Citroën 2CV and The Children of Men: Difference between pages
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{{infobox Book | <!-- See [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Novels]] or [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Books]] --> |
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{{Refimprove|date=December 2007}} |
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| name = The Children of Men |
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{{Infobox Automobile |
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| title_orig = |
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|image = [[Image:2cv_pinkdylan_frome.jpg |250px]] |
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| translator = |
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|name = Citroën 2CV |
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| image = [[Image:Children-of-Men-bookcover.jpg|150px]] |
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|manufacturer = [[Citroën]] |
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| image_caption = Cover of the 1994 paperback edition |
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|parent_company = [[PSA Group]] (from 1976) |
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| author = [[P. D. James]] |
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|production = 1949—1990 <ref>[http://www.just-auto.com/factsheet.aspx?ID=201 Citroën: Automotive Industry Factsheet<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref><ref name="autogenerated1">http://www.citroen.mb.ca/citroenet/passenger-cars/michelin/2cv/2cv-01.html</ref> |
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| illustrator = |
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|class = [[Economy car]] |
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| cover_artist = |
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|engine = 375 cc [[Flat-2|I2]]<br>425 cc [[Flat-2|I2]]<br>435 cc [[Flat-2|I2]]<br>602 cc [[Flat-2|I2]] |
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| country = [[United Kingdom]] |
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|layout = [[Front-engine design|Front engine]], [[front-wheel drive]] / [[four-wheel drive]] |
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| language = [[English language|English]] |
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| series = |
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| genre = [[Dystopian novel]] |
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| publisher = [[Alfred A. Knopf]] |
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|height = {{convert|1.60|m|in|1}} |
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| release_date = 1992 |
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|weight = {{Auto kg|560}} |
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| english_release_date = |
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|assembly = [[Forest, Belgium]]<br>[[Liège]], [[Belgium]]<Br>[[Slough]], [[UK]]<br>[[Brandsen]], [[Argentina]]<Br>[[Santiago, Chile|Santiago]], [[Chile]]<br>[[Vorst]], [[Belgium]]<br>[[Mangualde]], [[Portugal]]<br>[[Paris]], [[France]] |
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| media_type = Print ([[Hardcover]] and [[Paperback]]) |
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|transmission = 4-speed [[Manual transmission|manual]] |
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| pages = 241 pp |
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|related = [[Citroën Dyane]]<br />[[Citroën FAF]]<br />[[Citroën Méhari]]<br />[[Citroën Ami]] |
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| isbn = ISBN 0679418733 (Hardcover)<br>ISBN 0446679208 (Paperback) |
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|designer = [[Flaminio Bertoni]] |
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| preceded_by = |
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| followed_by = |
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}} |
}} |
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The '''Citroën 2CV''' ([[French language|French]]: ''deux chevaux vapeur'', literally "two steam [[horse]]s", from the [[tax horsepower]] rating) was an [[economy car]] produced by the [[France|French]] automaker [[Citroën]] from 1949 to 1990. <ref name="autogenerated1" /> It is considered one of their most [[cultural icon|iconic]] cars. It was described in the book ''Drive On!: A Social History of the Motor Car '' by longtime ''CAR'' magazine columnist the late [[LJK Setright]] as "the most intelligent application of minimalism ever to succeed as a car." It was designed for low cost, simplicity, versatility, reliability, and [[Off-roading|off-road driving]]. For this it had a light, easily serviceable engine, extremely soft long travel suspension (with adjustable ride height), high clearance, and for oversized loads a car-wide canvas [[sunroof]] (which until 1960 also covered the boot). Between 1948 and 1990 3,872,583 2CVs were produced, plus 1,246,306 camionettes (small 2CV trucks), as well as spawning mechanically identical vehicles like the [[Citroën Ami|Ami]], [[Citroën Dyane|Dyane]], [[Citroën Acadiane|Acadiane]], and [[Citroën Méhari|Mehari]]. |
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{{For|the 2006 film adaptation of the novel|Children of Men}} |
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From 1988 onwards production took place in [[Portugal]] rather than in [[France]]. This arrangement lasted for two years until 2CV production halted. |
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'''''The Children of Men''''' is a [[dystopia]]n novel by [[P. D. James]] that was published in 1992. Set in [[England]] in 2021, it centres on the results of [[Human extinction|mass infertility]]. James describes a [[United Kingdom]] that is steadily depopulating and focuses on a small group of resisters who do not share the disillusionment of the masses. |
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==History== |
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{{Unreferencedsection|date=May 2008}} |
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[[Image:Citroen2cvtff.jpg|right|thumb|First generation "Ripple Bonnet" Citroën 2CV built from 1949 to 1960]] |
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The title of the book is derived from [[Psalm 90|Psalm 90(89):3]] of the [[King James Version of the Bible|KJV]]: "Thou turnest man to destruction; and sayest, Return, ye children of men." <ref>[http://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Bible_(King_James)/Psalms#Psalm_90 Psalm 90]</ref> The Psalm is quoted in Chapter 28 of the novel, and is its only reference to the phrase. |
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The 2CV belongs to a very short list of vehicles introduced right after [[World War II]] that remained relevant and competitive for many decades — in the case of the 2CV, 42 years. |
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==Plot summary== |
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Pierre-Jules Boulanger's early 1930s design brief—said by some to be astonishingly radical for the time—was for a low-priced, rugged "umbrella on four wheels" that would enable two [[peasant]]s to drive {{Auto kg|100|0}} of farm goods to market at {{Auto km/h|60|0}}, in clogs and across muddy unpaved roads if necessary. France at that time had a very large rural population, who had not yet adopted the automobile, due to its cost. The car would use no more than 3 [[litre]]s of [[gasoline]] to travel 100 km. Most famously, it would be able to drive across a ploughed field without breaking the eggs it was carrying. Boulanger later also had the roof raised to allow him to drive while wearing a hat. |
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The narrative voice for the novel alternates between the third person and the first person, the latter in the form of the diary kept by Dr Theodore Faron, normally called "Theo", who is an [[University of Oxford|Oxford]] don. His wife Helena left him two years before the story begins. Their marriage deteriorated after Theo accidentally ran over their daughter, Natalie. |
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[[Image:Citroen2CV prototype.JPG|left|thumb|Pre-war Citroën 2CV prototype]] |
