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{{Short description|Proposed language family}}
{{Infobox language family
{{Infobox language family
|name=Macro-Mayan
|name=Macro-Mayan
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}}
}}


'''Macro-Mayan''' is a proposal linking the clearly established [[Mayan languages|Mayan family]] with neighboring families that show similarities to Mayan. The term was apparently coined by McQuown (1942), but suggestions for historical relationships relevant to this hypothesis can be traced back to the Squier (1861), who offered comparisons between Mayan and Mixe-Zoquean languages, and Radin (1916, 1919, 1924), who did the same for Mixe-Zoquean, Huave, and Mayan.
'''Macro-Mayan''' is a proposal linking the clearly established [[Mayan languages|Mayan family]] with neighboring families that show similarities to Mayan. The term was apparently coined by McQuown (1942), but suggestions for historical relationships relevant to this hypothesis can be traced back to the Squier (1861), who offered comparisons between Mayan and Mixe-Zoquean languages, and Radin (1916, 1919, 1924), who did the same for Mixe-Zoquean, Huave, and Mayan.


==History of proposals==
==History of proposals==
McQuown (1942, 1956) defined Macro-Mayan as the hypothetical ancestor of Mayan, Mije-Sokean, and Totonacan, further promoting the hypothesis. However, his hypothesis relied on the presence of "a glottalized series" of consonants in both Mayan and Totonakan. Such a trait could have potentially spread through contact. McQuown also admitted that “the relatively small number of coincidences in vocabulary indicates to us that this kinship is quite distant” (McQuown 1942:37-38).
McQuown (1942, 1956) defined Macro-Mayan as the hypothetical ancestor of Mayan, Mije-Sokean, and Totonacan, further promoting the hypothesis. However, his hypothesis relied on the presence of "a glottalized series" of consonants in both Mayan and Totonakan. Such a trait could have potentially spread through contact. McQuown also admitted that “the relatively small number of coincidences in vocabulary indicates to us that this kinship is quite distant” (McQuown 1942:37-38).


The hypothesis was not elaborated until 1979 when Brown and Witkowski put forth a proposal with 62 cognate sets and supposed sound correspondences between the two families. They also published two articles proposing a "Mesoamerican Phylum" composed of Macro-Mayan and other [[Mesoamerican languages|language families of Mesoamerica]]. This proposal was examined closely by [[Lyle Campbell]] and [[Terrence Kaufman]] who rejected the proposal because of serious flaws in the methodology that had been applied. They rejected almost all of the 62 cognates. First and foremost they found it important to identify all cases of linguistic diffusion before collecting possible cognates because diffusion has been widespread within the [[Mesoamerican Linguistic Area]]. The exchanges between Brown and Witkowski and Campbell and Kaufman took place in the journal [[American Anthropologist]] between 1978 and 1983.
The hypothesis was not elaborated until 1979 when Brown and Witkowski put forth a proposal with 62 cognate sets and supposed sound correspondences between the two families. They also published two articles proposing a "Mesoamerican Phylum" composed of Macro-Mayan and other [[Mesoamerican languages|language families of Mesoamerica]]. This proposal was examined closely by [[Lyle Campbell]] and [[Terrence Kaufman]] who rejected the proposal because of serious flaws in the methodology that had been applied. They rejected almost all of the 62 cognates. First and foremost they found it important to identify all cases of linguistic diffusion before collecting possible cognates because diffusion has been widespread within the [[Mesoamerican Linguistic Area]]. The exchanges between Brown and Witkowski and Campbell and Kaufman took place in the journal ''[[American Anthropologist]]'' between 1978 and 1983.


