Ultimate
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Ultimate or Ultimate Frisbee is a competition-oriented, largely contactless team sport that is played with a 175 g plastic throwing disc ( Frisbee ). Originally invented by American students, Ultimate is now enjoying increasing popularity internationally. It is played in more than 40 countries and there should be more than 5 million players worldwide. The focus is on the USA and Canada with 4.9 million players.
Ultimate is characterized by the Spirit of the Game , which emphasizes the principles of fair play and fun in the game, and is always played without a referee in all competitions in Germany and internationally . Ultimate is one of the flying disc sports , which also includes disciplines such as disc golf or freestyle .
Game idea
The object of the game is to catch the frisbee thrown by a teammate in the opposing end zone at the end of the field, for which the catcher's team receives one point. Various game elements from basketball and American football are included in the Ultimate, but every physical contact (theoretically) means a foul. The attacking team (in possession of the target) tries to get free space; the defending team tries to gain possession of the targets by covering and blocking . The game is therefore very running-intensive, but the player with the disc is only allowed one star step for the throw after catching it. The sport is played without a referee, all decisions are made by the players involved on the field.
history
In 1964, the International Frisbee Association (IFA) was founded, and in 1968, students at Columbia High School in New Jersey introduced Ultimate Frisbee to the public as a team sport. They took over game elements from the American popular sports basketball and American football . In 1978 the first rules that are still generally applicable today were drawn up. World championships for national teams have been held since 1983, and world championships for club teams since 1989.
regulate
It is played internationally according to the rules of the World Frisbee Sports Association WFDF in the current version from 2017. North America is an exception. There the rules of the US Ultimate Association (USA Ultimate) apply. The two sets of rules only differ in a few points, for example the US rules provide for a larger end zone and the use of so-called observers who, in case of doubt, take on a kind of referee function. But the basic rules are the same.
Spirit of the Game
The Spirit of the Game is the first and most important rule of Ultimate. The WFDF rules say:
“Ultimate is based on the Spirit of the Game, which assigns the responsibility of fair play to each player as the most important task. It is trusted that no player will intentionally break the rules. A high level of combative effort is encouraged, but must never be at the expense of mutual respect, adherence to the agreed rules of the game or enjoying the game. "
matchfield
The playing field is a 100 m (110 yards ) long and 37 m (40 yards) wide rectangle, the central zone is 64 m (70 yards) long with an end zone at each end of 18 m (20 yards) in length. The baseline separates the central zone from the end zones. It is typically played on grass pitches, the chalk lines that border the playing field are part of the "off". According to the rules, the size of the playing field may be adapted to the available space or the number of players.
Teams
Two teams with seven players each play against each other. After each point, any number of players may be substituted, to make this possible, the team strength is usually around 15 people.
It is played in different divisions. A distinction is made on the one hand according to genders into open, women and mixed and on the other hand according to age. WFDF tournaments include age grading for juniors U17, U20 and U24 and for seniors in addition to the open main class, the Masters (women from 30 years, men from 33 years), Grand Masters (women from 37 years, men from 40 years ) and Great-Grand Masters (women from 45 years, men from 48 years). In the mixed divisions, the age limit for men also applies to women. Other age groups can be added at the national level. There are no all-male teams. Women are also allowed to play in the Open Division. The difference to the mixed division is that in the mixed division three or four women or four or three men have to be on the field. As a rule, a draw is made before the game to determine which side of the field may determine the ratio. Since the side to be attacked changes for the teams after each point, the teams take turns deciding the gender ratio.
Playing time
An official game ends when a team has reached 15 points. There is also a time limit of 100 minutes. If the game is interrupted, the time is usually not stopped. After the time has elapsed, the current point is played. If neither team has 15 points, one point is added to the leading team's score. The team that reaches this score first wins the game. This ruled out a time game .
There are two halves of the game, which are separated by a 7-minute break. Half-time is reached when a team has won 8 points. There is also a time limit of 55 minutes, after which the procedure is analogous to the end of the game.
Outside of official tournaments, the rules for playing time can be adjusted. For example, the playing time (often 30–45 minutes) or lower point limits are often set in order to be able to adhere to a fixed game plan.
