Political community

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Federal coat of arms
Municipality in Switzerland

The lowest level in the three-, cantonal, four-level state administrative structure of Switzerland (federal - canton  - ( district  -) commune) are the communities referred to as political communes in many cantons . They are public corporations under cantonal law with their own legal personality .

In the cantons of Aargau , Appenzell Ausserrhoden , Basel-Landschaft , Basel-Stadt , Bern , Obwalden , Solothurn , Uri and Zug it is a municipality , in the canton of Glarus earlier as a local municipality (until the end of 2010), in the cantons of Jura and Wallis as a municipal municipality or commune municipale and in the cantons of Friborg , Geneva , Lucerne , Neuchâtel , Schaffhausen , Schwyz , Ticino and Vaud simply referred to as a municipality or commune, comune . In the canton of Appenzell Innerrhoden the political municipality is called the district . Also posing as city designating places have as authorities this legal form. A city is always also a political municipality.

Constitutional law

tasks

Municipalities in Switzerland as of January 1, 2020

The tasks of the political communities are defined differently in the cantonal constitutions. After a first group “they perform all public tasks for which neither the federal government nor the canton are responsible” (KV Zurich, Art. 83), after a second “they perform the tasks assigned to them by the federal government and the canton are "(KV Bern, Art. 112), and a third group combines the autonomous with the transferred element:" The municipalities fulfill their own tasks and those assigned to them by the canton "(KV Luzern, Art. 69).

In fact, a distinction can be made between three categories of communal responsibilities: firstly, the tasks that cantonal legislation entrusts the communes to carry out; secondly, the tasks for which cantonal law only lays down the framework that the communes can fill in more or less independently; and thirdly, the municipalities can take on tasks that fall within the scope of their self-government. A direct assignment of tasks by federal law occurs only in exceptional cases, since on the one hand the federal contacts are the cantons (from which it is constituted under constitutional law) and on the other hand the municipalities are corporations under cantonal law.

autonomy

The extent of communal autonomy is regulated by the respective cantonal law. In principle, the political municipalities have “general residual competence”, although this can vary widely depending on the canton. In general, one can say that church autonomy decreases from east to west; Traditionally, it is largest in the canton of Graubünden , which until the mid-19th century formed a federation of municipalities.

The organizational autonomy of the municipalities, i.e. the degree to which cantonal law specifies the structure of municipal authorities, direct democratic popular rights, etc., also differs very widely within Switzerland. It is considerable in the cantons of Zurich, Bern, Uri, Obwalden, Basel-Landschaft, Graubünden and Thurgau; particularly low in Schwyz, Freiburg, Waadt, Geneva and Jura. The organizational legal freedom granted to the municipalities by cantonal law is usually filled in by the so-called municipal regulations (in Schaffhausen and Graubünden municipal constitution, in Bern and Valais organizational regulations and in Uri municipal statutes), which require the approval of the cantonal government. In the cantons of Vaud and Geneva, on the other hand, the municipal organization is fully standardized by the cantonal legislature.

The  preamble of the European Charter of Local Self-Government - which has also been ratified by Switzerland - indicates that local authorities are one of the essential foundations of any democratic form of government and that this right can be exercised most directly at local level. She regards the protection and strengthening of local self-government as an important contribution to building a Europe based on the principles of democracy and the decentralization of power.

Assembly congregations and parliamentary congregations

Community meeting

In the vast majority of political municipalities, whose total population is relatively modest, the municipal executive is opposed to the municipal assembly as a quasi- legislative branch in which the voting population gathers to decide on the budget, the bill and fundamental decrees. In the other, often heavily populated political communities, a community parliament (sometimes also called residents ' council) takes the place of the community assembly .