In the late 1990s, Campbell (1997) expressed that he believed that Mayan would indeed some day prove to be related to Mixe–Zoquean and Totonacan, but that previous studies have not proven sufficient.
In the late 1990s, Campbell (1997) expressed that he believed that Mayan would indeed some day prove to be related to Mixe–Zoquean and Totonacan, but that previous studies have not proven sufficient.
Line 23: Line 24:
Nevertheless, since then, Brown et al. (2011) have presented arguments in favor of a [[Totozoquean languages|Totozoquean]], a common ancestor between Totonacan and Mixe-Zoquean. Moreover, Mora-Marín (2014, 2016) constitutes the most recent attempt to test the relationship between Mayan and Mixe-Zoquean. He proposes the existence of regular sound correspondences among lexical and grammatical comparanda between the two. By transitivity, these two proposals would connect all three language families, rekindling the Macro-Mayan hypothesis as framed by McQuown.
Nevertheless, since then, Brown et al. (2011) have presented arguments in favor of a [[Totozoquean languages|Totozoquean]], a common ancestor between Totonacan and Mixe-Zoquean. Moreover, Mora-Marín (2014, 2016) constitutes the most recent attempt to test the relationship between Mayan and Mixe-Zoquean. He proposes the existence of regular sound correspondences among lexical and grammatical comparanda between the two. By transitivity, these two proposals would connect all three language families, rekindling the Macro-Mayan hypothesis as framed by McQuown.


In Campbell's opinion, previous efforts to link Huave to Mayan, Mixe-Zoquean, Totonacan, or for that matter, any other language or family, has proven unfruitful, and "should thus be considered an isolate" (1997:161).
In Campbell's opinion, previous efforts to link Huave to Mayan, Mixe-Zoquean, Totonacan, or for that matter, any other language or family, has proven unfruitful, and Huave "should thus be considered an isolate" (1997:161).


==Related proposals==
==Related proposals==
Stark (1972) proposed a [[Maya–Yunga–Chipayan languages|Maya–Yunga–Chipayan]] macrofamily linking Mayan with the [[Chimuan languages|Chimuan]] and [[Uru–Chipaya languages|Uru–Chipaya]] language families of South America.<ref name="Stark-1972">{{cite journal|last1=Stark|first1=Louisa R.|title=Maya-Yunga-Chipayan: A New Linguistic Alignment|journal=International Journal of American Linguistics|volume=38|issue=2|year=1972|pages=119–135|issn=0020-7071|doi=10.1086/465193}}</ref>
Stark (1972) proposed a [[Maya–Yunga–Chipayan languages|Maya–Yunga–Chipayan]] macrofamily linking Mayan with the [[Chimuan languages|Chimuan]] and [[Uru–Chipaya languages|Uru–Chipaya]] language families of South America.<ref name="Stark-1972">{{cite journal|last1=Stark|first1=Louisa R.|title=Maya-Yunga-Chipayan: A New Linguistic Alignment|journal=International Journal of American Linguistics|volume=38|issue=2|year=1972|pages=119–135|issn=0020-7071|doi=10.1086/465193|s2cid=145380780 }}</ref>

==Vocabulary==
Below is a comparison of selected basic vocabulary items.

;Abbreviations
*CM = Proto-Central Mayan
*SM = Proto-Southern Mayan
*M = Proto-Totonacan reconstructions from MacKay & Trechsel (2018);<ref name="MacKay">{{cite journal|last1=MacKay|first1=Carolyn J.|last2=Trechsel|first2=Frank|title=An alternative reconstruction of Proto-Totonac-Tepehua|journal=International Journal of American Linguistics|publisher=The University of Chicago|date=2018|volume=84|number=1|pages=51–92|doi=10.1086/694609}}</ref> other reconstructions are from Brown, Wichmann & Beck (2014)<ref name="Brown-2014">Brown, Cecil H.; Søren Wichmann; David Beck. 2014. Chitimacha: a Mesoamerican language in the Lower Mississippi Valley. ''International Journal of American Linguistics'' 80: 425-474.</ref>