Course of the game
Throwing off
At the start of the game, the teams face each other on the baseline. The defending team throws the disc to the attacking team, this is the throw-off or "pull": As soon as the disc has been thrown, the players are allowed to position themselves freely on the field of play. The attacking team catches the throw-off or picks up the disc from the ground and begins the game.
Each point is followed by a change of sides and a new throw-off by the team that won the point.
The disc in the game
The disc may be passed to any team member in any direction. The player who caught the disc must stop as quickly as possible and place a stand. He is now only allowed to take a star step, as in basketball , for example . The player with the disc ( thrower ) has ten seconds to throw. The direct defender of the thrower ( marker ) counts up to 10 every second. The marker may start this stall count as soon as it is within 3 meters of the thrower. If a thrower is not counted, he may keep the target for more than ten seconds.
Change of direction of play
If the direction of play changes (a so-called turnover ), the attacking team immediately becomes the defending team and vice versa. A turnover can occur for the following reasons:
- The disc hits the ground before being caught by a crew member. Or the disc is dropped while trying to catch it.
- A pass is caught by an opponent.
- An opponent knocks the flying disc to the ground. In that case, play continues from where the disc is.
- The disc is thrown over the boundary of the playing field and touches an object there or is caught by an attacker who has already touched the ground outside the boundary of the playing field. As long as the disc has only flown over the boundary of the playing field, it is not yet "off". This enables a move that is known by players as The Greatest : A player jumps off the field, catches - without touching the ground - the disc that is in flight outside the boundary of the field and throws it back into the field before his foot or other part of the body touches the ground.
- The thrower is counted, that is, he did not throw the disc until the marker counts to 10.
Fouls and other rule violations
Any physical contact is counted as a foul as long as it is not incidental. Incidentally means that she must not influence the game. For example, if two players jump to a disc, incidental contact may occur. But this should be avoided.
The fouled player reports the foul himself. If the player who committed the foul agrees, the fouled player receives the disc and play continues from the place where the foul occurred. If the fouling player does not agree (a so-called contest ), the last pass is repeated. If the attacking team loses the target due to a foul by the defending team, it remains in possession of the target.
Other rule violations, such as pick (obstructing the defense by another player), visual obstruction, strip (knocking the disc not yet thrown or already caught), fast count (the defending player counts the thrower too quickly ), or the catching of a disc “out” are also indicated by the players involved.
Point gain
A point is earned if a disc is caught after a pass within the attacked end zone. According to the latest WFDF rules, a so-called Callahan point is also allowed, i.e. if the defending team intercepts the target within the end zone it is attacking. This way of scoring is named after the American Ultimate player Henry Callahan.
Indoor
In Europe, indoor handball or basketball fields are played very often in the winter season. As a result, some rule changes are required: Among other things, the size of the playing field is adjusted accordingly, the number of players is reduced to 5 against 5 , the stall count is reduced to 8 and the throwing rules are modified.
Due to the smaller field dimensions and the lack of weather influences (no wind or rain), Indoor Ultimate is generally faster than Outdoor Ultimate and there are other tactical options.
Due to the limited hall times and the more intensive game, the so-called continuous mode is also played outside of official tournaments: Here, after a point has been scored, the disc is placed at the point where the point was won. The other team then continues to play from the middle of the front end zone border without interruption. So there is no change of sides during the entire game, which is normally not important in the hall. Players can be changed at any time with a handshake in a defined exchange area. In the continuous mode, no time is lost by setting up, throwing or putting a target into play.
In Germany, outdoor and indoor champions are determined separately.
Beach Ultimate
The Beach Ultimate Lovers Association (BULA) has existed since 2001 and takes care of the Beach Ultimate. Most Beach Ultimate tournaments since then have been run according to the BULA rules, which contain elements of the WFDF and USA Ultimate rules.
The game is played 5 against 5 on clay and the games take place on a smaller field. The playing field is 75 m long and 25 m wide, with two end zones, each 15 m long, on both sides of the central zone. The boundaries of the playing field are marked by clearly visible guy tapes.