Municipal Parliament

Municipal parliaments are the norm in Latin Switzerland . In the cantons of Geneva, Neuchâtel, Ticino and Vaud, canton law prescribes it for all or almost all political municipalities. In the other cantons, it is the medium-sized and large municipalities that have set up a parliament. The municipalities with parliament in Bern (23 municipalities), Freiburg (21 municipalities) and Graubünden (16 municipalities) are comparatively numerous. This is followed by Zurich (13 communities), Aargau and Wallis (10 communities each), Schaffhausen (6 communities), Basel-Landschaft (5 communities) and Lucerne and Thurgau (4 communities each). There are only 1 to 3 municipalities with a parliament in the cantons of Appenzell Ausserrhoden, Basel-Stadt, Jura, St. Gallen, Solothurn and Zug. The cantons of Appenzell Innerrhoden, Glarus, Nidwalden, Obwalden, Schwyz and Uri only have community assemblies and no parliaments. (All as of 2016.)

Other types of churches

In addition, in many cantons there are other bodies known as “municipalities” that do not exercise political sovereignty over a territory, but fulfill a specific public purpose. These include school communities (Appenzell Innerrhoden, Nidwalden, St. Gallen, Thurgau, Zurich), civic communities (Aargau, Basel-Stadt, Basel-Landschaft, Bern, Graubünden, Jura, Obwalden, St. Gallen, Solothurn, Ticino, Thurgau, Uri , Wallis and Zug) and corporation communities (Central Switzerland, Glarus and St. Gallen).

Finally, another special form of communities are the parishes , which exist in all cantons and which have a large number of special features. In most of the cantons they are corporations under public law, but are no longer subject to cantonal municipal laws, but almost everywhere are regulated by regional church law. They are based on church laws passed by the canton only in the cantons of Bern and Zurich.

For other types of municipalities, see municipality (Switzerland) .

history

The modern political community is a product of the Helvetic (1798–1803). In the past, in the Middle Ages and the early modern period, the situation was more complicated: the high and the lower jurisdiction could lie with different rulers, in addition there was the economic manorial rule and possibly market rights and religious church patronage . Cities and also individual valleys could also be imperial .

In the 18th century, communities were mainly organized as user cooperatives and mayors based on personal membership. The rear passengers were residents without citizenship and therefore without any political rights. In 1798, the Helvetic Republic created municipal communities on the one hand, which included all residents of a place and not just its citizens, and on the other hand, today's civil communities , which were responsible for the administration of the previous civil goods ( community dualism ); at the same time it abolished the political prerogatives of the local citizens. The rear passengers were declared citizens of the Helvetic Republic, and voting rights were now fundamentally determined by the resident principle (from 1801, however, with increasing restrictions based on wealth or tax payments). In many cases, the territorial structure of the new municipalities followed the old parishes or traditional structures such as valleys and mountains . The exact divisions of the territories remained in the flow during the short period of the Helvetic Republic, which is why no exact number of municipalities in the Helvetic Republic can be given. The map production of this time could not keep up with the changes: The most accurate map of the Helvetic Republic was the Atlas Suisse , on a scale of 1: 120,000, published between 1796 and 1802. The sheets published before 1798 partly show municipal boundaries, the sheets that appeared after that did not in view of their great variability on it.

During the mediation period (1803-1813), the old organization based on the citizen principle was partially restored. Only during the regeneration (1830–1848) did the cantons gradually enforce the resident principle again, partly against the background of severe political disputes ( Züriputsch ). In the Federal Constitution of 1848, the freedom of establishment of all Swiss citizens was guaranteed in all cantons, but according to the principle of the place of origin , i.e. H. a voting right only in the ancestral community, not at the current place of residence. However, the cantons were free to use more modern systems.

The final repeal of old legal relationships, according to which local citizens could enjoy additional privileges compared to ordinary citizens of the political community, only took place with the total revision of the federal constitution in 1874. The revised constitution now also guaranteed voting rights at the municipal level at the place of residence. In many cantons, the civic communities continue to exist as personal corporations under public law .

Changes in the community

Mutations in the existence of the municipalities can occur through incorporation, municipality merger, municipality separation, settlement, exchange of territory or change of the municipality name. Further changes that only indirectly affect the area of ​​the municipality can result from a change in the canton and / or district membership, change of the district name or renumbering ( municipality number ).

