Tribus (Rome)
The Tribe (plural tribe , femininum ) was a department of citizenship in the Roman monarchy and the Roman Republic .
Each tribe was divided into five centuriae seniorum and five centuriae iuniorum . Every full citizen had to be registered in a tribe. Therefore, the census was formed from the tribes and the war tax (Latin tributum ) was levied.
A form of popular assembly (so-called comitia tributa ) and the plebeian assembly ( concilium plebis ), which is identical (except for the lack of participation of the patricians ) and which is not led by a consul or praetor , but by the tribunes , were subdivided according to the tribe was (see also Comitia ).
development
According to ancient tradition, there were initially three gentilic organized tribes (Tities , Ramnes and Luceres), each consisting of 10 curiae . These three groups of persons, designated as tribus , could also have been military units, which are not to be understood as an umbrella term for the curiae .
In the royal era, this division was replaced by a spatial division into four urban tribes (so-called tribus urbanae ) and initially 17, and finally 31 rural tribes (tribus rusticae) . Originally, they represented closed spatial areas.
- The four urban tribes (Suburana , Palatina , Esquilina and Collina) were established by King Servius Tullius according to Roman tradition ( Liv. 1,43,13) ; they have geographical names.
- The oldest of the rural tribes were in the vicinity of Rome. The tribes immediately adjacent to Rome also have geographical names: Lemonia, Pollia, Pupinia, Camilia and Voltinia.
- A belt of tribes connects to the outside, most of which were named after important gentes of the early republic (see table).
The first 21 tribes are said to have originated by 495 BC. (Liv. 2,21,7; cf. Dionysius of Halicarnassus VII 64,6). However, this date must be viewed as unhistorical as it is related to the falsified dating of the immigration of the gens Claudia . In the 4th and 3rd centuries BC Another 14 tribes were gradually created, whose names were again geographical in nature. Obviously value was placed on maintaining the odd number of tribes in order to avoid stalemates in the comitia tributa votes . The last two of the 35 tribes were, according to Livy 1.43.12, in the year 241 BC. Decorated in BC (Velina and Quirina) .
Although the Roman citizen area was expanded afterwards, no new tribes were created. The newly arrived Roman citizens were assigned to one of the existing tribes. The spatial structure resulted in a pieced together voting and administrative district.
Table of the tribe
The information in this table is taken from the Historical Atlas of the Ancient World .
| set up | Surname | Abbreviation | named after | mentioned at | location |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 6th century | Suburana / Sucusana | SVB / SVC | Subura (neighborhood in Rome) | City of Rome (tribus urbana) | |
| 6th century | Palatina | PAL | Mons Palatinus | City of Rome (tribus urbana) | |
| 6th century | Esquilina | ESQ | Mons Esquilinus | City of Rome (tribus urbana) | |
| 6th century | Collina | COL | Collis Viminalis and Collis Quirinalis | City of Rome (tribus urbana) | |
| 495 | Aemilia | AEM | gens Aemilia | Liv. 2.21.7 | Surroundings of Rome |
| 495 | Camilia | CAM | ager Camilius | Liv. 2.21.7 | Surroundings of Rome |
| 495 | Claudia | CLA | gens Claudia | Liv. 2.16 and 2.21.7 | Surroundings of Rome |
| 495 or 499 (?) | Clustumina | CLV | Oppidum Crustumerium | Liv. 2.21.7 | Surroundings of Rome |
| 495 | Cornelia | COR | gens Cornelia | Liv. 2.21.7 | Surroundings of Rome |
| 495 | Fabia | FAB | gens Fabia | Liv. 2.21.7 | Surroundings of Rome |
| 495 | Galeria | GAL | gens Galeria | Liv. 2.21.7 | Surroundings of Rome |
| 495 | Horatia | HOR | gens Horatia | Liv. 2.21.7 | Surroundings of Rome |
| 495 | Lemonia | LEM | ager Lemonius | Liv. 2.21.7 | Surroundings of Rome |