Beach Ultimate World Championships have been held since 2004 (Portugal). Germany was able to achieve the world title in the mixed category in 2004 and 2015 and was second in the same category at the world championships in Brazil in December 2007 behind the USA, also in Italy in August 2011. Austria was able to achieve the world title in 2004 in the Masters category and came third in the mixed category in 2004 and 2007. At the 2008 European Beach Championships, which were held for the first time in Le Pouliguen (France), Austria was able to achieve 6th place with the Open National Team. Germany secured the European championship title in the Mixed and Master divisions. Switzerland became the first European champion in the Open category. In 2019, Germany was again European champion in the Mixed Masters Division and second in Mixed.
The world championships and the European championships take place every four years, which was adjusted in 2017. To adjust the rotation of the grass competitions, a World Cup (previously 2015 in Dubai) instead of an EM (previously 2013) took place.
Ultimate in Germany
In Germany there are at least 4,800 players organized in clubs in more than 110 clubs or groups (often in the context of university sports), which are spread all over Germany. Local focus areas are Berlin, Munich, Stuttgart / Heilbronn and the extended Rhine-Main area. Organized sport is managed by the German Frisbee Sports Association (DFV), based in Cologne, as a joint professional association for all Frisbee sports in Germany. As of recently, there are also eight state frisbeesport associations (Baden-Württemberg, Bavaria, Berlin, Brandenburg, Hesse, Lower Saxony, North Rhine-Westphalia and Rhineland-Palatinate / Saarland). More are to follow. The federal performance base is located in Darmstadt.
There are around 20 clubs in Austria.
German outdoor champions
The German championship in the Open Division is currently played in three leagues, which in the past were often played together at the same location and on the same weekend (Friday to Sunday with 6-7 games per team). Due to the increasing number of teams, the DM was split over two weekends and different locations. The first division includes 16 teams from all over Germany. From the second league downwards, these contain a maximum of 8 teams and are divided into northern and southern leagues.
The women's division is played in the same way as the open division, with the difference that the first division also only contains 8 teams. In addition, there is currently no third division.
There are currently four leagues in mixed. Here, too, the first league includes 16 teams and all the others a maximum of 8. While the two game weekends of the women's and men's division take place in parallel, the two weekends of the German championship in Mixed Ultimate are postponed.
| year | Open Division | Ladies | Mixed | Juniors U15 | Juniors U20 | School championship | Open Masters | Mixed Masters | German university championship |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1981 | Kangaroos, food | ||||||||
| 1982 | Skywalkers, Rotenburg / Wümme | ||||||||
| 1983 | Skywalkers, Rotenburg / Wümme | ||||||||
| 1984 | Team 42, Dreieich | ||||||||
| 1985 | Gummibärchen, Karlsruhe | ||||||||
| 1986 | Skywalkers, Rotenburg / Wümme | Stockstadt | |||||||
| 1987 | Kangaroos, food | Ratschkattln, Munich | |||||||
| 1988 | Kangaroos, food | Ratschkattln, Munich | |||||||
| 1989 | Team 42, Dreieich | Hamburg | |||||||
| 1990 | Kangaroos, food | Stuttgart / Heidelberg | |||||||
| 1991 | Team 42, Dreieich | Ratschkattln, Munich | |||||||