Examples of mutation processes at the community level

1. Incorporation : [A] + [B] = [A +]

Example: With effect from January 1st 1991, the municipality of Altavilla FR (BFS no. 2242) was incorporated into the municipality of Murten (BFS no. 2275).
The number of municipalities in the official municipality register is reduced by the incorporation. The new area expansion of the municipality of Murten results from the sums of the areas of the previous individual municipalities. (The common type of mutation in urban agglomerations; see below: #gemeindefusions .)

2. Community merger : [A] + [B] = [A − B] or [A] + [B] = [C]

Example: With effect from January 1, 1993, the municipalities of Lohn SO (2526) and Ammannsegg (2512) have merged to form the municipality of Lohn-Ammannsegg (2526).
The number of municipalities in the official municipality register is reduced by the municipality merger. The area extent of the community of Lohn-Ammannsegg results from the sums of the areas of the previous individual communities.
Note: Before this municipality merger, the name of the district to which these municipalities belong changed. (The usual type of mutation when partners of equal strength merge; see below: #gemeindefusions )

3. Parish separation: [A] = [B] + [C] (+ [D] etc.)

Example: With effect from January 1, 1983, the entire municipality of Arni-Islisberg (4061) was dissolved. The newly created communities are Arni AG (4061) and Islisberg (4084).
The number of municipalities in the official municipality register is increased by the separation of municipalities. The area of ​​the new municipalities Arni AG and Islisberg had to be redetermined by the official survey ( swisstopo ).
This type of mutation was common in 19th century Switzerland, but has occurred very rarely in the last fifty years.

4. Ausgemeung : [A] = [A−] + [B] (+ [C] etc.)

Example: With effect from January 1, 1993, the entire municipality of Rubigen (0623) was transferred to the independent municipalities of Allmendingen (0630), Rubigen (0623) and Trimstein (0631).
The number of municipalities in the official register of municipalities is increased by the consolidation. The area of ​​the previous municipality of Rubigen and the new municipalities of Allmendingen and Trimstein had to be re-determined by the official survey (swisstopo).
This type of mutation has been very rare in the past fifty years.

5. Exchange of territory: [A] + [B] = [A +] + [B−]

Example: With effect from January 1, 1995, the district of Uerenbohl was separated from the local community Opfershofen (4915) and assigned to the local community Sulgen (4510).
The number of municipalities in the official municipality register remains unchanged due to the exchange of territory. The new area expansion of the municipalities of Opfershofen and Sulgen had to be redetermined by the official survey (swisstopo).
Note: Area exchanges are included in the historicized register of municipalities in Switzerland , insofar as they relate to (permanently) inhabited areas and were made known in the context of the changes to the official register of municipalities.
This type of mutation has recently occurred mainly in the canton of Thurgau.

6. Change of community name: [A] = [B]

Example: With effect from December 1, 2006, the Zurzach community has changed its name to the Bad Zurzach community .
The number of municipalities in the official municipality register and the area covered by the municipality of Bad Zurzach remain unchanged due to the renaming.

7. Change of canton / district affiliation

Example: With effect from July 1, 1996, the municipality of Vellerat transferred from the canton of Bern to the canton of Jura .
The number of municipalities in the official municipality register and the area covered by the municipality of Vellerat will remain unchanged due to the change of canton.

See:

Parish mergers

Decrease in the number of municipalities: the considerable decline from 1994/95 can be clearly seen

Many smaller communities are now forced to consider merger projects with their neighbors. Reasons for this are: functional convergence of the settlement areas, complexity of tasks / excessive demands on the authorities of small communities, lack of young talent for community authorities, insufficient political weight in the canton, from the point of view of some experts also the suboptimal size (number of inhabitants) per se. However, other experts and studies indicate point out that size alone is not decisive. Smaller communities often have an efficient, inexpensive and citizen-friendly administration (militia system) and their finances better under control.