:{| class="wikitable sortable"
! gloss !! [[Proto-Mayan]]<ref>Kaufman, Terrence (2017). Aspects of the lexicon of proto-Mayan and its earliest descendant. In: Judith L. Aissen, Nora C. England, and Roberto Zavala Maldonado (eds). ''The Mayan languages'', 62-111. Routledge language family series. New York: Routledge.</ref> !! [[Chitimacha language|Chitimacha]]<ref>Swadesh, Morris. 1950. ''Chitimacha-English Dictionary''. Unpublished manuscript.</ref> !! Proto-[[Totozoquean languages|Totozoquean]]<ref>Brown, Cecil H., David Beck, Grzegorz Kondrak, James K. Watters, and Søren Wichmann (2011). Totozoquean. ''International Journal of American Linguistics'' 77, 323–372.</ref> !! [[Proto-Totonacan]]<ref name="Brown-2014"/> !! [[Proto-Mixe-Zoquean]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Wichmann |first=Søren |author-link=Søren Wichmann |year=1995 |title=The Relationship Among the Mixe–Zoquean Languages of Mexico |publisher=[[University of Utah Press]] |location=Salt Lake City |isbn=978-0-87480-487-4}}</ref> !! Proto-[[Huave language|Huave]]<ref>{{cite book |last=Suaréz |first=Jorge A |year=1975 |title=Estudios Huaves |series=Collección científica |volume=22 |publisher=INAH |location=México |oclc=2632814}}</ref>
|-
! head
| SM *joʔl || kut || || *kuk- || *ko-pɑk || *-mála
|-
! hair
| *wiʔ || kuh (hair, fur, feathers) || || || *wɑ(ʔ)y || *-ndɪ̀ca
|-
! eye
| *Haty || kani || || || || *-nìːka, *-nɪːko
|-
! ear
| *xikin || waʔaš || *akə || || *tɑːcɨk || *-làːka
|-
! nose
| *nhiiʔ || || *kʸin || || *hɨp(ɨ) || *-síngi
|-
! tooth
| *ʔeeh || ʔiʔ || || M *ta¢a- || *tɨːc || *-láːkɪ
|-
! tongue
| *ʔaʔq’ || wenʔ || *kAːt || M *siimaq’aati || *toːc || *-nìwi
|-
! mouth
| *tyiiʔ || šaʔ || *kʸwehʔɬ || M *kiɬni || *ʔɑw || *-mbeye
|-
! hand
| *q’ab’ || waši || *məhʔkʸ; *ɬkʸəːʔ || M *maka- (prefix) || *kɨʔ || *-wísi
|-
! foot
| *ʔaqan || soʔ, soʔo || || || *mɑŋ-kuy (P-Zoquean) || *-lehe
|-
! breast
| *ʔiim || miʔ || || M *¢’ík’iiti || *kuk-pɑk (P-Zoquean) ||
|-
! meat
| CM *tiʔ.b’ej || kipi || *kʸiniː || *kiníːt || *sis(i) || *-nìhi
|-
! blood
| *kèhe || ʔuybi || *pIn || || *nɨʔpin || *kèhe
|-
! bone
| *b’aaq || kaci || *pak || *lukuti || *pɑk || *-làːca
|-
! person
| *winaq || panš || *pǝn || || *hɑyɑ́(w), *pɨn || *na-sɨ̀yɪ
|-
! name
| *b’ih || || || || *nɨyi (P-Zoquean) || *-natɪ
|-
! dog
| CM *tz’iʔ || || || || *tɑkɑ || *kɪsA; *patɪ
|-
! fish
| *kar || makš || || || *ʔɑksɑ, *kɑkʔe ||
|-
! louse
| *ʔuk’ || || *skʸwaːt || M *skaata || *ʔɑːwɑt || *mbáta
|-
! tree
| *tyeeʔ || || *kʸƗCI || || *kuy || *simi-sata
|-
! leaf
| *xaq || či·š || || || *ʔɑy || *(-)opo
|-
! flower
| || ša·mu || || *ša'ná (v.) || *pɨhi(k) || *mbáha
|-
! water
| *Haʔ || kuʔ || *nəhnq || *škaːn || *nɨːʔ || *ewe
|-
! fire
| *q’ahq’ || tep || *Hikʸʔ ~ *Hukʸʔ || *šqu || *hukʔ-ut || *(m)bìmbɨ
|-
! stone
| SM *toonh || nuš || *čahʔ || M *čiwiš || *cɑːʔ || *kanga
|-
! earth
| *ch’ohch’ || neyʔ || || *ti'ya't || *nɑːs || *ìtɨ
|-
! salt
| *ʔaʔtz’aam || || *ma¢ || || *kɑːnɑ || *kɪnìkɨ
|-
! road
| *b’eeh || miš || || || *tu:ʔ-ʔɑw || *tɪ̀ːtɨ
|-
! eat
| *waʔ || gušt- || || M *wahin-ya 'eats' || *muks (~ una cosa tostada) || *-tɪ
|-
! die
| *kam || nu·p- || || || *ʔoːʔk (P-Mixean); *kɑʔ (P-Zoquean) || *-ndewe
|-
! I
| *ʔiin || || || || *ʔɨːci ~ *ʔɨc || *sik-V
|-
! you
| *ʔat || || *mwiš || || *miš (Proto-Oaxaca Mixean) || *ikV
|}


