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{{Infobox mountain|name=Pacaraima Mountains|other_name=Pakaraima Mountains|map=South America|location=[[Brazil]], [[Guyana]], [[Venezuela]] |
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The '''Pacaraima''' or '''Pakaraima Mountains''' ({{lang-pt|Serra Pacaraima}}, {{lang-es|Sierra Pacaraima}}) are |
| length_km = 800|listing=[[Mount Roraima]]}}The '''Pacaraima''' or '''Pakaraima Mountains''' ({{lang-pt|Serra de Pacaraima}}, {{lang-es|Sierra de Pacaraima}}) are a [[mountain range]] primarily in southwestern [[Guyana]], and into [[northern Brazil]] and eastern [[Venezuela]]. |
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==Geography== |
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| ⚫ | The mountains form the divide between the Orinoco Valley to the north and the Amazon Basin to the south. They also serve as a natural boundary in the |
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The range extends from west to east for over {{convert|800|km|mi}}. Its highest peak is [[Mount Roraima]] at {{convert|2810|m|ft}} above sea level, a [[tepui]] surrounded by cliffs {{convert|300|m|ft}} high. |
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| ⚫ | It is geologically part of the [[Guayana Shield]] and biogeographically part of the [[Guayana Highlands]].The mountains form the divide between the Orinoco Valley to the north and the [[Amazon Basin]] to the south. They also serve as a natural boundary in the east–west direction, where they extend {{convert|800|km|mi}} to form a border marker between Brazil and southeastern Venezuela and between Brazil and west central Guyana.<ref name="Pacaraima">{{cite web|title=Pacaraima Mountains|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/437444/Pacaraima-Mountains|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=31 January 2013}}</ref> |
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== Geology == |
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The Pacaraimas are a sandstone plateau underlain by a horizonal [[precambrian]] marine strata that arose in post-cretaceous time.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Ollier|first1=Cliff|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zR8n3gDQpQQC&q=pakaraima&pg=PA22|title=The Origin of Mountains|last2=Ollier|first2=Clifford David|last3=Pain|first3=C. F.|date=2000|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-19890-5|pages=21|language=en}}</ref> Erosion of the sandstone (the Roraima Supergroup<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Reis|first1=Nelson Joaquim|last2=Nadeau|first2=Serge|last3=Fraga|first3=Leda Maria|last4=Betiollo|first4=Leandro Menezes|last5=Faraco|first5=Maria Telma Lins|last6=Reece|first6=Jimmy|last7=Lachhman|first7=Deokumar|last8=Ault|first8=Randy|last9=Reis|first9=Nelson Joaquim|last10=Nadeau|first10=Serge|last11=Fraga|first11=Leda Maria|date=January 2017|title=Stratigraphy of the Roraima Supergroup along the Brazil-Guyana border in the Guiana shield, Northern Amazonian Craton - results of the Brazil-Guyana Geology and Geodiversity Mapping Project|journal=Brazilian Journal of Geology|language=en|volume=47|issue=1|pages=43–57|doi=10.1590/2317-4889201720160139|issn=2317-4889|doi-access=free}}</ref>) results in dramatic escarpments, the individual remnants of which are called [[Tepui|tepuis]]. [[Mount Roraima]], [[Mount Ayanganna]] and [[Mount Wokomung]] are some of the more well-known examples.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last1=Funk|first1=V. A.|last2=Richardson|first2=K. S.|date=2002-03-01|title=Systematic Data in Biodiversity Studies: Use It or Lose It|journal=Systematic Biology|language=en|volume=51|issue=2|pages=303–316|doi=10.1080/10635150252899789|pmid=12028734|issn=1063-5157|doi-access=free}}</ref> |
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{{reflist}} |
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Numerous rivers originate in these mountains and on their way down they plunge spectacularly to form some picturesque waterfalls. A beautiful example of this is the [[Kaieteur Falls]] in Guyana and [[Angel Falls]]. The headwaters of the [[Mazaruni River]] and [[Ireng River]] are sourced in the Pacaraimas.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Myers|first=J. G.|date=1936|title=Savannah and Forest Vegetation of the Interior Guiana Plateau|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2256273|journal=Journal of Ecology|volume=24|issue=1|pages=172–182|doi=10.2307/2256273|jstor=2256273|issn=0022-0477}}</ref> |
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==Ecology== |
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The Pacaraimas are mostly forested, with occasional savannas especially at the base of Roraima and on the Brazilian side of the range. The savannas are made up of grasses and the occasional ''[[Curatella americana]]'' trees below 6500 ft. These areas are prone to fire, either man-made for agriculture or cattle ranching or during times of drought.<ref name=":1" /> |