Generous subsidies from cantonal governments, and even actual merger projects (as in Friborg and Ticino ) are an additional impetus for municipal mergers . see: Community mergers in Switzerland

On May 7, 2006, the Glarner Landsgemeinde surprisingly decided to reduce the number of municipalities from 27 to just 3 by 2011 . The government's application had envisaged a reduction to ten municipalities. This is the most radical church merger so far.

development

Since the Federal Statistical Office (BfS) kept the municipality register in 1960, the number of municipalities in Switzerland has been falling. However, while in the three decades from 1960 to 1990 there was only a slight reduction with a reduction from 3,095 to 3,021 municipalities, which corresponds to a decrease of 2.4 percent, the process has accelerated considerably in the recent past. In the decade from 1990 to 2000 alone, the number decreased by a further 122 municipalities, which corresponds to a decrease of 4 percent and thus almost double the decrease of the 30 years before. A further acceleration can be observed in the new millennium; in spring 2010, only 2588 municipalities could be counted. In this decade the number of municipalities fell by 303 and 10.5 percent, respectively. From January 1, 2000 to January 1, 2010, the decline was greater than in the previous 40 years.

The following table shows the exact course of the decline, with the figures from January 1st of the respective year serving as the basis:

year 2020 2019 2018 2017 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002
number 2202 2212 2222 2255 2294 2324 2352 2408 2495 2551 2596 2636 2715 2721 2740 2763 2815 2842 2865
year 2001 2000 1999 1998 1997 1996 1995 1994 1993 1992 1991 1990 1985 1980 1975 1970 1965 1960
number 2880 2899 2903 2915 2929 2940 2975 3013 3015 3017 3018 3021 3022 3029 3050 3074 3085 3095

Statistics and surveys

Number of communes in the cantons

Number of communes in the cantons as of January 1, 2020
Canton number
Canton ZurichCanton Zurich Zurich 162
Canton BernCanton Bern Bern 342
Canton lucerneCanton lucerne Lucerne 82
Canton of UriCanton of Uri Uri 20th
Canton of SchwyzCanton of Schwyz Schwyz 30th
Canton of ObwaldenCanton of Obwalden Obwalden 7th
Canton of NidwaldenCanton of Nidwalden Nidwalden 11
Canton of GlarusCanton of Glarus Glarus 3
Canton of ZugCanton of Zug train 11
Canton of FriborgCanton of Friborg Freiburg 133
Canton of SolothurnCanton of Solothurn Solothurn 109
Canton of Basel-StadtCanton of Basel-Stadt Basel city 3
Canton of Basel-CountryCanton of Basel-Country Basel-Country 86
Canton of SchaffhausenCanton of Schaffhausen Schaffhausen 26th
Canton of Appenzell AusserrhodenCanton of Appenzell Ausserrhoden Appenzell Ausserrhoden 20th
Canton of Appenzell InnerrhodenCanton of Appenzell Innerrhoden Appenzell Innerrhoden 6th
Canton of St. GallenCanton of St. Gallen St. Gallen 77
canton of Grisonscanton of Grisons Grisons 105
Kanton AargauKanton Aargau Aargau 210
Canton of ThurgauCanton of Thurgau Thurgau 80
Canton of TicinoCanton of Ticino Ticino 115
Canton of VaudCanton of Vaud Vaud 309
Canton of ValaisCanton of Valais Valais 126
Canton of NeuchâtelCanton of Neuchâtel Neuchâtel 31
Canton of GenevaCanton of Geneva Geneva 45
Canton of JuraCanton of Jura law 53
Federal coat of arms Swiss Confederation 2202

Size classes

The largest municipalities are the cities of Zurich , Geneva , Basel , Bern , Lausanne and Winterthur . With a population of more than 100,000 people, they are considered large cities. St. Gallen , Lucerne , Lugano and Biel / Bienne have more than 50,000 inhabitants.

