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{{short description|Palmach offensive}}
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'''Operation Yiftach''' ({{lang-he|מבצע יפתח}}, ''Mivtza Yiftah'') was an offensive of the Israeli [[Haganah]] between 28 April and 29 May 1948 aimed at capturing the eastern [[Galilee]]. The central objectives were the capture of [[Safed]] and the securing of the [[Lebanon|Lebanese]] and [[Syria]]n borders before the [[British Mandate of Palestine|British Mandate]] ended on 14 May 1948. It was carried out by two [[Palmach]] battalions commanded by [[Yigal Allon]].
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2013}}
⚫
'''Operation Yiftach''' ({{lang-he|מבצע יפתח}}, ''Mivtza Yiftah'') was a [[Palmach]] offensive carried out between 28 April and 23 May 1948. The objectives were to capture [[Safed]] and to secure the eastern [[Galilee]] before the [[Mandatory Palestine|British Mandate]] ended on 14 May 1948. It was carried out by two [[Palmach]] battalions commanded by [[Yigal Allon]].


==Background==
==Background==
Operation Yiftach was part of [[Plan Dalet]] which aimed at securing the areas allocated to the Jewish state in the UN partition plan before the end of the British Mandate in Palestine.<ref>Chaim Herzog, 'The Arab-Israeli Wars'. ISBN 0-85368-367-0. p.33</ref> With the ending of the Mandate in sight, British forces had begun to withdraw from less strategic areas such as north-eastern Galilee. In these areas there was a scramble by both sides to occupy abandoned police and military facilities. Local militias and Arab volunteers had taken over the Palestine Police forts in Safed and at [[Nebi Yusha]].[[File:Nebi Yusha.jpg|thumb|left|The fort at Nebi Yusha]] On 17 April the Haganah launched an attack on the fort at Nebi Yusha, which failed. A [[Metzudat Koach|second attack]] on 20 April resulted in the deaths of twenty two of the attackers. As a result of this defeat Yigal Allon, the Palmach C.O. was given command of the operation. Nebi Yusha was finally taken on 20 April in an attack in which planes dropped incenduary bombs on the fort.<ref>All That Remains, p.481</ref> The army camp at [[Rosh Pinna]] was handed over to the Haganah/Palmach by its British commander on 28 April.<ref>Morris, p.121</ref><ref>Herzog. p.33. For Allon's appointment (his Palmach code-name was Sasha) see Morris, p.121</ref> Allon approached the campaign believing that the best way of securing the frontiers was to clear the area completely of all Arab forces and inhabitants.<ref>Morris, p.121. 'simplest and best way...'</ref> This operation was to be the foundation of his reputation that 'he left no Arab civilian communities in his wake.'<ref>Morris, p.219</ref>
Operation Yiftach was part of [[Plan Dalet]], which aimed at securing the areas allocated to the Jewish state in the UN partition plan before the end of the British Mandate in Palestine.<ref>Chaim Herzog, 'The Arab-Israeli Wars'. {{ISBN|0-85368-367-0}}. p.33</ref> With the ending of the Mandate in sight, British forces had begun to withdraw from less strategic areas such as north-eastern Galilee. In these areas there was a scramble by both sides to occupy abandoned police and military facilities. Local militias and Arab volunteers had taken over the Palestine Police forts in [[Safed]] and at [[al-Nabi Yusha']].[[File:Nebi Yusha.jpg|thumb|left|The fort at Nebi Yusha]] On 17 April the Haganah launched an attack on the fort at al-Nabi Yusha', which failed. A [[Metzudat Koach|second attack]] on 20 April resulted in the deaths of twenty two of the attackers. As a result of this defeat Yigal Allon, the Palmach C.O. was given command of the operation. Al-Nabi Yusha' was finally taken on 20 April in an attack in which planes dropped incendiary bombs on the fort.<ref>All That Remains, p.481</ref> The army camp at [[Rosh Pinna]] was handed over to the Haganah/Palmach by its British commander on 28 April.<ref>Morris, p.121</ref><ref>Herzog. p.33. For Allon's appointment (his Palmach code-name was Sasha) see Morris, p.121</ref>