==See also==
==See also==
Line 35: Line 144:
==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}
*Brown, Cecil H., and Stanley R. Witkowski. (1979). Aspects of the Phonological History of Mayan-Zoquean. ''International Journal of American Linguistics'' 45:34-47. {{jstor|1264974}}
*Brown, Cecil H., and Stanley R. Witkowski. (1979). Aspects of the Phonological History of Mayan-Zoquean. ''International Journal of American Linguistics'' 45:34-47. {{JSTOR|1264974}}
*Brown, Cecil H., David Beck, Grzegorz Kondrak, James K. Watters, and Søren Wichmann. (2011). Totozoquean. ''International Journal of American Linguistics'' 77: 323–372. {{jstor|10.1086/660972}}
*Brown, Cecil H., David Beck, Grzegorz Kondrak, James K. Watters, and Søren Wichmann. (2011). Totozoquean. ''International Journal of American Linguistics'' 77: 323–372. {{JSTOR|10.1086/660972}}
*{{cite book |last=Campbell |first=Lyle |authorlink=Lyle Campbell |year=1997 |title=American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America |series=Oxford Studies in Anthropological Linguistics, 4 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|location=New York |isbn=0-19-509427-1 |oclc=32923907}}
*{{cite book |last=Campbell |first=Lyle |authorlink=Lyle Campbell |year=1997 |title=American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America |series=Oxford Studies in Anthropological Linguistics, 4 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|location=New York |isbn=0-19-509427-1 |oclc=32923907}}
*Campbell, Lyle, and Terrence Kaufman. (1976).  A Linguistic Look at the Olmecs.  ''American Antiquity'' 41:80-89.
*Campbell, Lyle, and Terrence Kaufman. (1976).  A Linguistic Look at the Olmecs.  ''American Antiquity'' 41:80-89.
*Campbell, Lyle, and Terrence Kaufman. (1980). On Mesoamerican Linguistics.  ''American Anthropologist'' 82:850-857. {{jstor|677119}}
*Campbell, Lyle, and Terrence Kaufman. (1980). On Mesoamerican Linguistics.  ''American Anthropologist'' 82:850-857. {{JSTOR|677119}}
*Campbell, Lyle, and Terrence Kaufman. (1983). Mesoamerican Historical Linguistics and Distant Genetic Relationship: Getting It Straight.  ''American Anthropologist'' 85:362-372. {{jstor|676320}}
*Campbell, Lyle, and Terrence Kaufman. (1983). Mesoamerican Historical Linguistics and Distant Genetic Relationship: Getting It Straight.  ''American Anthropologist'' 85:362-372. {{JSTOR|676320}}
*McQuown, Norman A. (1942). Una posible sintesis lingüística Macro-Mayance, Mayas y Olmecas 2.37-8 (Sociedad Mexicana de Antropología, Reunión de Mesa Redonda sobre Problemas Antropológicos de México y Centro América; México, 1942).
*McQuown, Norman A. (1942). Una posible sintesis lingüística Macro-Mayance, Mayas y Olmecas 2.37-8 (Sociedad Mexicana de Antropología, Reunión de Mesa Redonda sobre Problemas Antropológicos de México y Centro América; México, 1942).
*McQuown, Norman A. (1956). Evidence for a Synthetic Trend in Totonacan.  ''Language''32:78-80.
*McQuown, Norman A. (1956). Evidence for a Synthetic Trend in Totonacan.  ''Language''32:78-80.
*Mora-Marín, David (2014). The Proto-Maya-Mijesokean Hypothesis: Change and Transformation in Approaches to An Old Problem. In ''Climates of Change: The Shifting Environment of Archaeology'', edited by Sheila Kulyk, Cara G. Tremain, and Madeleine Sawyer, pp. 213-225. Proceedings of the 44<sup>th</sup>Annual Chacmool Conference. Calgary: Chacmool Archaeological Association, University of Calgary.
*Mora-Marín, David (2014). The Proto-Maya-Mijesokean Hypothesis: Change and Transformation in Approaches to An Old Problem. In ''Climates of Change: The Shifting Environment of Archaeology'', edited by Sheila Kulyk, Cara G. Tremain, and Madeleine Sawyer, pp.&nbsp;213–225. Proceedings of the 44thAnnual Chacmool Conference. Calgary: Chacmool Archaeological Association, University of Calgary.
*Mora-Marín, David (2016). Testing the Proto-Mayan-Mijesokean Hypothesis. ''International Journal of American Linguistics'' 82:125-180. {{doi|10.1086/685900}}
*Mora-Marín, David (2016). Testing the Proto-Mayan-Mijesokean Hypothesis. ''International Journal of American Linguistics'' 82:125-180. {{doi|10.1086/685900}}
*Radin, Paul. (1916). On the relationship of Huave and Mixe. American Anthropologist 18:411-421.
*Radin, Paul. (1916). On the relationship of Huave and Mixe. American Anthropologist 18:411-421.