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The novel opens with the first entry in Theo's diary. It is the year 2021, but the novel's events have their origin in 1995, which is referred to as "Year [[Omega]]". Theo writes that the last human being to be born on Earth, a young Argentine man, has been killed in a pub brawl in [[Buenos Aires]]. |
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[[André Lefèbvre]] was the engineer in charge of the TPV (Toute Petite Voiture—"Very Small Car") project. By 1939, the TPV was deemed ready and several [[prototype]]s had been built. Those prototypes made use of [[aluminium]] and [[magnesium]] parts and had water-cooled engines. The seats were [[hammock]]s suspended from the roof by wires. |
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Theo takes us back to 1994, when, for reasons unknown, the sperm counts of all human males plummeted to zero. The last people to be born — i.e., all children born in 1995 — have come to be called "Omegas": "A race apart," they enjoy various [[prerogative]]s and, now in their mid-twenties, generally seem to be very proud to be the youngest humans alive. |
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During the [[Germany|German]] occupation of France during World War II, [[Michelin]] (Citroën's main shareholder) and Citroën managers decided to hide the TPV project from the [[Nazi]]s, fearing some military application. Several TPVs were buried at secret locations, one was disguised as a pickup, and the others were destroyed, and Boulanger had the next six years to think about more improvements. Until 1994, when three TPVs were discovered in a barn, it was believed that only two prototypes had survived. As of 2003, five TPVs are known. For long it was believed that the project was so well hidden that all the prototypes had been lost at the end of the war. It seems that none of the hidden TPVs were lost after the War, but in the 1950s an internal memo ordered them to be scrapped. The surviving TPVs were, in fact, hidden from the top management by some workers who were sensitive to their historical value. |
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Having access to statistical data, the first people to notice that something is wrong are [[gynaecology|gynaecologist]]s, [[obstetrics|obstetrician]]s, and [[midwifery|midwives]], whereas couples who want to have a child just think they're unlucky. It takes several months for the world to grasp the situation and its implications. |
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After the war, internal reports at Citroën showed that producing the TPV would not be economically viable, given the rising cost of aluminium in the post-war economy. A decision was made to replace most of the aluminium parts with [[steel]] parts. Other changes were made, the most notable being an air-cooled engine, new seats and a restyling of the body by the Italian [[Flaminio Bertoni]]. It took three years for Citroën to rework the TPV and the car was nicknamed ''"Toujours Pas Vue"'' (''Still Not Seen'') by the press. |
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In 2006, a man called Xan Lyppiatt, Theo's rich and charismatic cousin, appoints himself [[Warden]] of England. It is the year in which the last [[general election]] is held. Out of necessity — people have lost all interest in politics — Lyppiatt abolishes democracy. He is called a despot and a tyrant by his opponents, but officially the new society is referred to as [[Egalitarianism|egalitarian]]. |
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[[Image:Citroen 2cv 1949 060117.jpg|thumb|left|Belgian-built Citroën 2CV AZ-Luxe]] |
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Citroën finally unveiled the car at the [[Paris]] Salon in 1948. The car on display was nearly identical to the [[2CV type A]] that would be sold next year, but lacked an electric starter, the addition of which was decided the day before the opening of the Salon. The car was heavily criticised. In spite of that, it sold well and it had a great impact on the low-income segment of the population in France. |
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Theo is approached by a woman called Julian, a member of a group of dissidents who call themselves the Five Fishes. He meets with them at an isolated church. Rolf, their nominal leader and Julian's husband, is hostile, but the others — Miriam (a midwife), Gascoigne, Luke (a former priest), and Julian — are more personable. The group wants Theo to approach Xan on their behalf, and ask for various reforms, including a return to a more democratic system. During their discussions, and as Theo prepares to meet with Xan, we learn how the UK is run in 2021: |
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It was laughed at by [[journalist]]s, probably because Citroën had launched the car without any press [[advertising]]. The car was qualified as a "Spartan car" or a "sardine can" by many. Other journalists called it "an umbrella on wheels". [[Boris Vian]] described the car [[tongue-in-cheek]] as an ''"aberration roulante"'' (rolling aberration) charging the slowness of this [[low-class]] car for causing Paris' traffic jams. History has confirmed that the car was charming in a lot of people's views, and a revolution in consumer transportation, at least on the French market. |
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* The country is governed by [[rule by decree|decree]] of the Council of England, which represents the executive branch (the government) and consists of five people only. [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|Parliament]] still exists, but it has been reduced to an advisory role. Generally, the three aims of the Council of England are (1) protection and security, (2) comfort, and (3) pleasure -- corresponding to the Warden's promises of (1) freedom from fear, (2) freedom from want, and (3) freedom from boredom. |
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The 2CV was a great commercial success: within months of it going on sale, there was a three-year waiting list. The waiting list was soon increased to five years. At that time a second-hand 2CV was more expensive than a new one because the buyer did not have to wait. Production was increased from four units per day in 1949 to 400 units per day in 1950. |
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A special version of the 2CV was the '''Sahara''' for very difficult off-road driving, built from December 1960 to 1971. This had an extra engine mounted in the rear compartment and both front and rear wheel traction. Only 694 Saharas were built. The target market for this car was French oil companies, the military and the police. |
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[[Image:Citroen 2CV 4x4 2.jpg|thumb|right|2CV Citroën Sahara]] |
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In 1960, the 2CV was updated, and looked similar until the end of production. In particular the corrugated [[Citroën H Van]] style 'ripple bonnet' of convex swages was replaced with one using larger and fewer concave swages. The 1960s were the heyday of the 2CV, when production finally caught up with demand. |
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* The [[Grenadier Guards|Grenadiers]] — formerly an elite regiment in the British armed forces — are the Warden's private army. They take an oath to the Warden personally. The State Secret Police (SSP) ensures that the Council's decrees are executed. |
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In 1967 Citroën built a new car based on the 2CV, the [[Citroën Dyane]], in response to the direct competition by the [[Renault 4]]. At the same time, Citroën developed the [[Citroën Méhari|Méhari]] [[off-roader]]. |
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* Drastic measures have been taken to pacify the citizens and maintain the illusion that a comfortable life will be possible in the years to come. The law courts still exist, but as the citizens are very reluctant to do jury service, juries have been abolished altogether. Under the "new arrangements", defendants are tried by a judge and two magistrates. All convicted criminals, violent and non-violent, are dumped at a penal colony on the [[Isle of Man]]. There is no [[wikt:remission|remission]], escape is impossible, visitors are forbidden, and prisoners are not even allowed to write or receive letters. |
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The purchase price of the 2CV was always very low. In Germany in the 1960s for example, it cost about half as much as a [[Volkswagen Beetle]]. |