A total of 129 municipalities have more than 10,000 inhabitants and are therefore statistically classified as a city. However, some continue to refer to themselves as a “municipality” (e.g. Köniz in the canton of Bern with 37,000 inhabitants). On the other hand, there are also small towns with old town charter , but well below 10,000 inhabitants who are proud to be able to call themselves “ towns ”; However, this concept of the city is purely historical and irrelevant in modern law. (Examples: Eglisau , Kaiserstuhl , Bischofszell , Murten , Sempach or Fürstenau ). See also list of cities in Switzerland .

Various parameters show that Switzerland also has the smallest municipalities:

  • the median is 1023 inhabitants (figures at the end of 2007 according to BfS ESPOP) (i.e. 50 percent of all municipalities have more, the other half fewer inhabitants than this value),
  • the average, however, is 2,806 inhabitants (figures at the end of 2007 according to BfS ESPOP) (the total number of inhabitants in all municipalities divided by the number of municipalities).

50% of the municipalities have a population of less than 1023 people. 99 municipalities (3.7%) even have 100 inhabitants and below (2004). The smallest municipality was Corippo at the end of 2011 with 12 inhabitants.

Size classes can also be formed according to the area of ​​the territory. From January 1, 2011 to December 31, 2014 , the largest municipality in Switzerland was Glarus Süd with 430 km², which emerged from the merger of 13 municipalities as part of the Glarus municipal reform. Since January 1, 2015, Scuol has been the largest municipality in Switzerland with an area of ​​438 km². The smallest communities with 0.32 km² are Kaiserstuhl in the canton of Aargau and Rivaz in the canton of Vaud. There is a clear correlation between sea level and area - the higher it is, the larger the municipal areas. There are most small communities in southern Ticino.

Overview of the most populous and least populous municipalities in Switzerland

Population of the largest and smallest municipalities according to the Federal Statistical Office (as of December 31, 2018; agglomeration figures from 2012 according to the definition of the Federal Statistical Office).

Largest municipalities:
rank
local community Canton Residents Agglomeration (2012)
1. Zurich Canton ZurichCanton Zurich Zurich 415,367 1,280,944
2. Geneva Canton of GenevaCanton of Geneva Geneva 201,818 552,305
3. Basel Canton of Basel-StadtCanton of Basel-Stadt Basel city 172'258 527,225
4th Lausanne Canton of VaudCanton of Vaud Vaud 139'111 389,614
5. Bern Canton BernCanton Bern Bern 133,883 398,873
6th Winterthur Canton ZurichCanton Zurich Zurich 111,851 133,691
7th Lucerne Canton lucerneCanton lucerne Lucerne 81,691 220,741
8th. St. Gallen Canton of St. GallenCanton of St. Gallen St. Gallen 75,833 162,795
9. Lugano Canton of TicinoCanton of Ticino Ticino 63,185 145,576
10. Biel / Bienne Canton BernCanton Bern Bern 55'159 101'271
11. Tuna Canton BernCanton Bern Bern 43,734 78,964
12. Koeniz Canton BernCanton Bern Bern 41,784 Bern agglomeration
13. La Chaux-de-Fonds Canton of NeuchâtelCanton of Neuchâtel Neuchâtel 37,952 52,098
14th Freiburg Canton of FriborgCanton of Friborg Freiburg 38,365 100'111
15th Schaffhausen Canton of SchaffhausenCanton of Schaffhausen Schaffhausen 36,587 67,628
16. Vernier Canton of GenevaCanton of Geneva Geneva 34,791 Geneva agglomeration
17th Chur canton of Grisonscanton of Grisons Grisons 35,897 56,697
18th Manners Canton of ValaisCanton of Valais Valais 34,708 79,746
19th Uster Canton ZurichCanton Zurich Zurich 34,722 Zurich agglomeration
20th Neuchâtel Canton of NeuchâtelCanton of Neuchâtel Neuchâtel 33,489 87,641
Smallest municipalities:
rank local community Canton Residents
1. Corippo Canton of TicinoCanton of Ticino Ticino 11
2. Chamber tube Canton of SolothurnCanton of Solothurn Solothurn 28
3. Bister Canton of ValaisCanton of Valais Valais 33
4th Scold Canton BernCanton Bern Bern 36
5. wage canton of Grisonscanton of Grisons Grisons 46
6th Berken Canton BernCanton Bern Bern 45
7th Clavaleyres Canton BernCanton Bern Bern 46
8th. Linescio Canton of TicinoCanton of Ticino Ticino 48
9. Cerentino Canton of TicinoCanton of Ticino Ticino 45
10. Bosco / Gurin Canton of TicinoCanton of Ticino Ticino 46
11. Mathon canton of Grisonscanton of Grisons Grisons 51
11. Meienried Canton BernCanton Bern Bern 59
11. Campo (Vallemaggia) Canton of TicinoCanton of Ticino Ticino 53
11. Rongellen canton of Grisonscanton of Grisons Grisons 53
15th Casti-Wergenstein canton of Grisonscanton of Grisons Grisons 56
16. Mauraz Canton of VaudCanton of Vaud Vaud 59
17th Rossenges Canton of VaudCanton of Vaud Vaud 65
18th Seehof Canton BernCanton Bern Bern 58
19th Prévondavaux Canton of FriborgCanton of Friborg Freiburg 65
20th Deisswil near Münchenbuchsee Canton BernCanton Bern Bern 86