| 1992 | Gummibärchen, Karlsruhe | Ratschkattln, Munich | |||||||
| 1993 | Team 42, Dreieich | Ratschkattln, Munich | |||||||
| 1994 | Mir san Mir, Munich | Ratschkattln, Munich | |||||||
| 1995 | Mir san Mir, Munich | Mild north, Berlin / Hamburg | |||||||
| 1996 | Team 42, Dreieich | Mild north, Berlin / Hamburg | |||||||
| 1997 | Zamperl , Unterföhring | Mild north, Berlin / Hamburg | |||||||
| 1998 | Field racer, Mainz | Mild north, Berlin / Hamburg | |||||||
| 1999 | Field racer, Mainz | Ratschkattln, Munich | |||||||
| 2000 | Field racer, Mainz | Mild north, Berlin / Hamburg | |||||||
| 2001 | Field racer, Mainz | Mainzel girls, Mainz | |||||||
| 2002 | Field racer, Mainz | Mild north, Berlin / Hamburg | Ohlbees, Hamburg | ||||||
| 2003 | Field racer, Mainz | Mainzel girls, Mainz | Mir san Ratschkattln, Munich | Ohlbees, Hamburg | |||||
| 2004 | Morning exercise 0.2, Cologne | JinX, Berlin | Zamperl, Unterföhring | Ohlbees, Hamburg | |||||
| 2005 | Mir san Mir, Munich | Woodchicas, Sauerlach | Woodie chicas, Sauerlach | Ohlbees, Hamburg | |||||
| 2006 | Field racer, Mainz | Woodchicas, Sauerlach | Woodies, Sauerlach | Bats, Osnabrück | |||||
| 2007 | Zamperl, Unterföhring | Woodchicas, Sauerlach | Zamperl, Unterföhring | Fly Together, Gemmrigheim | Bad Raps, Bad Rappenau | ||||
| 2008 | Field racer, Mainz | Woodchicas, Sauerlach | Sugar Mix, Stuttgart | Cultimaters, Bönnigheim | Muggeseggele , Heilbronn | Hall | |||
| 2009 | Field racer, Mainz | Woodchicas, Sauerlach | Sugar Mix, Stuttgart | Together, Gemmrigheim | Together, Gemmrigheim | Flat share Göttingen | |||
| 2010 | Frizzly Bears, Aachen | Woodchicas, Sauerlach | Woodiechicas, Sauerlach | Quattro Stazioni, Marburg | Würzburg flat share | ||||
| 2011 | Bad Skid, Heilbronn | Woodchicas, Sauerlach | Heidees, Heidelberg | Bad Raps, Bad Rappenau | Wolpertinger, Munich | WG Munich | |||
| 2012 | Bad Skid, Heilbronn | DOMinas, Cologne | Heidees, Heidelberg | Bad Raps, Bad Rappenau | Ohlbees, Hamburg | Flat share Göttingen | |||
| 2013 | Bad Skid, Heilbronn | U de Cologne, Cologne | Zamperl, Unterföhring | Bad Raps, Bad Rappenau | Wolpertinger, Munich | WG Karlsruhe | |||
| 2014 | Bad Skid, Heilbronn | U de Cologne, Cologne | Zamperl, Unterföhring | DOM, syndicate | WG Karlsruhe | ||||
| 2015 | Bad Skid, Heilbronn | Woodchicas, Munich | Zamperl, Unterföhring | DOM, syndicate | Würzburg flat share | ||||
| 2016 | Bad Skid, Heilbronn | Woodchicas, Munich | Mainzelrenner, Mainz | DOM, syndicate | Würzburg flat share | ||||
| 2017 | Bad Skid, Heilbronn | Mainzel girls, Mainz / Darmstadt | Ugly aardvark, Marburg | Wolpertinger, Munich | WG Munich | ||||
| 2018 | Bad Skid, Heilbronn | Mainzel girls, Mainz / Darmstadt | Colorado, Karlsruhe | Heidees Plus, Heidelberg / Aachen | Woodies, Sauerlach | WG Munich | |||
| 2019 | Bad Skid, Heilbronn | Mainzel girls, Mainz / Darmstadt | Colorado, Karlsruhe | Goldfingers, Potsdam | Goldfingers, Potsdam | University of Marburg |
German champions indoor
The indoor championship will be played in up to four leagues on one (mixed) or two (open, women) tournament weekends in the 2018/19 season. In the first leagues, 16 (open) or 8 (women, mixed) teams play, of which two teams are relegated. Up to 8 teams play in all leagues below. The second leagues are divided into north and south and from the third league into up to four regions (north-east, north-west, south-east and south-west). The league assignment of a team is independent of the outdoor season. A total of almost 200 teams competed in 2017/18, of which around 80 in mixed and open and 35 in the women's division.