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* By decree of the Council of England, every citizen is required to learn skills, such as [[husbandry]], which they might need to help them survive if they happen to be among the last human beings in Britain. |
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In 1970 the [[flat-2]] engine size was increased to 602cc and the car gained rear light units from the [[Citroën Ami]] 6, and also a third side window in the rear pillar. All 2CVs from this date can run on unleaded fuel. |
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* Foreign workers are lured into the country and then exploited. Young people, preferably Omegas, from poorer countries come to England to work there. These "foreign Omegas" or, generally, "Sojourners" are imported to do the dirty work (collecting rubbish, mending the roads, etc.). At 60, which is the age limit, they are sent back ("forcibly repatriated"). British Omegas, however, are not allowed to emigrate so as to prevent further loss of labour or a [[brain drain]]. |
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The highest annual production was in 1974. Sales of the 2CV were reinvigorated by the 1974 [[oil crisis]]. The 2CV after this time became more of a youth lifestyle statement than a basic functional form of transport. This renewed popularity was encouraged by the Citroen 'Raid' intercontinental endurance rallies of the 1970s where customers could participate by buying a new 2CV, fitted with a ruggedising kit to cope with thousands of miles of very poor or off-road routes. The Paris to [[Persepolis]] rallye was the most famous. The Citroen '2CV Cross' circuit / off-road races were very popular in Europe. |
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* Older/infirm citizens have become a burden; nursing homes are for the privileged few. The rest face more gruesome options: They can either (a) die helpless and unassisted in their homes; (b) commit suicide or (c) take part in a so-called Quietus (Council-sanctioned mass drownings). Before he agrees to see the Council as Julian and the others ask, Theo views a Quietus and is injured by one of the security people supervising it while trying to save a woman he knew. |
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In 1981, a bright yellow 2CV was driven by [[James Bond]] in the film ''[[For Your Eyes Only (film)|For Your Eyes Only]]'', including an elaborate set piece car chase through a Spanish [[olive]] farm. Bond used the unique abilities of the modestly powered 2CV to escape his pursuers in [[Peugeot 504]] [[sedan (car)|sedan]]s. The car in the film was fitted with the [[flat-4]] engine from a [[Citroën GS]] for slightly more power. Citroen launched a special edition 2CV "007" to coincide with the 2CV product placement in the film, it was fitted with the standard flat-2 engine, painted in yellow with '007' on the front doors and fake bullet hole stickers. This car was also popular in miniature, from [[Corgi Toys]]. |
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* One might think that in 2021 sex has become some sort of national pastime, given that there is little else to do and no danger of unwanted pregnancies. However, people have lost interest in sex, and the state has had to open "pornography centres". Twice a year, all healthy women under 45 must submit to a gynaecological examination, and all men must have their [[sperm]] tested, to keep hope alive that human life on this planet might not be heading for extinction. |
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The special edition models that started with the 1976 SPOT model, continued in the 1980s with the (007, Beachcomber, Bamboo), some of which became full models - (the Dolly and the Art-Deco style Charleston) all made a virtue of the individual anachronistic styling. The changes between the special editions and the basic 'Spécial' model was only a different speedometer, paint, seat fabric, internal door handles, and interior light. Many of the 'special edition' interior trim items were carryovers from the 1970s 'Club' models. Citroen probably gained former VW customers as the only other 'retro alternative' [[economy car]] style of vehicle, the [[Volkswagen Beetle]] was withdrawn from the European market in 1978. |
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Theo's meeting with Xan, which is actually a meeting with the full Council of England, does not go well. Some of the other members resent his input because he resigned as Xan's advisor rather than share the responsibility of governing the UK. Furthermore, Xan guesses that Theo's suggestions came from others and makes clear to Theo that he will take action against dissidents. |
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==The 2CV in export markets== |
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The 2CV was mainly sold in France and some European markets. In the post war years, Citroën was very focused on the home market, which had some unusual quirks, like [[tax horsepower|puissance fiscale]]. The management of [[Michelin]] was supportive of Citroën up to a point, and the Citroën cars with a suspension designed to use Michelin's new [[radial tyre]]s clearly demonstrated their superiority over their competitors' tyres. But they were not prepared to initiate the [[investment]] needed for the 2CV (or the [[Citroën DS]] for that matter) to truly compete on the global stage. Citroën were always undercapitalised until the Peugeot takeover. Consequently, the 2CV suffered a similar fate to the [[Morris Minor]] and [[Mini]], selling fewer than 10 million units, whereas the [[Volkswagen Beetle]], which was sold worldwide, sold 21 million units. |
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The Five Fishes nevertheless publish and distribute a leaflet detailing their demands. As a result, Theo is visited by the SSP and, shortly afterwards, he sees Julian in the market. He tells her of the SSP visit, then tells her that if ever she needs him, she only has to send for him and he will come. Later that night, however, Theo decides to leave England for the summer and visit the continent before nature completely overruns it. |
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Some of the early models were built at Citroën's plant in [[Slough]], [[England]] in the 1950s, but the 2CV sold poorly in Great Britain in part due to its excessive cost because of import duties on components. Sales of Slough-produced 2CVs ended in 1960. In 1959 trying to boost sales, Citroën introduced a glass-fibre coupé version called the Bijou that was briefly produced at Slough. Styling of this little car was by Peter Kirwan-Taylor who was better known for his work with [[Colin Chapman]] of [[Lotus cars]], but it proved to be too heavy for the diminutive engine to endow it with adequate performance. It served to use up remaining 2CV parts at Slough in the early 1960s. In 1975 the 2CV was re-introduced to the British market (produced in France), in the wake of the oil crisis. This was without the crippling import duties of the 1950s, because the UK had joined the [[EEC]]. In the 1980s the best foreign markets for the 2CV were the UK and Germany. |
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Soon after his return, Miriam appears at his door. She tells him that Gascoigne was arrested as he was trying to rig a Quietus landing stage to explode. The other Fishes are about to go on the run, and Julian wants him. As they drive to meet the remainder of the group, Miriam reveals why Julian did not come herself -- she is pregnant. At first, Theo is convinced that Julian is deceiving herself as had been the case with many other women since Omega. When the two finally meet, however, Julian invites Theo to listen to her baby's heartbeat and Theo believes. |
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A rare [[Jeep]]-esque derivative, called the [[Citroën FAF|Yagán]], after an [[Indigenous peoples|Aborigine]] tribe, was made in Chile between 1972 and 1973. After the [[Chilean coup of 1973]], there were 200 Yagáns left that were used by the Army to patrol the streets and the Peruvian border, with 106 mm cannons. |
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During the group's subsequent flight, Luke is killed while trying to protect Julian during a confrontation with a wild gang of Omegas. Julian confesses that the father of her child is not Rolf, but the deceased Luke. Rolf, who clearly thinks he should rule the UK in Xan's place, is angered at the discovery that his trump card — his effective sperm — does not exist; he abandons the group to notify the Warden. |