Safed had a pre-war population of 10,000&ndash;12,000 Arabs and 1,500 Jews, and was the base for 700-800 local and foreign irregulars.<ref>Morris, p.102</ref> The attack on Safed was similar to the attack on Arab [[Tiberias]] on 16–17 April, in that it began with a particularly destructive attack on a neighbouring village resulting in loss of morale in the town.<ref>All that remains, p.428. Morris p.71. Describes the 12 April attack on Khirbet Nasir ad-Din above Tiberias: 'some non-combatants were apparently killed and some houses destroyed.'</ref>
Allon approached the campaign believing that the best way of securing the frontiers was to clear the area completely of all Arab forces and inhabitants.<ref>Morris, p.121. 'simplest and best way...'</ref> This operation was to be the foundation of his reputation that "he left no Arab civilian communities in his wake".<ref>Morris, p.219</ref>
Safed had a prewar population of 10,000&ndash;12,000 Arabs and 1,500 Jews, and was the base for 700-800 local and foreign irregulars.<ref>Morris, p.102</ref> The attack on Safed was similar to the attack on Arab [[Tiberias]] on 16–17 April, in that it began with a particularly destructive attack on a neighbouring village resulting in loss of morale in the town.<ref>All that remains, p.428. Morris p.71. Describes the 12 April attack on Khirbet Nasir ad-Din above Tiberias: 'some non-combatants were apparently killed and some houses destroyed.'</ref>


==Operation==
==Operation==
On 1 May 1948, the Palmach's 3rd Battalion attacked the village of [[Ein al-Zeitun]] 1&nbsp;km North of Safed. It began shelling the village at 03:00 in the morning, using one of the first [[Davidka]] mortars as well as two 3-inch and eight 2-inch conventional mortars. The Davidka was a homemade mortar that fired an oversized shell and was nearly useless due to its inaccuracy, but was useful because of the loud noise of the projectile when it flew and detonated. Although hardly capable of causing casualties, the weapon actually was quite effective in demoralizing defending Arabs, some of whom reportedly even thought the explosions were "atomic bombs", which they knew Jews had helped to develop.<ref>http://www.isralight.org/assets/Text/RBF_tazriametzora07.html</ref>
On 1 May 1948, the Palmach's 3rd Battalion attacked the village of [[Ein al-Zeitun]] 1&nbsp;km North of Safed. It began shelling the village at 03:00 in the morning, using one of the first [[Davidka]] mortars as well as two 3-inch and eight 2-inch conventional mortars. The Davidka was a homemade mortar that fired an oversized shell and was nearly useless due to its inaccuracy, but was useful because of the loud noise of the projectile when it flew and detonated. Although hardly capable of causing casualties, the weapon actually was quite effective in demoralizing defending Arabs, some of whom reportedly even thought the explosions were "atomic bombs", which they knew Jews had helped to develop.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.isralight.org/assets/Text/RBF_tazriametzora07.html|title = Small Tastings of Torah, Judaism and Spirituality}}</ref>

⚫
Once they entered the village most of the 'young adult males' fled but 37 were taken prisoner and were probably amongst the 70 men executed in a valley between the village and Safed two days later. Those who remained in the village were rounded up and expelled. Over the next two days Palmach sappers blew up and burnt houses in the village.<ref>Morris, page 102. 'All that Remains', p.437: "The sight of the village being leveled had a demoralizing effect in the city'.</ref> There followed a sub-operation, [[Operation Matateh]], starting on 4 May, which cleared five Bedouin tribes from the Jordan Valley south of Rosh Pinna.