| year | Open Division | Ladies | Mixed | Juniors U15 | Juniors U20 | School championship |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1987 | Kangaroos, food | |||||
| 1988 | Kangaroos, food | |||||
| 1989 | Kangaroos, food | |||||
| 1990 | Frizzly Bears, Aachen | |||||
| 1991 | Kangaroos, food | |||||
| 1992 | Skywalkers, Rotenburg / Wümme | Mir san Mir, Munich | ||||
| 1993 | Mir san Mir, Munich | Wild South, Freiburg im Breisgau | ||||
| 1994 | Mir san Mir, Munich | |||||
| 1995 | Zamperl, Unterföhring | |||||
| 1996 | Frizzly Bears, Aachen | Mild north, Berlin / Hamburg | ||||
| 1997 | Zamperl, Unterföhring | Mir san Mir, Munich | ||||
| 1998 | Field racer, Mainz | Mild north, Berlin / Hamburg | ||||
| 1999 | Zamperl, Unterföhring | Mild north, Berlin / Hamburg | ||||
| 2000 | Gummibärchen, Karlsruhe | Mild north, Berlin / Hamburg | ||||
| 2001 | Field racer, Mainz | Mild north, Berlin / Hamburg | ||||
| 2002 | Zamperl, Unterföhring | Mild north, Berlin / Hamburg | ||||
| 2003 | Zamperl, Unterföhring | Mainzel girls, Mainz | ||||
| 2004 | Field racer, Mainz | Woodchicas, Sauerlach | ||||
| 2005 | Zamperl, Unterföhring | Woodchicas, Sauerlach | Ohlbees, Hamburg | |||
| 2006 | Zamperl, Unterföhring | Jinx, Berlin | TiB, Berlin | |||
| 2007 | Zamperl, Unterföhring | Zamperl, Unterföhring | Woodie chicas, Sauerlach | |||
| 2008 | Frühsport02, Cologne | Woodchicas, Sauerlach | Endzonis, Rostock | Kids 1, Massenbach | Muggeseggele , Heilbronn | |
| 2009 | Zamperl, Unterföhring | Woodchicas, Sauerlach | not carried out | Fly Together, Gemmrigheim | Bad Raps, Bad Rappenau | |
| 2010 | Woodies, Sauerlach | Woodchicas, Sauerlach | not carried out | Bad Raps, Bad Rappenau | Bad Raps, Bad Rappenau | |
| 2011 | Zamperl, Unterföhring | Frizzly Bears, Aachen | not carried out | Bad Raps, Bad Rappenau | Bad Raps, Bad Rappenau | Sean's Sheep, Beckum |
| 2012 | Heidees, Heidelberg | Jinx, Berlin | not carried out | |||
| 2013 | Heidees, Heidelberg | U de Cologne, Cologne | not carried out | |||
| 2014 | Heidees, Heidelberg | U de Cologne, Cologne | Throwing culture, Bamberg | |||
| 2015 | Disc-o-Fever, Würzburg | Woodchicas, Munich | Mainzelrenner, Mainz | |||
| 2016 | Heidees, Heidelberg | Mainzel girls, Mainz | Ugly aardvark, Marburg | UFO, Ultimate Frisbee Osnabrück | ||
| 2017 | Zamperl, Unterföhring | Mainzel girls, Mainz | Mainzelrenner, Mainz | |||
| 2018 | Ugly aardvark, Marburg | Margie, Marburg / Giessen | Ugly aardvark, Marburg | |||
| 2019 | Ugly aardvark, Marburg | Heidees, Heidelberg | Mainzelrenner, Mainz | |||
| 2020 | ToGetHer, Gemmrigheim | Candy, Karlsruhe |
German champions Beach
A Beach DM was held for the first time in October 2017. The championship held in Greifswald served not only to determine the German champions in the Open, Women and Mixed divisions, but also to qualify for the European club championships.
| year | Open Division | Ladies | Mixed |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2017 | Ugly aardvark, Marburg | Seagulls, Hamburg | Mainzelrenner, Mainz |
| 2018 | Disckick, Berlin | not carried out | Mainzelrenner, Mainz |
| 2019 | Disckick, Berlin | JinX, Berlin | DARKROOM, Berlin |
Web links
- WFDF ultimate rules 2017 (PDF; 318 kB)
- USA Ultimate
- World Frisbeesport Association WFDF (World Flying Disc Federation)
- European Frisbeesport Association EFDF (European Flying Disc Federation)
- German Frisbeesport Association (DFV)
- Swiss Ultimate Association (SUA)
- Austrian Frisbee Sports Association
- Play equipment and rules
Individual evidence
- ↑ Ultimate Frisbee on the Rise, CNBC 2009
- ↑ "An Example of Living Democracy". In: frisbeesportverband.de. October 17, 2011, accessed April 17, 2019 .
- ↑ WFDF Ultimate Rules 2009 (version corrected for translation errors, September 2012) , p. 1 (PDF; 175 kB)