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A similar car was sold in some west African countries as the Citroën "Baby-brousse". [[http://www.interchange.org/kwameture/AP112298.html]] |
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The group heads to a shack Theo knows of. Here, Miriam delivers Julian's baby — a boy, not a girl as Julian had thought. Miriam goes to find more supplies and after she is gone too long Theo goes to investigate. He finds Miriam dead, [[garrot]]ted in a nearby house. Theo returns to Julian, but soon after Julian hears a noise outside — it is Xan. |
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In [[Iran]], the Citroën 2CV was called the ''Jian''.<ref name="citcity.citroen1.info">{{Cite web|url=http://citcity.citroen1.info/2CV/2cv-etc1.htm#jian|title=Citroën 2CV etc.1 |accessdate=2007-12-01|work=citcity.citroen1.info}}</ref> The cars were originally manufactured in Iran in a joint venture between Citroën and [[Iran Khodro|Iran National]] up until the [[Iranian Revolution|1979 Revolution]], when Iran National was nationalised, which continued producing the ''Jian'' without the involvement of Citroën.<ref name="oldwoodies.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.oldwoodies.com/gallery-french5.htm|title=French Woodies - After 1949|accessdate=2007-12-01|work=oldwoodies.com}}</ref> |
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[[Image:Green Citroen 2CV.jpg|thumb|right|250px]] |
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Only a few thousand 2CVs were sold in [[North America]] when they were new: as in England their pricing was excessive relative to competitors. Unlike larger Citroëns, there are no legal issues with owning a 2CV however - the car is effectively a restored pre-1968 vehicle. It was one of these vehicles that became the focus of a recent news story, when musician [[Billy Joel]] had an accident in his 2CV in 2004, on [[Long Island, New York]] [http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/04/26/entertainment/main613694.shtml]. Joel gave another 2CV to his bride [[Christie Brinkley]] as a present. |
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Theo and Xan confront each other and both men fire one shot. The sudden wailing of the baby startles Xan, causing him to miss as Rolf had thought the baby would not be born for another month. Theo does not miss. He removes the [[Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom#Other items|Coronation Ring]], which Xan has taken to wearing as a symbol of authority, from Xan's finger and seems poised to become the new leader of the Council and of the UK — at least temporarily. As the action ends, the other members of the Council are introduced to the baby, and Theo baptises him. |
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The 2CV was built in [[Chile]] and [[Argentina]] to address this issue for [[South America]]. The Chilean version mounted a 602 cc. engine with an output of 33 HP, and was nominated AX-330 being built between 1970 and 1978, period where it saw some changes like different bumpers, hard roof instead soft one and late units were fitted with fronts disc brakes and square headlights. A derivation called the "3CV" was built in Argentina with various modifications such as a hatchback.<ref name="www.citroen.mb.ca">{{Cite web|url=http://www.citroen.mb.ca/citroenet/foreign/latin-america/argentina/argentina2.html|title=Argentinian Citroëns|accessdate=2008-05-28|work=www.citroen.mb.ca}}</ref> |
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It's worthwhile to note that "For your eyes only" James Bond 1981 movie, rocketed sales of this city car in Chile where it was specially imported from Spain to meet demand (mostly yellows), since it was already phased out in the Chilean assembly line. |
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==Adaptations== |
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An attempt was made by Citroen in 1985 to produce the 2CV in [[India]] through [[Escorts Group]] (producers of the ''Rajdoot'' motorcycles) for rural market as well as spare parts (to take advantage of India's cheaper labour costs) for export to other 2CV market coutries, but this failed to get approval from the Indian government which worried about the 2CV competing with [[Maruti Udyog]] (in which the government had some stake) models. |
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A loose [[Children of Men|film adaptation]], directed by [[Alfonso Cuarón]] and starring [[Julianne Moore]] and [[Clive Owen]], was released in 2006. Substantial changes were made in terms of plot, political message and characters in the updated film. |
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[[David Eick]] (producer of ''[[Battlestar Galactica (2004 TV series)|Battlestar Galactica]]'') is currently working on a TV show adaptation of the novel for the [[Sci Fi Channel (United States)|Sci Fi Channel]].<ref>[http://www.scifi.com/scifiwire/index.php?category=1&id=50711 Eick Adapts ''Children'' For TV]</ref> |
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==Construction== |
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[[Image:Girl In A 2CV.jpg|right|thumb|All 2CVs have flap-up windows, roll up windows were considered too heavy and expensive in 1948, and the design did not allow any update.]] |
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The level of technology in the 1948 2CV was remarkable for a car of any price in that era, let alone one of the cheapest cars on the planet. While colours and detail specifications were modified in the ensuing 42 years, the biggest mechanical change was the addition of front [[disc brakes]] in 1981 (from the discontinued [[Citroën Dyane]]), for the 1982 model year. |
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==References== |
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The 1948 2CV featured: |
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*four wheel [[independent suspension]] that inter-connected front to rear on the same side, |
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*leading arm front suspension, |
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*[[trailing arm]] rear suspension, |
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*rear [[fender skirts]], but the suspension design allowed wheel change without removing the skirts, |
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*[[front-wheel drive]], |
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*[[inboard brake|inboard front brakes]], in order to help lower unsprung weight thus making ride even softer. |
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*small, lightweight, [[air-cooled]] [[flat twin]] engine, |
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*4-speed [[manual transmission]], |
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*bolt-on detachable front and rear wings/fenders, |
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*detachable doors, bonnet (and bootlid after 1960)—by "slide out" P profile sheet metal hinges, |
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*front rear-hinged '[[suicide door]]s', |
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*flap-up windows, as roll up windows were considered too expensive in 1948, |
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*detachable full length fabric sunroof and boot lid—for almost pickup truck type load carrying versatility. |
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[[Image:Citroen 2CV6 Charleston02.JPG|right|thumb|2CV6 Charleston from 1983]] |
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The body was constructed of a dual H-frame [[chassis]], an [[fixed-wing aircraft|aircraft]]-style tube framework, and a very thin steel shell. |