⚫
On 6 May the Palmach launched a ground attack on Safed, but failed to take the citadel. The failure was blamed on insufficient bombardment. Despite Arab attempts to negotiate a truce and the British Army being authorised to intervene, a second attack was launched on night of 9–10 May. It was preceded by a 'massive, concentrated' mortar bombardment in which the Davidka was used again.<ref>Morris, p.103. The same night a unit of Trans-Jordanian Volunteers were ordered to leave the city due to political divisions in the Arab leadership.</ref> An Israeli account describes the final assault as occurring in heavy rainfall, with Palmach forces fighting "all night, attacking in waves up the hilly streets of the town, fighting from house to house and from room to room.'<ref>Herzog, p.34. But he makes no mention of the bombardment.</ref>


⚫
Once they entered the village most of the 'young adult males' fled but 37 were taken prisoner and were probably amongst the 70 men executed in a valley between the village and Safed two days later. Those who remained in the village were rounded up and expelled. Over the next two days Palmach sappers blew up and burnt houses in the village.<ref>Morris, page 102. 'All that Remains', p.437: "The sight of the village being leveled had a demoralizing effect in the city'.</ref> There followed a sub-operation, [[Operation Matateh]], starting on 4 May, which cleared five Bedouin tribes from the Jordan Valley south of Rosh Pinna."
⚫
Following the capture of Safed, Palmach units moved north to secure the borders with Lebanon and Syria. On 14&ndash;15 May the Palmach's 1st Battalion was involved in a clash with Lebanese units at [[Qabas]].<ref>All that remains, p.483</ref> In his later writing Allon claimed that a 'whispering' campaign he launched was of great importance. This involved local Jewish [[mukhtar]]s who had contacts in local Arab communities being told "to whisper in the ears of several Arabs that giant Jewish reinforcements had reached Galilee and were about to clean out the villages of the [[Hula Valley|Hula]]". An [[Israel Defense Forces|IDF]] intelligence report attributed success to this tactic in the case of ten villages, though it suggest that some may also have been bombarded.<ref>Morris, pp.122-123. Page 124: "far more complex than Allon's subsequent recollection."</ref> There is some evidence that 'Syrian officers or Arab irregular commanders' ordered women and children be evacuated from villages north-east of Rosh Pinna.<ref>Morris, p.121</ref>
[[File:Yigal Allon iii.jpg|thumb|Yigal Allon (left) with members of the [[Yiftach Brigade]] following the failed attack on Safed]]
⚫
On 6 May the Palmach launched a ground attack on Safed, but failed to take the citadel. The failure was blamed on insufficient bombardment. Despite Arab attempts to negotiate a truce and the British Army being authorised to intervene, a second attack was launched on night of 9–10 May. It was preceded by a 'massive, concentrated' mortar bombardment in which the Davidka was used again.<ref>Morris, p.103. The same night a unit of Trans-Jordanian Volunteers were ordered to leave the city due to political divisions in the Arab leadership.</ref> An Israeli account describes the final assault as occurring in heavy rainfall, with Palmach forces fighting "all night, attacking in waves up the hilly streets of the town, fighting from house to house and from room to room."<ref>Herzog, p.34. But he makes no mention of the bombardment.</ref>
<gallery>
File:Safad police station.jpg|Safad police station, May 1948
File:Hotel Safad.jpg|Hotel Safad, May 1948
File:Safed bombardment.jpg|Safed after the bombardment, May 1948
</gallery>
⚫
Following the capture of Safed, Palmach units moved north to secure the borders with Lebanon and Syria. On 14&ndash;15 May the Palmach's 1st Battalion was involved in a clash with Lebanese units at Qabas.<ref>All that remains, p.483</ref> In his later writing Allon claimed that a 'whispering' campaign he launched was of great importance. This involved local Jewish [[mukhtar]]s who had contacts in local Arab communities being told "to whisper in the ears of several Arabs that giant Jewish reinforcements had reached Galilee and were about to clean out the villages of the [[Hula Valley|Hula]]". An [[Israel Defense Forces|IDF]] intelligence report attributed success to this tactic in the case of ten villages, though it suggest that some may also have been bombarded.<ref>Morris, pp.122-123. Page 124: "far more complex than Allon's subsequent recollection."</ref> There is some evidence that 'Syrian officers or Arab irregular commanders' ordered women and children be evacuated from villages north-east of Rosh Pinna.<ref>Morris, p.121</ref>