Overview of the largest and smallest municipalities in Switzerland in terms of area

Area information for the largest and smallest municipalities according to the Federal Statistical Office .

Largest municipalities:
rank
local community Canton Area
in km²
1. Scuol canton of Grisonscanton of Grisons Grisons 438.61
2. Glarus South Canton of GlarusCanton of Glarus Glarus 430.03
3. Zernez canton of Grisonscanton of Grisons Grisons 344.04
4th Surses canton of Grisonscanton of Grisons Grisons 323.77
5. Bagnes Canton of ValaisCanton of Valais Valais 284.10
6th Davos canton of Grisonscanton of Grisons Grisons 284.00
7th Bregaglia canton of Grisonscanton of Grisons Grisons 251.42
8th. Anniviers Canton of ValaisCanton of Valais Valais 243.37
9. Zermatt Canton of ValaisCanton of Valais Valais 242.91
10. Innertkirchen Canton BernCanton Bern Bern 236.59
11. Klosters-Serneus canton of Grisonscanton of Grisons Grisons 219.80
12. Evolène Canton of ValaisCanton of Valais Valais 209.84
13. Blenio Canton of TicinoCanton of Ticino Ticino 202.00
14th Guttannen Canton BernCanton Bern Bern 200.85
15th Val Müstair canton of Grisonscanton of Grisons Grisons 198.65
16. Poschiavo canton of Grisonscanton of Grisons Grisons 191.01
17th Bergün Filisur canton of Grisonscanton of Grisons Grisons 190.14
18th Lavizzara Canton of TicinoCanton of Ticino Ticino 187.53
19th Vals canton of Grisonscanton of Grisons Grisons 175.56
20th Fieschertal Canton of ValaisCanton of Valais Valais 172.81
Smallest municipalities:
rank local community Canton Area
in km²
1. Love God Canton of ThurgauCanton of Thurgau Thurgau 0.31
1. Rivaz Canton of VaudCanton of Vaud Vaud 0.31
3. Kaiserstuhl Kanton AargauKanton Aargau Aargau 0.32
4th Meyriez Canton of FriborgCanton of Friborg Freiburg 0.34
5. Ponte Tresa Canton of TicinoCanton of Ticino Ticino 0.42
6th Paudex Canton of VaudCanton of Vaud Vaud 0.49
7th Mauraz Canton of VaudCanton of Vaud Vaud 0.50
8th. Senèdes Canton of FriborgCanton of Friborg Freiburg 0.51
9. Muralto Canton of TicinoCanton of Ticino Ticino 0.59
10. Grancia Canton of TicinoCanton of Ticino Ticino 0.61
11. Meienried Canton BernCanton Bern Bern 0.65
12. Gravesano Canton of TicinoCanton of Ticino Ticino 0.71
13. Massagno Canton of TicinoCanton of Ticino Ticino 0.74
14th Savosa Canton of TicinoCanton of Ticino Ticino 0.75
15th Cadempino Canton of TicinoCanton of Ticino Ticino 0.76
16. Sorengo Canton of TicinoCanton of Ticino Ticino 0.85
17th Villars-Epeney Canton of VaudCanton of Vaud Vaud 0.86
18th Chigny Canton of VaudCanton of Vaud Vaud 0.89
18th Neggio Canton of TicinoCanton of Ticino Ticino 0.89
18th Paradiso Canton of TicinoCanton of Ticino Ticino 0.89