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The suspension of the 2CV was almost comically soft—a person could easily rock the car side to side dramatically (back and forth was quite a bit more resistant). The leading arm / trailing arm [[trailing arm|swinging arm]], fore-aft linked [[suspension (vehicle)|suspension]] system together with inboard front brakes had a much smaller [[unsprung weight]] than existing coil spring or leaf designs. The interconnection transmitted some of the force deflecting a front wheel up over a bump, to push the rear wheel down on the same side. When the rear wheel met that bump a moment later, it did the same in reverse, keeping the car level front to rear. This made the suspension more responsive, enabling the 2CV to indeed be driven at speed over a ploughed field. Since the rear brakes were outboard, extra [[tuned mass damper]]s and later [[shock absorber]]s were fitted to the rear wheels to dampen wheel bounce. Later models had [[tuned mass damper]]s at the front with telescopic dampers / [[shock absorber]]s front and rear. The 2CV suspension was assessed by [[Alec Issigonis]] and [[Alex Moulton]] in the mid-1950s, (according to an interview by Moulton with ''CAR'' magazine in the late 1990s), which then inspired them to design the [[Hydrolastic]] suspension system for the [[Mini]] and [[Austin 1100]], to try to keep the benefits of the 2CV system but with added roll stiffness. |
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[[Front-wheel drive]] made the car easy and safe to drive and Citroën had developed some experience with it due to the pioneering [[Citroën Traction Avant|Traction Avant]]. |
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It was powered by a [[flat-twin]] air-cooled engine designed by [[Walter Becchia]], with a nod to the classic "boxer" [[BMW]] [[motorcycle]] engine (it is reported that Becchia dismantled the engine of the BMW motorcycle of Flaminio Bertoni before designing the 2CV engine). |
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The car had a 4-speed manual transmission, an advanced feature on an inexpensive car at the time. Boulanger had originally insisted on no more than three gears, because he believed that with four [[gear ratio|ratios]] the car would be perceived as complex to drive by customers. Thus, the fourth gear was marketed as an [[overdrive (transmission)|overdrive]], this is why on the early cars the "4" was replaced by "S" for ''surmultipliée''. The gear shifter came horizontally out of the dashboard with the handle curved upwards. It had a strange shift pattern: the first was back on the left, the second and third were inline, and the fourth (or the S) could be engaged only by turning the lever to the right from the third. |
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[[Image:Citroën 2cv back.jpg|right|thumb|A 1989 Citroën 2CV6 Club from the back, the roof rolled open]] |
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In keeping with the ultra-utilitarian (and rural) design brief, the [[canvas]] roof could be rolled completely open. The Type A had one [[automotive lighting|stop light]], and was available only in grey. The [[windscreen wiper]]s were powered by a purely mechanical system: a cable connected to the transmission; to reduce cost, this cable also powered the speedometer. The wipers' speed was therefore variable with car speed. When the car was waiting at a crossroad, the wipers were not powered; thus, a handle under the speedometer allowed them to be operated by hand. From the 1960s this was replaced with an electric motor. |
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The reliability of the car was increased by the fact that, being air-cooled, it had no coolant, radiator, water pump or [[thermostat]]. It had no [[distributor]] either because both [[spark plug]]s were [[wasted spark|fired at the same time]], on every 360 degree rotation. Except for the brakes there were no hydraulic parts on original models as the shock absorbers were replaced by tuned mass dampers and friction dampers. |
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==Engines== |
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[[Image:Citroën 2cv engine.jpg|thumb|right|A modern 2CV6 under the hood]] |
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The car featured an air-cooled, [[flat-twin]], four-stroke, 375 [[Cubic centimetre|cc]] engine, with the notoriously underpowered earliest model developing only 9 [[Horsepower|bhp]] [[DIN]] (6.5 kW). A 425 cc engine was introduced in 1955, followed by a 602 cc (giving 28 bhp (20.5 kW) at 7000 rpm) in 1968. With the 602 cc engine the tax classification of the car changed so that it became in fact a 3CV, but the commercial name remained unchanged. A 435 cc engine was introduced at the same time in replacement of the 425 cc, the 435 cc engine car was christened 2CV 4 while the 602 cc took the name 2CV 6 (although a variant did take the name 3CV in Argentina). The 602 cc engine evolved to the M28 33 bhp (24 kW) in 1970; this was the most powerful engine fitted to the 2CV. A new 602 cc giving only 29 bhp (21.5 kW) at a slower 5750 rpm was introduced in 1979. Despite being less powerful, this engine was more efficient, allowing lower fuel consumption and better top speed, at the price of decreased acceleration. All 2CVs with the M28 engine can run on unleaded petrol, but attention is needed to ensure that valve clearances are maintained. |
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The 2CV also pioneered the use of the now common [[wasted spark]] Ignition System, also known as the '''DIS''' (Distributorless Ignition System) ignition using a double ended coil fired on each revolution, (on the exhaust and compression stroke), by just a contact breaker. |
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The engine's design concentrated on the reduction of moving parts. The [[cooling fan]] and [[dynamo]] were built integrally with the one-piece [[crankshaft]], removing the need for [[belt (mechanical)|drive belts]]. Instead of using the usual two-piece crank [[bearings]], one-piece items were pressed onto the crankshaft with a hydraulic press once the crankshaft had been submerged in liquid [[nitrogen]] to cause it to contract (thus providing enough clearance to press the bearings on). Similarly, the [[contact breaker]] was driven directly off the end of the [[camshaft]], meaning that the [[ignition]] timing remained accurate for years. |
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These design features made the 2CV engine highly reliable (test engines were run at full speed for 1000 hours at a time- equivalent to driving 50,000 miles (80,500 km) at full throttle). They also meant that the engine was very much 'sealed for life' - the main bearings, for example, could not be replaced individually- the entire crankshaft had to be replaced. However, the engine is very under-stressed and long-lived, so this is not a major issue. Until the 1960s it was common for other car manufacturers engines (British Fords especially), to need full strip downs and rebuilds at as little as 50,000 mile intervals - unrebuilt 2CV engines are still running that are passing 250,000 miles. |
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When asked about the 2CVs performance and acceleration, many owners said it went "from 0-60 in one day". Others jokingly said they "had to make an appointment to merge onto an [[interstate highway system]]". |
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The last evolution of the 2CV engine was the [[Citroën Visa]] flat-2, a 652 cc featuring an electronic ignition. Citroën never sold this engine in the 2CV, however some enthusiasts have converted their 2CVs to 652 engines. |
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==Expeditions== |
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[[Image:2CVbsas2005.jpg|left|thumb|Citroën 2CV in [[Buenos Aires]], [[Argentina]]]] |
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The 2CV has also been used for travel around the world. In 1958–1959 two young Frenchmen, Jean-Claude Baudot and [[Jacques Séguéla]] started at the [[Paris Motor Show]] on [[October 9]] [[1958]], headed south and crossed the [[Mediterranean]] by boat from [[Port Vendres]] to [[Algeria]]; traversed the African continent and crossed the [[South Atlantic]] from [[Cape Town]] to [[Rio de Janeiro]]; cris-crossed [[South America]] and the [[United States]] and boated from [[San Francisco]] to [[Yokohama]]. They returned to Paris on [[November 11]] [[1959]]. During the 13 months, they drove 100 000 [[kilometre]]s, and consumed 5 000 [[litre]]s of petrol and 36 tires. |
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Citroen promoted 2CV events called 'Raids' in the 1970s and main dealers would supply a ruggedising kit. Paris to Persepolis in Iran was best known. |
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==Nicknames== |