==Aftermath==
==Aftermath==
In the words of [[Chaim Herzog]], on the morning of 11 May "the by-now-familiar mass Arab evacuation from the town began."<ref>Herzog, page 34.</ref> The only civilians who remained in Safed were "about" 100 Muslims, "average age 80" and "34-36 elderly Christian Arabs". In late May or early June the Muslims were "expelled" to Lebanon and on 13 June the Christians were removed by lorry to Haifa.<ref>Morris, p.105</ref> 4-5,000 Bedouin and villagers who remained in the Hula area after the creation of the state of Israel were trucked across the Syrian border during the [[1956 Suez War]].
In the words of [[Chaim Herzog]], on the morning of 11 May "the by-now-familiar mass Arab evacuation from the town began."<ref>Herzog, page 34.</ref> The only civilians who remained in Safed were "about" 100 Muslims, "average age 80" and "34-36 elderly Christian Arabs". In late May or early June the Muslims were "expelled" to Lebanon and on 13 June the Christians were removed by lorry to Haifa.<ref>Morris, p.105</ref> 4–5,000 Bedouin and villagers who remained in the Hula area after the creation of the state of Israel were trucked across the Syrian border during the [[1956 Suez War]].


==Arab communities captured during Operation Yiftach==
==Arab communities captured during Operation Yiftach==
[[File:Operation Yiftach.jpg|thumb|right|Villages captured during Operation Yiftach]]

{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!Name!!Date!!Defending forces!!Brigade!!Population
!Name!!Date!!Defending forces!!Brigade!!Population
Line 46: Line 54:
| n/a
| n/a
| 280
| 280
|-
| [[Kirad al-Baqqara]]
| 22 April 1948
| n/a
| Palmach 1st Battalion
| 360
|-
|-
| [[Tulayl]]
| [[Tulayl]]
Line 77: Line 91:
| 240
| 240
|-
|-
| [[Ghuraba]]
| [[Ghuraba, Safad|Ghuraba]]
| 1 May 1948
| 1 May 1948
| n/a
| n/a
Line 147: Line 161:
| Arab Liberation Army<br />local militia
| Arab Liberation Army<br />local militia
| Palmach
| Palmach
| 12,610<br />9,780 Moslem<br />2,400 Jews<br />430 Christians<ref>Survey of Palestine 1945/1946.ISBN 0 88728 216 3. (Estimate as at 31st December, 1946). Page 12.</ref>
| 12,610<br />9,780 Moslem<br />2,400 Jews<br />430 Christians<ref>Survey of Palestine 1945/1946. {{ISBN|978-0-88728-213-3}}. (Estimate as at 31 December 1946). Page 12.</ref>
|-
|-
| [[Abil al-Qamh]]
| [[Abil al-Qamh]]
Line 245: Line 259:
| 140
| 140
|-
|-
| [[Al-Zawiya]]
| [[Zawiya, Safad|Al-Zawiya]]
| 24 May 1948
| 24 May 1948
| n/a
| n/a
Line 257: Line 271:
| n/a
| n/a
|-
|-
| [[Jalula]]
| [[Jahula]]
| 24/25 May
| 24/25 May
| n/a
| n/a
Line 299: Line 313:
| 360
| 360
|-
|-
| [[al- Salihiyya]]
| [[Al-Salihiyya, Palestine|al-Salihiyya]]
| 25 May 1948
| 25 May 1948
| n/a
| n/a
Line 329: Line 343:
| 530
| 530
|}
|}

