try to persuade the parties to an amicable solution.

Administrative division

Political communities

See also : Municipalities of the Canton of Lucerne

Cities and towns in the canton of Lucerne

The political communities of the canton of Lucerne are public-law local authorities. They perform their own tasks and those assigned to them by the canton. The municipalities give themselves a democratic organization and lay down its basic features in a municipal code. Their autonomy is guaranteed by the cantonal constitution.

Until 2003, the canton consisted of 107 municipalities. From 2004 there were several parish mergers, so that since January 1, 2013 83 parishes exist.

Of the total of 83 political municipalities, those with more than 9,000 inhabitants as of December 31, 2018 are listed below:

Political community	Residents	Proportion of foreigners in percent
Lucerne , capital	81,691	23.9
Emmen	30,929	34.5
Kriens	27'444	17.2
Horw	14,109	17.6
Ebikon	13,617	20.8
Hochdorf	09846	20.9
Sursee	09955	15.0

Offices

Offices of the Canton of Lucerne

For a long time, the canton of Lucerne was divided into five offices ( called districts in other cantons ). They are no longer mentioned in the new cantonal constitution of 2007, so they no longer have any administrative tasks.

Population development in the offices of the canton of Lucerne at the end of the year

Office	main place	Residents
		2003	2004	2005	2006	2007	2008	2009	2010
Entlebuch	Schüpfheim	18,504	18,526	18,386	18,346	18,319	18,351	18'443	18'435
Hochdorf	Hochdorf	61,743	62,192	62,671	63,209	64,108	65,001	65,486	65,856
Lucerne	Lucerne	161,894	162,513	163,175	164'271	166,307	168,853	170,960	172'453
Sursee	Sursee	64,205	64,714	65,372	66'251	67,305	68,338	69,432	70,634
Willisau	Willisau	46,829	46,786	46,780	47,033	47'436	48,199	48,643	49,017

After the enactment of the new cantonal constitution, constituencies and judicial districts that only partially correspond to the old offices have been replaced by the offices.

Constituencies

Constituencies of the Canton of Lucerne since January 1, 2013

The canton of Lucerne has six constituencies .

Constituencies of the Canton of Lucerne

Constituency	Resident December 31, 2018
Entlebuch	023,460
Hochdorf	073,398
Lucerne Country	101,972
Lucerne city	081,691
Sursee	074,817
Willisau	054'219

Judicial districts

For jurisdiction in the first instance, which is exercised by the district courts, the canton is divided into four judicial districts :

• Lucerne judicial district (includes the city of Lucerne)
• Kriens judicial district (includes the Lucerne-Land constituency without the Reuss valley)
• Hochdorf judicial district (includes the Hochdorf constituency and the Reuss valley)
• Judicial district Willisau (includes the constituencies Entlebuch, Sursee and Willisau)

history

Map of the territorial development of the Lucerne city-state until 1798

→ Main article : History of the Canton of Lucerne

During the Neolithic Age , the first people settled in what is now the canton. Between 800 and 300 BC Celts immigrated to Central Switzerland. Around 15 BC The region was conquered by the Romans and integrated into the Roman Empire .

In the 6th century, Germanic Alemanni took over Central Switzerland after the fall of the Roman Empire. The first monasteries and monasteries emerged. Luceria was founded in 750 , from which the future city of Lucerne developed. Around 1290, King Rudolf I of Habsburg named the city of Lucerne an Austrian country town. In 1332, Lucerne made an alliance with the so-called Waldstätten Uri , Schwyz and Unterwalden . With their help, Lucerne freed itself from the rule of the Habsburgs in the Battle of Sempach in 1386 . The current borders of the canton correspond roughly to the extent at that time.

After the French invaded in 1798, the Helvetic Republic , a unitary state based on the French model, was proclaimed, and Lucerne temporarily lost its independence. In 1803 Napoleon introduced the mediation constitution , which granted the cantons a certain degree of sovereignty. In 1814, at the beginning of the restoration period , after the collapse of power of Emperor Napoleon, the prerogatives of the aristocracy were partially restored. Lucerne was a sovereign state in a loose confederation. In 1848, after the Sonderbund War, the Swiss federal state was founded.

The cantonal constitution of 1875, which was valid until 2007, has been amended and updated several times. In 2001 a special commission of the Grand Council was set up for the total revision of the constitution. Their draft was discussed in the cantonal parliament in 2006 and approved by the electorate on June 17, 2007. On January 1, 2008, the new cantonal constitution came into force.

See also

Portal: Lucerne  - Overview of Wikipedia content on Lucerne

literature

• Ebbe Nielsen, Hermann Fetz, August Bickel, Konrad Wanner, Stefan Jäggi, Franz Kiener, Anton Gössi, Gregor Egloff, Peter Kamber, Heidi Bossard-Borner, Max Huber, Peter Schnider, Marlis Betschart: Lucerne (Canton). In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland .
• Statistical yearbook of the Canton of Lucerne 2009, ISSN  1424-5620

Web links

Further content in the sister projects of Wikipedia:
	Commons	- multimedia content
	Wiktionary	- Dictionary entries
	Wikisource	- Sources and full texts
	Wikinews	- News
	Wikivoyage	- Travel Guide

• Official website of the Canton of Lucerne
• Official statistics
• Office for Statistics of the Canton of Lucerne
• Lucerne State Archives
• Link catalog on the subject of the Canton of Lucerne at curlie.org (formerly DMOZ )