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[[Image:Deux-chevaux-rose-pink-2CV-citroen.JPG|thumb|left|225px|[[Do it yourself|DIY]] paintwork was often seen on the 2CV]] |
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{{Trivia|date=September 2007}}<!-- Under wikipedia guidelines, please do not add any more trivia, refer to [[WP:TRIVIA]] for further information. Any questions, please refer to [[WP:CARS]] -->Popular [[French language|French]] nicknames were ''"Deuche"'' and ''"Dedeuche"''. |
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The [[Dutch language|Dutch]] were the first to call it ''"het lelijke eendje"'' ("the ugly duckling") or just ''"Eend"'' ("duck"), while the [[Flemish people|Flemish]] called it ''"de geit"'' ("the goat"). In [[German language|German]]-speaking countries it is called ''"Ente"'' ("duck"), and sometimes ''"lahme Ente"'' ("lame duck")—ironically, for its off-road abilities and swinging moves. English nicknames include ''"Tin Snail"'', ''"Dolly"'' and ''"Upside-down [[Baby transport|pram]]"''. In the former [[Yugoslavia]] the car was called ''"Spaček"'' (pronounced ''"spa-check"'', [[Slovenian language|Slovenian]] for "little freak"). In [[Spanish language|Spanish]]-speaking countries they were nicknamed ''"dos caballos"'' (two horses), ''"citrola"'' or ''"citroneta"'' (derived from "Citroën"). In [[Denmark]], the car has many names: "Gyngehest" (Rocking horse); "Studenter-Jaguar" (A students Jaguar) while the cars, amongst 2CV enthusiasts affectionately are called ´De kære små´ (The dear small ones). In [[Finland]], the 2CV is known as ''"Rättisitikka"'' ([[Finnish language|Finnish]] for "rag Citroën") because of its [[canvas]] roof and in [[Tunisia]] they call it ''"karkassa"''. Hungarians call it ''"Kacsa"'' (pronounced: "kacha" and also meaning "duck"). In Israel it was called ''"פחנוע"'' (Pronounced ''"pah-noa"'', meaning "tin car") and in [[Iceland]] it was named ''"Sítróen braggi"'' (meaning "Citroën Quonset hut"). In Norway the name was ''"Jernseng"'', meaning "iron bed". In [[Iran]] it is known as ''"Jian / Zhian ژیان"'', which means ''"Fierce"''. |
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In the United States it was known as the ''"flying rag top"''. American cartoonist [[Gilbert Shelton]] referred to it as the ''"duh-shuh-vuh"''. |
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Outside France, the 2CV's most common nickname today{{Fact|date=August 2007}} is "The Duck", which seemed to be endorsed by Citroën which released a stuffed toy animal in the 1980s representing a duck with Citroën on its side and 2CV under its right foot. |
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==The end of the 2CV== |
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[[Image:2cv-rear.jpg|thumb|right|Citroën 2CV Dolly from behind]] |
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The 2CV was produced for 42 years, the model finally succumbing to customer demands for speed and safety, areas in which this ancient design had fallen significantly behind modern cars. Its advanced engineering was ignored by the public, being clothed in an ultra basic anachronistic body. It was the butt of many a joke - by [[Jasper Carrot]] especially. It was not helped by Citroen failing to promote it and by falling quality standards. The car was viewed as an embarrassment by Citroën, and they tried to kill the model for several years before the end came. |
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Citroën had attempted to replace the ultra-utilitarian 2CV several times (with the [[Citroën Dyane|Dyane]], [[Citroën Visa|Visa]], and the [[Citroën AX|AX]]), however its comically antiquated appearance became an advantage to the car and it became a niche product which sold because it was different from anything else on sale. Because of its down-to-earth style it became popular with [[hippy|hippies]]. |
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While not a replacement for the 2CV, a straightforward, unremarkable urban runabout [[supermini car|supermini]] like the [[Citroën AX|AX]] seemed to address the automaker's requirements at the entry level in the 1990s. |
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In 1988, production ceased in France but was continued in [[Portugal]]. The last 2CV, grey with chassis number VF7AZKA00LA376002, rolled off the Portuguese production line on [[July 27]], [[1990]]. In all, a total of 3,872,583 2CV sedans were produced. Including the commercial versions of the 2CV, Dyane, Méhari, FAF, & Ami variants, the 2CV's underpinnings spawned over nine million cars. |
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The 2CV was outlived by contemporaries such as the [[Mini]] (went out of production in 2000), [[VW Beetle]] (2003), [[Renault 4]] (1994), [[VW Type 2]] (still in production) and [[Hindustan Ambassador]] (still in production). |
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[[Image:2CV.jpg|thumb|right|Unrestored 43 year old daily driver]] |
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==Rebirth== |
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The 1989 [[Nissan S-Cargo]] design was directly inspired by the appearance of the tiny French Citroën 2CV camionette or small truck, even including the single spoke steering wheel. The 2CV was relatively popular in [[Japan]] at this time. The car was introduced at the Tokyo Motor Show, and was built from 1989 to 1992 by Pike Factory for Nissan. Approximately 12,000 were manufactured. All S-Cargo's are right hand drive. While initially marketed only in Japan, S-Cargo's have spread as grey import vehicles. |
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The [[Chrysler CCV]] developed in the mid 1990's, (CCV stands for Composite Concept Vehicle) is a concept car developed to illustrate new means of construction suitable to developing nations. The car is a tall, fairly roomy 4 door sedan, of modest dimensions. The designers at Chrysler note they were inspired to create a modernised Citroën 2CV. |
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The company Sorevie of [[Lodève]] was building 2CVs until 2002. The cars were built from scratch using mostly new parts. But since the 2CV no longer complied with safety regulations, the cars were sold as second-hand cars using chassis and engine numbers from old 2CVs. |
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The 2CV-Méhari Club [[Cassis, Bouches-du-Rhône|Cassis]] also reconditions the 2CV and the [[Citroën Méhari]]. Recently they entered a 2CV prototype in the [[Paris-Dakar Rally]]; this was a four-wheel drive, twin engine car (like the 2CV Sahara) powered by two 602 cc engines, the traditional one in the front and an engine in the rear boot space.<ref name="takla-makane.com">{{Cite web|url=http://www.takla-makane.com/pages/dakar/dakar-histo.htm|title=Le Dakar 2005|accessdate=2007-12-01|work=takla-makane.com}} {{Fr icon}}</ref> |
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[[Auto Express]] reported in a May 2007 news item that a 2CV [[concept car|concept]] similar in appearance to the 2005 Evoque would make an appearance in 2009, with Citroën likely to position its modern interpretation of the car against premium rivals such as the [[BMW MINI|MINI]].<ref name="autoexpress.co.uk">{{Cite web|url=http://www.autoexpress.co.uk/news/autoexpressnews/208391/citroens_2cv_is_back.html|title=Citroen's 2CV is back!|accessdate=2007-12-01|work=autoexpress.co.uk}}</ref> |
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Styling of the [[Citroën C3]] Pluriel was reminiscent of the 2CV design. |
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== Models == |
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[[Image:Citroen2CVvan.jpg|right|thumb|Early 'camionette' (small truck)]] |
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[[Image:1978.citroen.2cv.750pix.jpg|thumb|right|1978 Citroën 2CV AK400 van]] |
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[[Image:2CV-Radar.jpg|thumb|right|1958 Citroën Radar]] |
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<!-- Deleted image removed: [[Image:Citroën Bijou.jpg|thumb|right|1960 Citroën Bijou]] --> |
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[[Image:2cv-red.jpg|right|thumb|A late Citroën 2CV with square headlights]] |
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[[Image:2cv truck sete.jpg|thumb|right|2CV truck in Sete]] |
