Shkumbin
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Shkumbin Shkumbini (gender) |
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| Data | ||
| location | Qark Korça , Qark Elbasan and Qark Durrës | |
| River system | Shkumbin | |
| source | East side of the Valamara mountain range 40 ° 47 ′ 57 ″ N , 20 ° 28 ′ 14 ″ E |
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| Source height | 2120 m above sea level A. | |
| muzzle |
Adriatic Sea (18 kilometers west of Rrogozhina ) Coordinates: 41 ° 2 ′ 23 " N , 19 ° 26 ′ 34" E, 41 ° 2 ′ 23 " N , 19 ° 26 ′ 34" E |
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| Mouth height | 0 m | |
| Height difference | 2120 m | |
| Bottom slope | 12 ‰ | |
| length | 181 km | |
| Catchment area | 2444 km² | |
| Drain |
MQ |
61.5 m³ / s |
| Big cities | Elbasan | |
| Small towns | Librazhd , Cërrik , Peqin , Rrogozhina | |
The Shkumbin ( Albanian also Shkumbini or Shkembi ; Latin genus ; ancient Greek Γενούσος Genoúsos ) is a river in central Albania . One of the most important ancient trade routes in the Balkans , the Via Egnatia , followed the course of the river, giving the Shkumbin the role of a strategically important corridor between the Orient and the Occident .
geography
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The main source area of the Shkumbin is located on the east side of the Valamara mountain range between the mountain peaks Maja e Valamarës ( 2375 m above sea level ) and Gur i Topit ( 2120 m above sea level ) in southeastern Albania. From here the Shkumbin flows in a northerly direction, at first partially in deep gorges and receiving various other source streams through the Gora Mountains . A significant inflow comes from Mount Gur i Kamjes ( 1481 m above sea level. A. ) southwest of Pogradec. In the further course it flows in a large syncline between Mokra Mountains and Shebenik in the east and Polis-Begen in the west. At the city of Librazhd it turns to the west about 50 kilometers north of the headwaters. At Librazhd, the Shkumbin takes on the Rapun stream , the most important tributary (length: 23 kilometers; catchment area: 431 square kilometers; average flow rate: 15.4 m³ / s).
In a narrow gorge, the eight-kilometer-long Shkumbin Gorge (Gryka e Shkumbinit) , it breaks through the mountain range and enters the coastal region near Elbasan . Up to here a mountain river, in the following course it changes into a meandering river of the plain flowing in a wide bed. In a wide valley it now flows roughly along the 41st parallel to the Adriatic , again passing hilly terrain north of the Dumreja . At the end he crosses the Myzeqe Plain on its northern edge. To the north of the Karavasta lagoon , it forms a small delta with the main estuaries shifting again and again.
With a length of 181 kilometers (including the longest source stream) and an average discharge rate of 61.5 m³ / s, the Shkumbin is one of the largest rivers in the country. Much of the precipitation falls during the winter months. But it is of greater importance in relation to the history , society and traffic of Albania.
habitat
In 1996 17 species of fish were counted in Shkumbin. Carp fish formed the majority. The river is also the habitat of many rare fish such as the Albanian roach ( Pachychilon pictum ), which just happens to the Adriatic Sea, a gudgeon subtype ( Gobio gobio albanicus ) and Corsica trout ( Salmo trutta macrostigma ). The lower reaches of the Shkumbin are heavily polluted, especially by sewage from Elbasan and the large metallurgical complex there, which is no longer in operation today. Above the city of Librazhd, however, it is still largely natural.