==See also==
*[[Depopulated Palestinian locations in Israel]]


==References==
==References==
Line 334: Line 351:


==Bibliography==
==Bibliography==
*[[Walid Khalidi]], All That Remains, ISBN 0-88728-224-5. Uses 1945 census for population figures.
*[[Walid Khalidi]], All That Remains, {{ISBN|0-88728-224-5}}. Uses 1945 census for population figures.
*[[Benny Morris]], The Birth of the Palestinian refugee problem, 1947-1949,ISBN 0-521-33028-9.
*[[Benny Morris]], The Birth of the Palestinian refugee problem, 1947–1949,{{ISBN|0-521-33028-9}}.


{{Israeli operations in the 1948 war}}
{{Israeli operations in the 1948 war}}


{{coord missing}}
{{coord missing|Israel}}


[[Category:Battles and operations of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War|Yiftach]]
[[Category:Battles and operations of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War|Yiftach]]
[[Category:Safed]]
[[Category:History of Safed]]
[[Category:April 1948 events in Asia]]
[[Category:May 1948 events in Asia]]
[[Category:Plan Dalet]]

Revision as of 02:21, 7 December 2023

Operation Yiftach (Hebrew: מבצע יפתח, Mivtza Yiftah) was a Palmach offensive carried out between 28 April and 23 May 1948. The objectives were to capture Safed and to secure the eastern Galilee before the British Mandate ended on 14 May 1948. It was carried out by two Palmach battalions commanded by Yigal Allon.

Background

Operation Yiftach was part of Plan Dalet, which aimed at securing the areas allocated to the Jewish state in the UN partition plan before the end of the British Mandate in Palestine.[1] With the ending of the Mandate in sight, British forces had begun to withdraw from less strategic areas such as north-eastern Galilee. In these areas there was a scramble by both sides to occupy abandoned police and military facilities. Local militias and Arab volunteers had taken over the Palestine Police forts in Safed and at al-Nabi Yusha'.

The fort at Nebi Yusha

On 17 April the Haganah launched an attack on the fort at al-Nabi Yusha', which failed. A second attack on 20 April resulted in the deaths of twenty two of the attackers. As a result of this defeat Yigal Allon, the Palmach C.O. was given command of the operation. Al-Nabi Yusha' was finally taken on 20 April in an attack in which planes dropped incendiary bombs on the fort.[2] The army camp at Rosh Pinna was handed over to the Haganah/Palmach by its British commander on 28 April.[3][4]

Allon approached the campaign believing that the best way of securing the frontiers was to clear the area completely of all Arab forces and inhabitants.[5] This operation was to be the foundation of his reputation that "he left no Arab civilian communities in his wake".[6]

Safed had a prewar population of 10,000–12,000 Arabs and 1,500 Jews, and was the base for 700-800 local and foreign irregulars.[7] The attack on Safed was similar to the attack on Arab Tiberias on 16–17 April, in that it began with a particularly destructive attack on a neighbouring village resulting in loss of morale in the town.[8]

Operation

On 1 May 1948, the Palmach's 3rd Battalion attacked the village of Ein al-Zeitun 1 km North of Safed. It began shelling the village at 03:00 in the morning, using one of the first Davidka mortars as well as two 3-inch and eight 2-inch conventional mortars. The Davidka was a homemade mortar that fired an oversized shell and was nearly useless due to its inaccuracy, but was useful because of the loud noise of the projectile when it flew and detonated. Although hardly capable of causing casualties, the weapon actually was quite effective in demoralizing defending Arabs, some of whom reportedly even thought the explosions were "atomic bombs", which they knew Jews had helped to develop.[9]

Once they entered the village most of the 'young adult males' fled but 37 were taken prisoner and were probably amongst the 70 men executed in a valley between the village and Safed two days later. Those who remained in the village were rounded up and expelled. Over the next two days Palmach sappers blew up and burnt houses in the village.[10] There followed a sub-operation, Operation Matateh, starting on 4 May, which cleared five Bedouin tribes from the Jordan Valley south of Rosh Pinna."