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<!-- [[image:Citroën_2CV6.jpg|thumb|right|1989 Citroën 2CV6 Club with round headlights (introduced again) and the wintermuff on]] dead image commented out for repair --> |
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=== Standard passenger === |
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* A (1948-?) |
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* AZ |
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* AZAM |
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* AZL |
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* AZKA (2CV6, ?-1990) |
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* AZKB (2CV4) |
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=== Utility === |
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* AU |
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* AZU, AZU 250 |
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* AK 350 |
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* AK 400, AKS 400 |
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* AYCD ([[Citroën Acadiane|Acadiane]]) |
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=== Cabriolet (Radar) === |
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Robert Radar designed a fiberglass body on the chassis of a 2CV in 1956 and built a few prototypes in his Citroën Garage in [[Liège, Belgium]]. Citroën Belgium was enthusiastic about this model and decided to produce it as an official Citroën 2CV in its [[Forest, Belgium|Forest]] (near [[Brussels]]) factory. They manufactured about 50 bodies and added the model called 2CV "Radar" on the price list. They were assembled on order, and in 1958 and 1959, only 25 were sold and production ceased. The remaining bodies were destroyed later. There are five or six of them left, one in the Netherlands and four or five in Belgium. |
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=== Coupé (Bijou) === |
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The [[Citroën Bijou|Bijou]] was built at the Citroën factory in [[Slough]], UK in the early 1960s. It was a two-door [[fiberglass]]-bodied version of the 2CV designed by [[Peter Kirwan-Taylor]]. The design was thought to be more accessible in appearance to British consumers than the standard 2CV sedan. Incorporating some components from the DS (most noticeably the memorable single-spoke steering wheel), it did not achieve market success, possibly because it was heavier than the 2CV and thus not a brisk performer, reaching 100 [[km/h]] (60 [[mph]]) only under favourable conditions. Only 207 were built. |
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===Four-wheel drive=== |
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One novel model was the 2CV Sahara, a [[four-wheel drive]] (4x4) car, equipped with two engines (12 hp each), each one having a separate gas tank. One was mounted in the front driving the front wheels and one in the back driving the rear wheels. A single gear shifter, clutch pedal, and gas pedal were connected to both engines. |
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It was originally intended for use by the French colonies in Northern Africa. As well as a decreased chance of being stranded, it provided four-wheel drive traction with continuous force to some wheels while others were slipping because the engine transmissions were uncoupled. Therefore it became popular with [[off-roading|off-road]] enthusiasts. |
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Between 1958 and 1971 Citroën built 694 Saharas, but only 27 are known to exist today. The top speed was 65 km/h (40 mph) on one engine, but this increased to 105 km/h (65 mph) with both engines running. |
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The [[Citroën Méhari|Méhari]] was also built as a 4x4, but with only one engine. |
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Various 4x4 conversions were built by independent constructors, such as Marc Voisin, near Grenoble, some from a Méhari 4x4 chassis and a 2CV body. |
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Although the terminology is sometimes confused, 2CV 4x4 generally refers to these models, whereas 2CV Sahara refers to the two-engined Citroën vehicle. |
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===Kit cars=== |
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The 2CV's availability, simple construction, low cost and propensity to rust make it an ideal donor car for a [[special]] or [[kit car]]. Examples of 2CV-based kit cars include the Pembleton and Lomax from Britain, and the Burton and Patron from Holland. |
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===Vans and "hunchbacks"=== |
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For transportation purposes, some models were redesigned into vans. Others had a "hunchback" fitted, an extension to the [[car boot|boot]]. |
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== Notes == |
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{{reflist}} |
{{reflist}} |
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== |
==See also== |
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*[[Pregnancy in science fiction]] |
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{{commonscat|Citroën 2CV}} |
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*[http://2cvdirectory.com 2CV directory - The 2CV directory aims to be the biggest, best and most complete collection of everything 2CV: websites, articles, stories, contacts and more.] |
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*[http://www.cats-citroen.net/home.html Cats Citroen Net 2CV - History, Buyer's/Owners's Guides, Restoration, Modifying, Codes/Serial Numbers, Reference, Photos] |
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*[http://www.greaternycitroenvelosolexclub.com Greater New York Citroen Velosolex Touring Club] |
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*[http://www.2cv-legende.com Find out all about the 2CV! French website.] |
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*[http://www.citroenet.org.uk/passenger-cars/michelin/2cv/2cv-index.html Citroën A Series Index Page] Citroën enthusiasts site. |
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*[http://www.citroenet.org.uk/miscellaneous/peers/pretenders.html Cars inspired by the 2CV] |
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*[http://www.garage2cv.de garage2cv - Citroën A Series Webzine (Germany)] |
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*[http://www.lottiethe2cv.co.uk Lottie the 2CV] |
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*[http://www.2cvgb.org.uk Deux Chevaux Club of Great Britain (2CVGB)] |
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*[http://www.quirkyclassics.com Quirky Classics 2CV Restoration Specialists] |
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*[http://www.2cvclub.com 2CV Club Cassis (France)] |
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*[http://www.musee-2cv.com the only museum dedicated to the 2 CV (France)] |
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*[http://www.studioru.co.uk 2CV travel, stories and video] |
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* {{imcdb vehicle|make=Citroen|model=2CV|Citroën 2CV}} |
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{{wikiquote}} |
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Children of Men, The}} |
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Revision as of 21:43, 10 October 2008
 Cover of the 1994 paperback edition | |
| Author | P. D. James |
|---|---|
| Country | United Kingdom |
| Language | English |
| Genre | Dystopian novel |
| Publisher | Alfred A. Knopf |
Publication date | 1992 |
| Media type | Print (Hardcover and Paperback) |
| Pages | 241 pp |
| ISBN | [[Special:BookSources/ISBN+0679418733+%28Hardcover%29%3Cbr%3EISBN+0446679208+%28Paperback%29 |ISBN 0679418733 (Hardcover) ISBN 0446679208 (Paperback)]] Parameter error in {{ISBNT}}: invalid character |
The Children of Men is a dystopian novel by P. D. James that was published in 1992. Set in England in 2021, it centres on the results of mass infertility. James describes a United Kingdom that is steadily depopulating and focuses on a small group of resisters who do not share the disillusionment of the masses.
The title of the book is derived from Psalm 90(89):3 of the KJV: "Thou turnest man to destruction; and sayest, Return, ye children of men." [1] The Psalm is quoted in Chapter 28 of the novel, and is its only reference to the phrase.