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Difficulty in breaching the steep slopes has made data collection a challenge, however the relative isolation of these flat-topped mountains produces an array of endemic flora with a "great potential for high species diversity".<ref name=":2" /> The [[Rapateaceae]] family is one of the most commonly represented of flowering plants amid the tepui plateaus.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=De Granville|first=Jean-Jacques|date=1991|title=Remarks on the Montane Flora and Vegetation Types of the Guianas|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3996609|journal=Willdenowia|volume=21|issue=1/2|pages=201–205|jstor=3996609|issn=0511-9618}}</ref> |
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{{Roraima-geo-stub}} |
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{{Guyana-geo-stub}} |
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===Conservation=== |
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{{Venezuela-geo-stub}} |
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Logging and mining interests pose a threat to the biodiversity of the Pacaraimas.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last1=Thurn|first1=Sir Everard Ferdinand Im|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qh7rfqMRyogC&q=pakaraima&pg=PA37|title=Timehri: The Journal of the Royal Agricultural and Commercial Society of British Guiana|last2=Quelch|first2=John Joseph|last3=Rodway|first3=James|date=1889|publisher=J. Thomson|language=en}}</ref> |
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== Settlement == |
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The mountains are a traditional home to [[Patamona people|Patamona]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=HENKEL|first1=TERRY W.|last2=AIME|first2=M. CATHERINE|last3=CHIN|first3=MIMI|last4=ANDREW|first4=CHRISTOPHER|date=August 2004|title=Edible mushrooms from Guyana|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269915x04003027|journal=Mycologist|volume=18|issue=3|pages=104–111|doi=10.1017/s0269915x04003027|issn=0269-915X}}</ref> and [[Macushi]]<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Grund|first=Lisa Katharina|date=2016-07-01|title=The tales and trails of a tuwama: Makushi perceptions of land use and disputes over resources in the South Pakaraima Mountains, Guyana|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214790X16300016|journal=The Extractive Industries and Society|language=en|volume=3|issue=3|pages=669–675|doi=10.1016/j.exis.2016.01.001|issn=2214-790X}}</ref> people. |
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The Macushi village of Tipuru is considered the oldest village in the South Pakaraima Mountains. It has the oldest church and school in the region. |
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Landmarks are of special significance to indigenous people, and are intertwined with oral histories and culture. According to Macushi cosmology, mountains and other landforms were created by mythical creator brothers when they cut down ''Wayaka'', the "tree of life". These brothers transformed people, animals, and other things into rock formations, thus giving them special mythological origins.<ref name=":3" /> |
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==See also== |
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* {{C|Guayana Highlands|Guayana Highlands topics}} |
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* {{C|Mountain ranges of Guyana}} |
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*[[Geography of Guyana]] |
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==References== |
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{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2017}} |
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[[Category:Mountain ranges of Brazil]] |
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[[Category:Mountain ranges of Venezuela]] |
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[[Category:Guayana Highlands]] |
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[[Category:Mountains of Bolívar (state)]] |
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[[Category:Landforms of Roraima]] |
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[[Category:Brazil–Guyana border]] |
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[[Category:Brazil–Venezuela border]] |
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[[Category:Guyana–Venezuela border]] |
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Latest revision as of 19:08, 19 September 2023
| Pacaraima Mountains | |
|---|---|
| Pakaraima Mountains | |
| Highest point | |
| Listing | Mount Roraima |
| Dimensions | |
| Length | 800 km (500 mi) |
| Geography | |
| Location | Brazil, Guyana, Venezuela |
The Pacaraima or Pakaraima Mountains (Portuguese: Serra de Pacaraima, Spanish: Sierra de Pacaraima) are a mountain range primarily in southwestern Guyana, and into northern Brazil and eastern Venezuela.