Yigal Allon (left) with members of the Yiftach Brigade following the failed attack on Safed

On 6 May the Palmach launched a ground attack on Safed, but failed to take the citadel. The failure was blamed on insufficient bombardment. Despite Arab attempts to negotiate a truce and the British Army being authorised to intervene, a second attack was launched on night of 9–10 May. It was preceded by a 'massive, concentrated' mortar bombardment in which the Davidka was used again.[11] An Israeli account describes the final assault as occurring in heavy rainfall, with Palmach forces fighting "all night, attacking in waves up the hilly streets of the town, fighting from house to house and from room to room."[12]

  • Safad police station, May 1948
    Safad police station, May 1948
  • Hotel Safad, May 1948
    Hotel Safad, May 1948
  • Safed after the bombardment, May 1948
    Safed after the bombardment, May 1948

Following the capture of Safed, Palmach units moved north to secure the borders with Lebanon and Syria. On 14–15 May the Palmach's 1st Battalion was involved in a clash with Lebanese units at Qabas.[13] In his later writing Allon claimed that a 'whispering' campaign he launched was of great importance. This involved local Jewish mukhtars who had contacts in local Arab communities being told "to whisper in the ears of several Arabs that giant Jewish reinforcements had reached Galilee and were about to clean out the villages of the Hula". An IDF intelligence report attributed success to this tactic in the case of ten villages, though it suggest that some may also have been bombarded.[14] There is some evidence that 'Syrian officers or Arab irregular commanders' ordered women and children be evacuated from villages north-east of Rosh Pinna.[15]

Aftermath

In the words of Chaim Herzog, on the morning of 11 May "the by-now-familiar mass Arab evacuation from the town began."[16] The only civilians who remained in Safed were "about" 100 Muslims, "average age 80" and "34-36 elderly Christian Arabs". In late May or early June the Muslims were "expelled" to Lebanon and on 13 June the Christians were removed by lorry to Haifa.[17] 4–5,000 Bedouin and villagers who remained in the Hula area after the creation of the state of Israel were trucked across the Syrian border during the 1956 Suez War.