Latest revision as of 15:35, 30 January 2024

Macro-Mayan
(disputed)
Geographic
distribution		Mesoamerica
Linguistic classificationProposed language family
Subdivisions
GlottologNone

Macro-Mayan is a proposal linking the clearly established Mayan family with neighboring families that show similarities to Mayan. The term was apparently coined by McQuown (1942), but suggestions for historical relationships relevant to this hypothesis can be traced back to the Squier (1861), who offered comparisons between Mayan and Mixe-Zoquean languages, and Radin (1916, 1919, 1924), who did the same for Mixe-Zoquean, Huave, and Mayan.

History of proposals[edit]

McQuown (1942, 1956) defined Macro-Mayan as the hypothetical ancestor of Mayan, Mije-Sokean, and Totonacan, further promoting the hypothesis. However, his hypothesis relied on the presence of "a glottalized series" of consonants in both Mayan and Totonakan. Such a trait could have potentially spread through contact. McQuown also admitted that “the relatively small number of coincidences in vocabulary indicates to us that this kinship is quite distant” (McQuown 1942:37-38).

The hypothesis was not elaborated until 1979 when Brown and Witkowski put forth a proposal with 62 cognate sets and supposed sound correspondences between the two families. They also published two articles proposing a "Mesoamerican Phylum" composed of Macro-Mayan and other language families of Mesoamerica. This proposal was examined closely by Lyle Campbell and Terrence Kaufman who rejected the proposal because of serious flaws in the methodology that had been applied. They rejected almost all of the 62 cognates. First and foremost they found it important to identify all cases of linguistic diffusion before collecting possible cognates because diffusion has been widespread within the Mesoamerican Linguistic Area. The exchanges between Brown and Witkowski and Campbell and Kaufman took place in the journal American Anthropologist between 1978 and 1983.

In the late 1990s, Campbell (1997) expressed that he believed that Mayan would indeed some day prove to be related to Mixe–Zoquean and Totonacan, but that previous studies have not proven sufficient.

Nevertheless, since then, Brown et al. (2011) have presented arguments in favor of a Totozoquean, a common ancestor between Totonacan and Mixe-Zoquean. Moreover, Mora-Marín (2014, 2016) constitutes the most recent attempt to test the relationship between Mayan and Mixe-Zoquean. He proposes the existence of regular sound correspondences among lexical and grammatical comparanda between the two. By transitivity, these two proposals would connect all three language families, rekindling the Macro-Mayan hypothesis as framed by McQuown.

