National Congress of British West Africa

Visit of His Royal Highness The Prince of Wales to the Gold Coast Colony 1925. The Prince of Wales shaking hands with the members of the Ladies' Branch of the National Congress of British West Africa.

The National Congress of British West Africa (NCBWA), founded in 1919, was one of the earliest nationalist organization in West Africa, and one of the earliest formal organizations working toward African emancipation. It was largely composed of an educated elite in the Gold Coast, who felt under threat from the incorporation of 'traditional authorities' in the colonial system. The cofounders included Thomas Hutton-Mills, Sr., the first President, and J. E. Casely Hayford, the first Vice-President. Other co-founders and early officials included Edward Francis Small, F. V. Nanka-Bruce, A. B. Quartey-Papafio, Henry van Hien, A. Sawyerr and Kobina Sekyi.

Founding

Inspiration

The idea of creating the National Congress of British West Africa (NCBWA) was first conceived in 1914 during a conversation “between J.E. Casely Hayford, a barrister from the Gold Coast” and “Dr. Akinwande Savage, a Nigerian doctor”. Part of the inspiration for the creation of the NCBWA in the 1920s was growing concern that larger pan-African movements of the era were too broad in their scope and did not adequately address the concerns of West Africans. It was this desire to have a more consolidated scope for the development of nationalist aims that, in part, sparked the creation of the NCBWA in 1920.

Regional Influences

The founding of the NCBWA was based on the existing legacy of resistance and nationalist movements throughout the colonies in British West Africa. Some of the resistance movements that influenced the development of the NCBWA were those by “King Aggrey of Cape Coast in the Gold Coast in the 1860’s” and “King Kosoko of Lagos & Jaja of Opobo in the nineteen century”. The previous nationalist movements that sparked the creation of the NCBWA included the Gold Coast Aborigines' Rights Protection Society (ARPS) and the Fante Confederation. The NCBWA was influenced not only by nationalist movements in the region but also by the works of key African nationalist scholars in the region, such as Dr. Africanus Beale Horton, Dr. Edward Wilmot Blyden, and John Payne Jackson.

International Influences

The emergence of the NCBWA can also be contextualized within the larger, international nationalist movements of the early twentieth century that occurred on behalf of Africans and people of African descent specifically, and on behalf of subjugated peoples around the globe more broadly. Some of the international events that paved the way for the development of the NCBWA were the First Universal Races Congress of 1911, the International Conference on the Negro in 1911, the creation of the African Progress Union and Union of Students of African Descent in the United Kingdom in 1917, and the end of World War I.

Internal Motivations

Throughout the nineteenth century, educated West African elite were permitted to serve as government officials throughout British West Africa, because the British colonial leaders saw the educated elite as necessary allies. However, by 1902, the favor that the British colonial leaders had previously given to the educated African elite began to diminish as a result of the institution of discriminatory policies, such as one issued by the “West African Medical Service” that stated that educated Africans could only participate in the service if they were of “«European» parentage”. In addition to the use of discriminatory policies, the British colonial government began to exclude educated West Africans from local government positions, in favor of “preserving traditional authority”. This shift in favor occurred in an effort to “protect” the indigenous populations from what the British colonial government perceived to be the tyranny of “a small minority of educated Europeanised natives who have nothing in common with [native peoples], and whose interests are often opposed to theirs”. The growing alienation of the educated African elite from the British colonial leaders and the growing irritation of the educated elite in response to this alienation provided the backbone for the formation of the NCBWA.

Formation

A combination of regional, international, and internal influences and motivations culminated in the formation of the National Congress of British West Africa (NCBWA) in March 1920. The foundation of the NCBWA was formalized with its first meeting in Accra, a meeting which drew participants from Nigeria, Sierra Leone, The Gambia, and the Gold Coast.

Agreements from the First Meeting of the NCBWA

During the inaugural meeting of the NCBWA, a series of agreements were reached, which have been reproduced below:

1. " i. that half of the members of each of the Legislative Councils in British West Africa should be elected Africans, and that there should be in each colony a new House of Assembly consisting of all the members of the colony's Legislative Council and six other elected representatives, with control over finance;   "
2. " ii. that municipal government should be developed to the extent that corporations with a majority of elected members and with full powers of local government are established in each principal town of each colony; "
3. " iii. that there should be no discrimination against Africans in the civil service;  "
4. " iv. that executive and judicial functions should be separated and that only « duly qualified and experienced legal men should hold judicial appointments; "
5. " v. that a British West African Court of Appeal duly constituted should be established; "  
6. " vi. that certain « obnoxious » ordinances and those objectionable ones relating to land should be repealed or modified as the case may be;  "
7. " vii. that a West African university should be established and compulsory education introduced in all the four colonies;  "
8. " viii. that foreign immigration should be controlled and « undesirable » Syrians repatriated;  "
9. " ix. that the partitioning of African countries should not be done without first consulting the wishes of the peoples concerned; "
10. " x. that indigenous co-operative enterprises, to be directed by a « British West African Co-operative Association », should be promoted;  "
11. " xi. that a British West African Press, with an organ to be called the British West African National Review, should be established and, "
12. " xii. that laws that threaten « the liberty of the Press » should be repealed "