Arab communities captured during Operation Yiftach

Villages captured during Operation Yiftach
Name Date Defending forces Brigade Population
'Arab al-Zubayd 20 April 1948 villagers fled n/a 800
Al 'Ulmaniyya 20 April 1984 n/a n/a 260
Kirad al-Ghannama 22 April 1948 evacuated n/a 350
Kirad al-Walid 22 April 1948 evacuated n/a 280
Kirad al-Baqqara 22 April 1948 n/a Palmach 1st Battalion 360
Tulayl late April 1948 n/a n/a 340
Al-Didara April/May 1948 n/a n/a 100
Al-Shuna April/May 1948 n/a n/a 170
Ein al-Zaytun 1 May 1948 none Palmach 3rd Battalion 820
Biriyya 1 May 1948 n/a n/a 240
Ghuraba 1 May 1948 n/a n/a 220
Khiyam al-Wali 1 May 1948 evacuated n/a 280
Al-Muftakhira 1 & 16 May 1948 n/a n/a 350
Fir'im 2 & 26 May 1948 n/a n/a 740
Mughr al-Khayt 2 May 1948 n/a n/a 490
Qabba'a 2 May 1948 n/a n/a 460
Al-Wayziyya 2 May 1948 n/a n/a 100
Jubb Yusuf 4 May 1948 n/a n/a 170
Harrawi 5 & 25 May 1948 Arab Liberation Army n/a n/a
'Akbara 9 May 1948 15-20 villagers Palmach 1st Battalion 390
Al-Ja'una 9 May 1948 n/a n/a 1,150
Safed 9/10 May 1948 Arab Liberation Army
local militia 		Palmach 12,610
9,780 Moslem
2,400 Jews
430 Christians[18]
Abil al-Qamh 10 May 1948 n/a Palmach 1st Battalion 330
Al-Zahiriyya al-Tahta 10 May 1948 village militia
20-30 men 		n/a 350
Dallata 10–11 May 1948 n/a n/a 360
Qaddita by 11 May 1948 n/a whispering campaign 240
Al-Buwayziyya 11 May 1948 villagers fled n/a 510
Al-Khalisa 11 May 1948 village militia n/a 1,840
Al-Zuq Al-Tahtani 11 May 1948 n/a n/a 1,050
Al-Malikiyya 12 May 1948
changed hands
15 May, 29 May, 7 June,
Operation Hiram 		Arab Liberation Army
2nd Yarmuk Battalion 		Palmach 360
Hunin 14 May 1948 village militia n/a 1,620
Al-Na'ima 14 May 1948 n/a n/a 1,240
inc. 210 Jews
Al-Shawka al-Tahta 14 May 1948 villagers fled n/a 200
Khan al-Duway 15 May 1948 n/a n/a 260
Qatiyya 19 May 1948 n/a n/a 940
Lazzaza 21 May 1948 evacuated whispering campaign 230
inc 100 Jews
Al-Zuq al-Fauqani 21 May 1948 village militia
20-30 men 		whispering campaign 160
'Ammuqa 24 May 1948 evacuated Palmach 140
Al-Zawiya 24 May 1948 n/a n/a 760
Al-Manshiya 24 May 1948 n/a whispering campaign n/a
Jahula 24/25 May n/a n/a 420
Al-'Abisiyya 25 May 1948 n/a whispering campaign 1,510
inc. 290 Jews
Baysamun 25 May 1948 n/a whispering campaign 20
Al-Dawwara 25 May 1948 n/a whispering campaign 1,100
inc. 400 Jews
Al-Khisas 25 May 1948 n/a whispering campaign 530
inc. 60 Jews
Mallaha 25 May villagers fled whispering campaign 890
Al-Mansura, Safad 25 May 1948 n/a whispering campaign 360
al-Salihiyya 25 May 1948 n/a n/a 1,520
Qadas 28/29 May
changed hands
7 June, Operation Hiram 		Lebanese Army n/a 390
Al-Dirbashiyya May 1948 n/a n/a 310
Al-Sanbariyya May 1948 n/a n/a 130
Taytaba May 1948 n/a n/a 530

See also

References

  1. ^ Chaim Herzog, 'The Arab-Israeli Wars'. ISBN 0-85368-367-0. p.33
  2. ^ All That Remains, p.481
  3. ^ Morris, p.121
  4. ^ Herzog. p.33. For Allon's appointment (his Palmach code-name was Sasha) see Morris, p.121
  5. ^ Morris, p.121. 'simplest and best way...'
  6. ^ Morris, p.219
  7. ^ Morris, p.102
  8. ^ All that remains, p.428. Morris p.71. Describes the 12 April attack on Khirbet Nasir ad-Din above Tiberias: 'some non-combatants were apparently killed and some houses destroyed.'
  9. ^ "Small Tastings of Torah, Judaism and Spirituality".
  10. ^ Morris, page 102. 'All that Remains', p.437: "The sight of the village being leveled had a demoralizing effect in the city'.
  11. ^ Morris, p.103. The same night a unit of Trans-Jordanian Volunteers were ordered to leave the city due to political divisions in the Arab leadership.
  12. ^ Herzog, p.34. But he makes no mention of the bombardment.
  13. ^ All that remains, p.483
  14. ^ Morris, pp.122-123. Page 124: "far more complex than Allon's subsequent recollection."
  15. ^ Morris, p.121
  16. ^ Herzog, page 34.
  17. ^ Morris, p.105
  18. ^ Survey of Palestine 1945/1946. ISBN 978-0-88728-213-3. (Estimate as at 31 December 1946). Page 12.

Bibliography

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