In Campbell's opinion, previous efforts to link Huave to Mayan, Mixe-Zoquean, Totonacan, or for that matter, any other language or family, has proven unfruitful, and Huave "should thus be considered an isolate" (1997:161).

Related proposals[edit]

Stark (1972) proposed a Maya–Yunga–Chipayan macrofamily linking Mayan with the Chimuan and Uru–Chipaya language families of South America.[1]

Vocabulary[edit]

Below is a comparison of selected basic vocabulary items.

Abbreviations
  • CM = Proto-Central Mayan
  • SM = Proto-Southern Mayan
  • M = Proto-Totonacan reconstructions from MacKay & Trechsel (2018);[2] other reconstructions are from Brown, Wichmann & Beck (2014)[3]
gloss Proto-Mayan[4] Chitimacha[5] Proto-Totozoquean[6] Proto-Totonacan[3] Proto-Mixe-Zoquean[7] Proto-Huave[8]
head SM *joʔl kut *kuk- *ko-pɑk *-mála
hair *wiʔ kuh (hair, fur, feathers) *wɑ(ʔ)y *-ndɪ̀ca
eye *Haty kani *-nìːka, *-nɪːko
ear *xikin waʔaš *akə *tɑːcɨk *-làːka
nose *nhiiʔ *kʸin *hɨp(ɨ) *-síngi
tooth *ʔeeh ʔiʔ M *ta¢a- *tɨːc *-láːkɪ
tongue *ʔaʔq’ wenʔ *kAːt M *siimaq’aati *toːc *-nìwi
mouth *tyiiʔ šaʔ *kʸwehʔɬ M *kiɬni *ʔɑw *-mbeye
hand *q’ab’ waši *məhʔkʸ; *ɬkʸəːʔ M *maka- (prefix) *kɨʔ *-wísi
foot *ʔaqan soʔ, soʔo *mɑŋ-kuy (P-Zoquean) *-lehe
breast *ʔiim miʔ M *¢’ík’iiti *kuk-pɑk (P-Zoquean)
meat CM *tiʔ.b’ej kipi *kʸiniː *kiníːt *sis(i) *-nìhi
blood *kèhe ʔuybi *pIn *nɨʔpin *kèhe
bone *b’aaq kaci *pak *lukuti *pɑk *-làːca
person *winaq panš *pǝn *hɑyɑ́(w), *pɨn *na-sɨ̀yɪ
name *b’ih *nɨyi (P-Zoquean) *-natɪ
dog CM *tz’iʔ *tɑkɑ *kɪsA; *patɪ
fish *kar makš *ʔɑksɑ, *kɑkʔe
louse *ʔuk’ *skʸwaːt M *skaata *ʔɑːwɑt *mbáta
tree *tyeeʔ *kʸƗCI *kuy *simi-sata
leaf *xaq či·š *ʔɑy *(-)opo
flower ša·mu *ša'ná (v.) *pɨhi(k) *mbáha
water *Haʔ kuʔ *nəhnq *škaːn *nɨːʔ *ewe
fire *q’ahq’ tep *Hikʸʔ ~ *Hukʸʔ *šqu *hukʔ-ut *(m)bìmbɨ
stone SM *toonh nuš *čahʔ M *čiwiš *cɑːʔ *kanga
earth *ch’ohch’ neyʔ *ti'ya't *nɑːs *ìtɨ
salt *ʔaʔtz’aam *ma¢ *kɑːnɑ *kɪnìkɨ
road *b’eeh miš *tu:ʔ-ʔɑw *tɪ̀ːtɨ
eat *waʔ gušt- M *wahin-ya 'eats' *muks (~ una cosa tostada) *-tɪ
die *kam nu·p- *ʔoːʔk (P-Mixean); *kɑʔ (P-Zoquean) *-ndewe
I *ʔiin *ʔɨːci ~ *ʔɨc *sik-V
you *ʔat *mwiš *miš (Proto-Oaxaca Mixean) *ikV