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Balance of the permanent resident population by canton, definitive annual results, 2018. Federal Statistical Office (FSO), August 27, 2019, accessed on September 18, 2019 (definitive annual results). 
2. ↑ Structure of the permanent resident population by cantons. Federal Statistical Office (FSO), August 26, 2016, accessed on May 31, 2017 . 
3. ^ The situation on the job market in December 2015. (PDF; 807 kB) State Secretariat for Economic Affairs (SECO), January 8, 2016, p. 9 , archived from the original on January 12, 2016 ; accessed on January 13, 2016 . 
4. ↑ Balance of the permanent resident population by canton, definitive annual results, 2018. Federal Statistical Office (FSO), August 27, 2019, accessed on September 18, 2019 (definitive annual results). 
5. ↑ Structure of the permanent resident population by cantons. Federal Statistical Office (FSO), August 26, 2016, accessed on May 31, 2017 . 
6. ↑ ^{a b} The situation on the labor market in December 2015. (PDF; 807 kB) State Secretariat for Economic Affairs (SECO), January 8, 2016, p. 9 , archived from the original on January 12, 2016 ; accessed on January 13, 2016 . 
7. ↑ He is the 400,000th Lucerne resident ( Memento from May 1, 2016 in the Internet Archive ). In: Neue Luzerner Zeitung, April 30, 2016, p. 30
8. ↑ Counts 1798, 1816 and 1837 in: Der Geschichtsfreund, Volume 107 (1954), after page 112
9. ^ For 1850–2000: Federal Statistical Office Bern, census results
10. ↑ From 2001: Federal Statistical Office Bern, estimates of the permanent resident population at the end of the year - Statistics Switzerland - Balance of the permanent resident population by cantons, districts and municipalities 1991–2009 ( Memento from June 12, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
11. ↑ ^{a b} key figures. Lucerne. (No longer available online.) Federal Statistical Office (FSO), archived from the original on July 3, 2015 ; accessed on June 23, 2015 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
12. ↑ Ludwig Fischer : Lucerne German grammar. 1st edition 1960, 2nd edition Hitzkirch 1989. For the dialectic structure of the canton, see pp. 21–48 with map p. 525.
13. ↑ Rudolf Hotzenköcherle : On the linguistic position and structure of Central Switzerland. In: Ders .: The linguistic landscapes of German-speaking Switzerland. Edited by Niklaus Bigler and Robert Schläpfer. Sauerländer, Aarau / Frankfurt a. M./Salzburg 1984 (Sprachlandschaft 1), pp. 237-292; specific to Lucerne pp. 246–256.
14. ^ Lustat Yearbook 2012 - Population ( Memento from November 2, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) p. 36 (accessed on: June 6, 2012).
15. ↑ Federal Statistical Office: Permanent resident population by denomination 2017 - municipalities of the Canton of Lucerne. November 29, 2019, accessed August 18, 2020 . 
16. ↑ ^{a b} Since the last census in 2000, there are no more figures available for the canton of Lucerne on the religious affiliation of the total population (of all ages). Exceptions are the Roman Catholic and Evangelical Reformed Churches, whose members are officially registered on the basis of church tax . Since 2010, the data from the Federal Statistical Office on religious communities in the canton of Lucerne has been based on a sample survey for which people aged 15 and over are surveyed. It should be noted that the results of the surveys are estimates that have a confidence interval.
    See also : Section "Structure Survey" in Swiss Population Census.
17. ↑ Federal Statistical Office: Permanent resident population aged 15 and over by religious affiliation and canton, 2017. (XLSX; 377 kB) 2019, accessed on August 18, 2020 . 
18. ^ Constitution of the Canton of Lucerne of June 17, 2007 (as of January 1, 2008). No. 1. Canton of Lucerne, accessed on June 23, 2015 . 
19. ↑ Cantonal Council / Cantonal Results. Distribution of seats based on party votes. Office for Municipalities of the Canton of Lucerne, archived from the original on February 15, 2012 ; Retrieved June 6, 2012 . 
20. ↑ Cantonal Council / Cantonal Results. Party strength in% (based on number of voters). Office for Municipalities of the Canton of Lucerne, archived from the original on February 15, 2012 ; Retrieved June 6, 2012 . 
21. ↑ Cantonal elections in 2019, party strength in% (based on number of voters). April 1, 2019, accessed May 18, 2019 . 
22. ^ The Government Council of the Canton of Lucerne. State Chancellery Lucerne, accessed on December 30, 2019 . 
23. ^ Community reform 2000+ , community mergers in the canton of Lucerne
24. ↑ Permanent and non-permanent resident population by year, canton, district, municipality, population type and gender (permanent resident population). In: bfs. admin.ch . Federal Statistical Office (FSO), August 31, 2019, accessed on December 22, 2019 . 
25. ^ The constituencies of the canton of Lucerne. State Chancellery Lucerne, accessed on December 2, 2012 . 
26. ↑ Permanent and non-permanent resident population by year, canton, district, municipality, population type and gender (permanent resident population). In: bfs. admin.ch . Federal Statistical Office (FSO), August 31, 2019, accessed on December 22, 2019 . 
27. ↑ Cantonal council resolution on the seats of the courts and arbitration authorities and the division of the canton into judicial districts of May 10, 2010 (as of June 1, 2013). No. 261. Canton of Lucerne, accessed on June 23, 2015 .