Plot summary
The narrative voice for the novel alternates between the third person and the first person, the latter in the form of the diary kept by Dr Theodore Faron, normally called "Theo", who is an Oxford don. His wife Helena left him two years before the story begins. Their marriage deteriorated after Theo accidentally ran over their daughter, Natalie.
The novel opens with the first entry in Theo's diary. It is the year 2021, but the novel's events have their origin in 1995, which is referred to as "Year Omega". Theo writes that the last human being to be born on Earth, a young Argentine man, has been killed in a pub brawl in Buenos Aires.
Theo takes us back to 1994, when, for reasons unknown, the sperm counts of all human males plummeted to zero. The last people to be born — i.e., all children born in 1995 — have come to be called "Omegas": "A race apart," they enjoy various prerogatives and, now in their mid-twenties, generally seem to be very proud to be the youngest humans alive.
Having access to statistical data, the first people to notice that something is wrong are gynaecologists, obstetricians, and midwives, whereas couples who want to have a child just think they're unlucky. It takes several months for the world to grasp the situation and its implications.
In 2006, a man called Xan Lyppiatt, Theo's rich and charismatic cousin, appoints himself Warden of England. It is the year in which the last general election is held. Out of necessity — people have lost all interest in politics — Lyppiatt abolishes democracy. He is called a despot and a tyrant by his opponents, but officially the new society is referred to as egalitarian.
Theo is approached by a woman called Julian, a member of a group of dissidents who call themselves the Five Fishes. He meets with them at an isolated church. Rolf, their nominal leader and Julian's husband, is hostile, but the others — Miriam (a midwife), Gascoigne, Luke (a former priest), and Julian — are more personable. The group wants Theo to approach Xan on their behalf, and ask for various reforms, including a return to a more democratic system. During their discussions, and as Theo prepares to meet with Xan, we learn how the UK is run in 2021:
- The country is governed by decree of the Council of England, which represents the executive branch (the government) and consists of five people only. Parliament still exists, but it has been reduced to an advisory role. Generally, the three aims of the Council of England are (1) protection and security, (2) comfort, and (3) pleasure -- corresponding to the Warden's promises of (1) freedom from fear, (2) freedom from want, and (3) freedom from boredom.
- The Grenadiers — formerly an elite regiment in the British armed forces — are the Warden's private army. They take an oath to the Warden personally. The State Secret Police (SSP) ensures that the Council's decrees are executed.
- Drastic measures have been taken to pacify the citizens and maintain the illusion that a comfortable life will be possible in the years to come. The law courts still exist, but as the citizens are very reluctant to do jury service, juries have been abolished altogether. Under the "new arrangements", defendants are tried by a judge and two magistrates. All convicted criminals, violent and non-violent, are dumped at a penal colony on the Isle of Man. There is no remission, escape is impossible, visitors are forbidden, and prisoners are not even allowed to write or receive letters.
- By decree of the Council of England, every citizen is required to learn skills, such as husbandry, which they might need to help them survive if they happen to be among the last human beings in Britain.
- Foreign workers are lured into the country and then exploited. Young people, preferably Omegas, from poorer countries come to England to work there. These "foreign Omegas" or, generally, "Sojourners" are imported to do the dirty work (collecting rubbish, mending the roads, etc.). At 60, which is the age limit, they are sent back ("forcibly repatriated"). British Omegas, however, are not allowed to emigrate so as to prevent further loss of labour or a brain drain.
- Older/infirm citizens have become a burden; nursing homes are for the privileged few. The rest face more gruesome options: They can either (a) die helpless and unassisted in their homes; (b) commit suicide or (c) take part in a so-called Quietus (Council-sanctioned mass drownings). Before he agrees to see the Council as Julian and the others ask, Theo views a Quietus and is injured by one of the security people supervising it while trying to save a woman he knew.
- One might think that in 2021 sex has become some sort of national pastime, given that there is little else to do and no danger of unwanted pregnancies. However, people have lost interest in sex, and the state has had to open "pornography centres". Twice a year, all healthy women under 45 must submit to a gynaecological examination, and all men must have their sperm tested, to keep hope alive that human life on this planet might not be heading for extinction.
Theo's meeting with Xan, which is actually a meeting with the full Council of England, does not go well. Some of the other members resent his input because he resigned as Xan's advisor rather than share the responsibility of governing the UK. Furthermore, Xan guesses that Theo's suggestions came from others and makes clear to Theo that he will take action against dissidents.
The Five Fishes nevertheless publish and distribute a leaflet detailing their demands. As a result, Theo is visited by the SSP and, shortly afterwards, he sees Julian in the market. He tells her of the SSP visit, then tells her that if ever she needs him, she only has to send for him and he will come. Later that night, however, Theo decides to leave England for the summer and visit the continent before nature completely overruns it.
Soon after his return, Miriam appears at his door. She tells him that Gascoigne was arrested as he was trying to rig a Quietus landing stage to explode. The other Fishes are about to go on the run, and Julian wants him. As they drive to meet the remainder of the group, Miriam reveals why Julian did not come herself -- she is pregnant. At first, Theo is convinced that Julian is deceiving herself as had been the case with many other women since Omega. When the two finally meet, however, Julian invites Theo to listen to her baby's heartbeat and Theo believes.
During the group's subsequent flight, Luke is killed while trying to protect Julian during a confrontation with a wild gang of Omegas. Julian confesses that the father of her child is not Rolf, but the deceased Luke. Rolf, who clearly thinks he should rule the UK in Xan's place, is angered at the discovery that his trump card — his effective sperm — does not exist; he abandons the group to notify the Warden.
The group heads to a shack Theo knows of. Here, Miriam delivers Julian's baby — a boy, not a girl as Julian had thought. Miriam goes to find more supplies and after she is gone too long Theo goes to investigate. He finds Miriam dead, garrotted in a nearby house. Theo returns to Julian, but soon after Julian hears a noise outside — it is Xan.
Theo and Xan confront each other and both men fire one shot. The sudden wailing of the baby startles Xan, causing him to miss as Rolf had thought the baby would not be born for another month. Theo does not miss. He removes the Coronation Ring, which Xan has taken to wearing as a symbol of authority, from Xan's finger and seems poised to become the new leader of the Council and of the UK — at least temporarily. As the action ends, the other members of the Council are introduced to the baby, and Theo baptises him.
Adaptations
A loose film adaptation, directed by Alfonso Cuarón and starring Julianne Moore and Clive Owen, was released in 2006. Substantial changes were made in terms of plot, political message and characters in the updated film.
David Eick (producer of Battlestar Galactica) is currently working on a TV show adaptation of the novel for the Sci Fi Channel.[2]
References
See also
Wikiquote has quotations related to The Children of Men.