Church lists

According to the Federal Statistical Office according to the official register of Swiss municipalities :

All municipalities in Switzerland
List of Swiss municipalities
According to cantons
Zurich , Bern , Lucerne , Uri , Schwyz , Obwalden , Nidwalden , Glarus , Zug , Freiburg , Solothurn , Basel-Stadt , Basel-Landschaft , Schaffhausen , Appenzell Ausserrhoden , Appenzell Innerrhoden , St. Gallen , Graubünden , Aargau , Thurgau , Ticino , Vaud , Valais , Neuchâtel , Geneva , Jura

See also

literature

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Andreas Auer: Constitutional law of the Swiss cantons. Stämpfli, Bern 2016, ISBN 978-3-7272-3217-6 , p. 133.
  2. The cantonal constitution ( constitution of the canton of Lucerne ) and the municipal law ( municipality law ) speak of "municipality", whereby in § 2 of the municipal law the "municipality" referred to in the law as the "inhabitant municipality" (compared to the "parishes" ) is defined.
  3. The cantonal constitution, enacted in 2002, speaks of «municipalities» ( constitution of the canton of Schaffhausen of June 17, 2002 ), the municipal law, enacted in 1998, speaks in Art. 1 of «resident communities», but specifies in paragraph 3 that « the municipalities […] would be referred to as “municipalities” in this law and other decrees ”( Municipal Law of August 17, 1998 ).
  4. ^ Official register of municipalities FSO. ( Memento of the original from December 27, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. In: bfs.admin.ch. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.bfs.admin.ch
  5. ^ Andreas Auer: Constitutional law of the Swiss cantons. Stämpfli, Bern 2016, ISBN 978-3-7272-3217-6 , p. 138.
  6. ^ Andreas Auer: Constitutional law of the Swiss cantons. Stämpfli, Bern 2016, ISBN 978-3-7272-3217-6 , p. 139.
  7. ^ Andreas Auer: Constitutional law of the Swiss cantons. Stämpfli, Bern 2016, ISBN 978-3-7272-3217-6 , p. 134.
  8. ^ A careful confirmation of this statement can be found in Andreas Auer: Staatsrecht der Schweizerischen Kantons. Stämpfli, Bern 2016, ISBN 978-3-7272-3217-6 , p. 168.
  9. ^ Andreas Auer: Constitutional law of the Swiss cantons. Stämpfli, Bern 2016, ISBN 978-3-7272-3217-6 , p. 142 f.
  10. The term «legislature» is to be used with caution at the municipal level, since there the separation of powers only follows a functional scheme of legislative and executive activities to a very limited extent; see Andreas Auer: Constitutional Law of the Swiss Cantons. Stämpfli, Bern 2016, ISBN 978-3-7272-3217-6 , p. 148 f.
  11. ^ Andreas Auer: Constitutional law of the Swiss cantons. Stämpfli, Bern 2016, ISBN 978-3-7272-3217-6 , pp. 143–149.
  12. BfS historical municipality register. ( Memento of the original from January 16, 2017 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. In: portal-stat.admin.ch. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.portal-stat.admin.ch
  13. The largest municipality in Switzerland is being built in the Engadine. In: Südostschweiz.ch. March 30, 2014, accessed January 1, 2015.
  14. Agglomerations and cores outside of agglomerations, 2012. (xls; 404 kB) Federal Statistical Office, December 18, 2014, accessed on February 8, 2015 .
  15. Federal Statistical Office Generalized Limits 2020.