Cultural border
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The Shkumbin is the border between the two dialects of the Albanian language with differences in phonetics and vocabulary . The Tosken live south of the river, the counter in northern Albania and Kosovo . The Shkumbing border is not just a linguistic one; it is also a religious-cultural dividing line: in traditional Albanian folklore, monophony (unison) is cultivated north of this line , while polyphonic (polyphonic) chants are common in the south . The Librazhd area is a transition zone where both types of singing can be found. South of the Shkumbin there are hardly any Catholics , and north of the Shkumbin there are hardly any Orthodox Albanians outside the big cities . The Tosken have always had a reputation for being more open to the world than the conservative counterparts in the mountains of the north. The “cultural boundary of Shkumbin” can also be found in politics. The earlier communist elites were more from the south. The first protests took place in the north, where the Democratic Party of the first non-communist President Sali Berisha has its strongholds.
Traffic routes in the Shkumbin valley
The Shkumbin is not navigable. Nevertheless, its valley has been an important traffic route since ancient times . It forms an easily passable passage from the Adriatic Sea through the Albanian mountains. The Romans , who called the river Genusus , built the Via Egnatia , which connected Rome with Constantinople , through the valley. The Ottomans built Elbasan Castle at this strategic point. Some remains of road systems and bridges still bear witness to these epochs. Later traffic on the lower reaches was protected by the fortress in Peqin and the trading post at the mouth was protected by the fortress of Bashtova .
In the 1970s the most spectacular railway line in Albania was built through the valley , which includes various tunnels and high bridges. The national roads SH3 and SH7 , which connect Tirana and central Albania with the south-east of the country and with North Macedonia , have meanwhile been greatly expanded with funding from the Stability Pact . As part of Corridor 8 of the Pan-European Transport Corridors , the valley is intended to be a major modern transport axis in the Balkans.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d Alqiviadh Cullaj, Agim Hasko, Aleko Miho, Ferdinand Schanz, Helmut Brandl, Reinhard Bachofen: The quality of Albanian natural waters and the human impact . In: Environment International . No. 31 , 2005, p. 133-146 .
- ↑ Dhimitër Doka, Eqerem Yzeiri: Basic features of the spatial structure of Albania . In: Peter Jordan, Karl Kaser, Walter Lukan, Stephanie Schwandner-Sievers, Holm Sundhaussen (eds.): Österreichische Osthefte . Volume 45, issue 1/2. Peter Lang, 2003, ISSN 0029-9375 , p. 11, 16 f .
- ↑ Perikli Qiriazi: Gjeografia Fizike e Shqipërisë . Shtëpia Botuese e Librit Universitar, Tirana 2006, ISBN 99927-0-397-0 , Shkumbini, p. 103 f .
- ↑ a b Mevlan Kabos et al .: Gjeografia fizike e Shqipërisë . Ed .: Akademia e Shkencave e RPS të Shqipërisë. tape 1 . Tirana 1990, p. 237 f .
- ↑ a b Perikli Qiriazi: Gjeografia Fizike e Shqipërisë . Shtëpia Botuese e Librit Universitar, Tirana 2006, ISBN 99927-0-397-0 , Lugina e Shkumbinit të Sipërm, p. 243 ff .
- ↑ a b c Niko Pano: Pasuritë ujore të Shqipërisë . Akademia e Shkencave e Shqipërisë , Tirana 2008, ISBN 978-99956-10-23-4 , Shkumbini, p. 233-239 .
- ↑ Perikli Qiriazi: Environmental Problems of Albania . In: Peter Jordan, Karl Kaser, Walter Lukan, Stephanie Schwandner-Sievers, Holm Sundhaussen (eds.): Österreichische Osthefte . Volume 45, issue 1/2. Peter Lang, 2003, ISSN 0029-9375 , Water pollution, p. 67 .
- ^ Helga Stein: Volkskultur . In: Klaus-Detlev Grothusen (Hrsg.): Albanien (= Südosteuropa-Handbuch ). tape VII . Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 1993, ISBN 3-525-36207-2 , pp. 646 .
- ↑ Oliver Gilkes: Albanian - An Archaeological Guide . IB Tauris, London 2013, ISBN 978-1-78076-069-8 , Bashtova (Ballaj), pp. 64-66 .