Influence of the NCBWA Agreements

One of the agreements reached during the first meeting of the NCBWA, particularly the seventh agreement above regarding the establishment of a West African university, served as one of the earliest instances of a call for increased access to higher education in British West Africa and paved the way for further dialogue with regard to education policy throughout the colonies of British West Africa. The fourth agreement brought forth by the NCBWA was a critical stepping stone in redesigning the relationship between the colonial and the indigenous judicial systems. Specifically, dissent to the adjudication of a case known as the "Knowles trial" was informed in part by the fourth NCBWA agreement and catalyzed action on the part of the colonial government in Ghana to overhaul the judicial system to allow for defendants to have a right to a trial by jury and a right to "assistance of legal counsel". This reform came about as a result of "criticism of the criminal justice system in Ashanti" published in the Gold Coast Independent, a newspaper in the Gold Coast during the early twentieth century.

Branches of the NCBWA

The Gambia

The growth of the Gambian branch of the NCBWA came about as a result of organizers of the movement taking over an existing organization with similar aims, known as the Gambia Native Defensive Union. One of the major players of the Gambia Native Defensive Union who played a role in the development of the Gambian branch of the NCBWA was a man by the name of E. F. Small. With the aid of E.F. Small, the Gambian branch of the NCBWA was able to carry out some of the economic aims of that the NCBWA had originally set forth by creating the Gambia Co-Operative Union.

Some of the he key figures that made up the Gambian branch of the NCBWA were John A. Mahoney, M.S. Oldfield, J. J. Oldfield, Jatta Joof, Benjamin J. George, M. S. J. Richards, S. J. Forster, Issac J. Roberts, and L. J. Roberts, who was the president of the Gambian branch.

The Gambian branch of the NCBWA was historically referred to as the "Bathurst committee", as Bathurst was the former name of the modern day capital city of The Gambia, Banjul.

Nigeria

Prior to the formal establishment of the Lagos Branch of the NCBWA, there were several talks among Africa political elite in Lagos in an effort to gain wider support for the movement throughout Lagos. Some of the principal members of the original committee in Lagos included Dr. Richard Akinwande Savage, Dr. John K. Randle, and J. G. Campbell. Crucial to the development of the NCBWA effort in Lagos was the support of members of the Muslim community and thus, “Karimu Kotun, one of the influential Lagos Muslims, was appointed Assistant Secretary.”

Sierra Leone

One particularly unique aspect of the Sierra Leonean branch of the NCBWA was its duration—outlasting the branches of the NCBWA in Ghana, Nigeria, and The Gambia by about 10 years, as the Sierra Leonean branch declined in the late 1940s.

Criticism of the Branches of the NCBWA

A common theme of dissent towards the formation of the branches of the NCBWA were claims by opposition groups, including other elite, educated Africans and the representative colonial governments, was that the local committees only represented the views of the elite and not those of the native peoples.

Legacy

International Interactions

London

Following a March 1920 conference of the NCBWA in Accra, two members from each of the branches of the NCBWA went to London in September of 1920. The goal of this meeting was to get formal recognition from the King of England for the resolutions that the NCBWA had agreed upon in Accra. However, when the NCBWA delegation arrived in London, they were not allowed to meet with the Secretary of State because the colonial governors from the NCBWA representatives’ respective nations regarded the NCBWA as a movement that was both unnecessary and unrepresentative of the aims of the indigenous peoples of Africa.

The UNIA & the NCBWA

Another pan-African movement that arose during the the same time as the NCBWA was the United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA), a pan-African movement led by Marcus Garvey that wanted to create "an independent black republic over the entire continent of Africa".

The Decline of the NCBWA

While the formal parent organization began to decline following an unsuccessful trip to London to convince the king of the legitimacy of the NCBWA, the Sierra Leonean branch continued its operations until the late 1940s. The decline of the NCBWA was also influenced by gradual movements towards "territorial nationalist movements" that focused on advancing nationalist aims specific to the branches of the NCBWA rather than pursuring the general principles that applied to all of British West Africa. This trend was inspired by similar measures occurring in the former French West-African countries, as they began to get "representative assemblies" specific to particular nations rather than to the larger, West African region.