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Stark, Louisa R. (1972). "Maya-Yunga-Chipayan: A New Linguistic Alignment". International Journal of American Linguistics. 38 (2): 119–135. doi:10.1086/465193. ISSN 0020-7071. S2CID 145380780.
  2. ^ MacKay, Carolyn J.; Trechsel, Frank (2018). "An alternative reconstruction of Proto-Totonac-Tepehua". International Journal of American Linguistics. 84 (1). The University of Chicago: 51–92. doi:10.1086/694609.
  3. ^ a b Brown, Cecil H.; Søren Wichmann; David Beck. 2014. Chitimacha: a Mesoamerican language in the Lower Mississippi Valley. International Journal of American Linguistics 80: 425-474.
  4. ^ Kaufman, Terrence (2017). Aspects of the lexicon of proto-Mayan and its earliest descendant. In: Judith L. Aissen, Nora C. England, and Roberto Zavala Maldonado (eds). The Mayan languages, 62-111. Routledge language family series. New York: Routledge.
  5. ^ Swadesh, Morris. 1950. Chitimacha-English Dictionary. Unpublished manuscript.
  6. ^ Brown, Cecil H., David Beck, Grzegorz Kondrak, James K. Watters, and Søren Wichmann (2011). Totozoquean. International Journal of American Linguistics 77, 323–372.
  7. ^ Wichmann, Søren (1995). The Relationship Among the Mixe–Zoquean Languages of Mexico. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press. ISBN 978-0-87480-487-4.
  8. ^ Suaréz, Jorge A (1975). Estudios Huaves. Collección científica. Vol. 22. México: INAH. OCLC 2632814.
  • Brown, Cecil H., and Stanley R. Witkowski. (1979). Aspects of the Phonological History of Mayan-Zoquean. International Journal of American Linguistics 45:34-47. JSTOR 1264974
  • Brown, Cecil H., David Beck, Grzegorz Kondrak, James K. Watters, and Søren Wichmann. (2011). Totozoquean. International Journal of American Linguistics 77: 323–372. JSTOR 10.1086/660972
  • Campbell, Lyle (1997). American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America. Oxford Studies in Anthropological Linguistics, 4. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1. OCLC 32923907.
  • Campbell, Lyle, and Terrence Kaufman. (1976).  A Linguistic Look at the Olmecs.  American Antiquity 41:80-89.
  • Campbell, Lyle, and Terrence Kaufman. (1980). On Mesoamerican Linguistics.  American Anthropologist 82:850-857. JSTOR 677119
  • Campbell, Lyle, and Terrence Kaufman. (1983). Mesoamerican Historical Linguistics and Distant Genetic Relationship: Getting It Straight.  American Anthropologist 85:362-372. JSTOR 676320
  • McQuown, Norman A. (1942). Una posible sintesis lingüística Macro-Mayance, Mayas y Olmecas 2.37-8 (Sociedad Mexicana de Antropología, Reunión de Mesa Redonda sobre Problemas Antropológicos de México y Centro América; México, 1942).
  • McQuown, Norman A. (1956). Evidence for a Synthetic Trend in Totonacan.  Language32:78-80.
  • Mora-Marín, David (2014). The Proto-Maya-Mijesokean Hypothesis: Change and Transformation in Approaches to An Old Problem. In Climates of Change: The Shifting Environment of Archaeology, edited by Sheila Kulyk, Cara G. Tremain, and Madeleine Sawyer, pp. 213–225. Proceedings of the 44thAnnual Chacmool Conference. Calgary: Chacmool Archaeological Association, University of Calgary.
  • Mora-Marín, David (2016). Testing the Proto-Mayan-Mijesokean Hypothesis. International Journal of American Linguistics 82:125-180. doi:10.1086/685900
  • Radin, Paul. (1916). On the relationship of Huave and Mixe. American Anthropologist 18:411-421.
  • Radin, Paul. (1919).  The genetic relationship of the North American Indian languages, 489-502. University of California Publications in American Archaeology and Ethnology. Berkeley: University of California.
  • Radin, Paul. (1924). The relationship of Maya to Zoque-Huave. Journal de la Société des Américanistes de Paris16:317-324.
  • Squier, E. G. (1861). Monograph of Authors who have Written on the Languages of Central America.  Albany, New York.
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