| 495 | Menenia | MEN | gens Menenia | Liv. 2.21.7 | Surroundings of Rome |
| 495 | Papiria | PAP | gens Papiria | Liv. 2.21.7 | Surroundings of Rome |
| 495 | Pollia | POLE | ager Pollius | Liv. 2.21.7 | Surroundings of Rome |
| 495 | Pupinia | PVP | ager Pupinius | Liv. 2.21.7 | Surroundings of Rome |
| 495 | Romilia / Romulia | ROME | gens Romilia / Romulia | Liv. 2.21.7 | Surroundings of Rome |
| 495 | Sergia | SER | gens Sergia | Liv. 2.21.7 | Surroundings of Rome |
| 495 | Voltinia | VOL | ager Voltinius | Liv. 2.21.7 | Surroundings of Rome |
| 495 | Vo (l) turia / Veturia | VOT / VET | gens Vo (l) turia / Veturia | Liv. 2.21.7 | Surroundings of Rome |
| 387 | Arn (i) ensis | ARN | Aro (river from the Lacus Sabatinus ) | Liv. 6.5.8 | Etruria : area of the city of Veii |
| 387 | Sabatina | SAB | Lacus Sabatinus | Liv. 6.5.8 | Etruria: area of the city of Veii |
| 387 | Stellatina | STE | Campus Stellatinus | Liv. 6.5.8 | Etruria: area of the city of Veii |
| 387 | Tromentina | TROM | Campus Tromentus | Liv. 6.5.8 | Etruria: area of the city of Veii |
| 358 | Pomptina | POMP | Urbs Pomptia / Ager Pomptinus | Liv. 7.15.11 | Lazio |
| 358 | Poplilia / Poblilia / Publilia | POP / POB / PVB | Ager Poplilius | Liv. 7.15.11 | Latium: territory of the Volsci |
| 332 | Maecia | MAE | Ad Maecium (location near Lanuvium ) | Liv. 8.17.11 | Lazio |
| 332 | Scaptia | SCAP | Urbs Scaptia | Liv. 8.17.11 | Lazio |
| 318 | Falerna | FAL | Ager Falernus | Liv. 9,20,6 | Campania |
| 318 | Oufentina | OVF | River Ufens | Liv. 9,20,6 | Lazio |
| 299 | Aniensis | ANI | River Anio | Liv. 10,9,14 | Lazio |
| 299 | Teretina | TERET | River Teres / Trerus | Liv. 10,9,14 | Campania |
| 241 | Quirina | QVI | (from Quirites ?) | Liv. by. 19th | Field of Sabines to Reate |
| 241 | Velina | VEL | Lacus Velinus (near Reate) | Liv. by. 19th | Adriatic coast |
See also
literature
- Wilhelm Kubitschek : Tribus . In: Paulys Realencyclopadie der classischen Antiquity Science (RE). Volume VI A, 2, Stuttgart 1937, Col. 2492-2518.
- Jochen Bleicken : The Constitution of the Roman Republic. 8th edition. Schöningh, Paderborn et al. 2000, ISBN 3-506-99405-0 .
- Jochen Bleicken: History of the Roman Republic (= Oldenbourg outline of history. Volume 2). 3. Edition. Oldenbourg, Munich 1988, ISBN 3-486-49663-8 .
- Hans Volkmann: Tribus. In: The Little Pauly (KlP). Volume 5, Stuttgart 1975, Sp. 950-952.
- Eckart Olshausen, Christian Winkle: Populus Romanus: the four urban and 31 rural tribes in Italy (around 500–241 BC). In: Anne-Maria Wittke, Eckart Olshausen , Richard Szydlak (eds.): Historical Atlas of the Ancient World (= Der Neue Pauly . Supplements. Volume 3). Metzler, Stuttgart / Weimar 2007, ISBN 978-3-476-02031-4 , p. 106 f.
- Michael Rieger: Tribes and City. The emergence of the Roman electoral districts in an urban and Mediterranean context (approx. 750–450 BC). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2007, ISBN 978-3-89744-237-5 .
Remarks
- ↑ Bleicken: History of the Roman Republic. Munich: Oldenbourg ³1988. ISBN 3-486-49666-2 , p. 16
- ↑ One also finds the number of 16 tribus rusticae .
- ↑ Andreas Alföldi : Early Rome and the Latiner . Translated from English by Frank Kolb. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 1977, ISBN 3-534-07538-2 , p. 271; Chapter The rural districts within and outside the sacred border of the ager Romanus see pp. 269–282; For map see p. 264
- ^ Eckart Olshausen, Christian Winkle: Populus Romanus: the four urban and 31 rural tribes in Italy (around 500–241 BC). In: Anne-Maria Wittke, Eckart Olshausen , Richard Szydlak (eds.): Historical Atlas of the Ancient World (= Der Neue Pauly . Supplements. Volume 3). Metzler, Stuttgart / Weimar 2007, ISBN 978-3-476-02031-4 , p. 106 f.
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q This tribal supposedly existed in the year 495 BC. The exact time of its establishment is not known.