Geography[edit]
The range extends from west to east for over 800 kilometres (500 mi). Its highest peak is Mount Roraima at 2,810 metres (9,220 ft) above sea level, a tepui surrounded by cliffs 300 metres (980 ft) high.
It is geologically part of the Guayana Shield and biogeographically part of the Guayana Highlands.The mountains form the divide between the Orinoco Valley to the north and the Amazon Basin to the south. They also serve as a natural boundary in the east–west direction, where they extend 800 kilometres (500 mi) to form a border marker between Brazil and southeastern Venezuela and between Brazil and west central Guyana.[1]
Geology[edit]
The Pacaraimas are a sandstone plateau underlain by a horizonal precambrian marine strata that arose in post-cretaceous time.[2] Erosion of the sandstone (the Roraima Supergroup[3]) results in dramatic escarpments, the individual remnants of which are called tepuis. Mount Roraima, Mount Ayanganna and Mount Wokomung are some of the more well-known examples.[4]
Numerous rivers originate in these mountains and on their way down they plunge spectacularly to form some picturesque waterfalls. A beautiful example of this is the Kaieteur Falls in Guyana and Angel Falls. The headwaters of the Mazaruni River and Ireng River are sourced in the Pacaraimas.[5]
Ecology[edit]
The Pacaraimas are mostly forested, with occasional savannas especially at the base of Roraima and on the Brazilian side of the range. The savannas are made up of grasses and the occasional Curatella americana trees below 6500 ft. These areas are prone to fire, either man-made for agriculture or cattle ranching or during times of drought.[5]
Difficulty in breaching the steep slopes has made data collection a challenge, however the relative isolation of these flat-topped mountains produces an array of endemic flora with a "great potential for high species diversity".[4] The Rapateaceae family is one of the most commonly represented of flowering plants amid the tepui plateaus.[6]
Conservation[edit]
Logging and mining interests pose a threat to the biodiversity of the Pacaraimas.[7]
The 116,748 hectares (288,490 acres) Monte Roraima National Park protects part of the range in Roraima, Brazil.[8]
Settlement[edit]
The mountains are a traditional home to Patamona[9] and Macushi[10] people.
The Macushi village of Tipuru is considered the oldest village in the South Pakaraima Mountains. It has the oldest church and school in the region.
Landmarks are of special significance to indigenous people, and are intertwined with oral histories and culture. According to Macushi cosmology, mountains and other landforms were created by mythical creator brothers when they cut down Wayaka, the "tree of life". These brothers transformed people, animals, and other things into rock formations, thus giving them special mythological origins.[10]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ^ "Pacaraima Mountains". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 31 January 2013.
- ^ Ollier, Cliff; Ollier, Clifford David; Pain, C. F. (2000). The Origin of Mountains. Psychology Press. p. 21. ISBN 978-0-415-19890-5.
- ^ Reis, Nelson Joaquim; Nadeau, Serge; Fraga, Leda Maria; Betiollo, Leandro Menezes; Faraco, Maria Telma Lins; Reece, Jimmy; Lachhman, Deokumar; Ault, Randy; Reis, Nelson Joaquim; Nadeau, Serge; Fraga, Leda Maria (January 2017). "Stratigraphy of the Roraima Supergroup along the Brazil-Guyana border in the Guiana shield, Northern Amazonian Craton - results of the Brazil-Guyana Geology and Geodiversity Mapping Project". Brazilian Journal of Geology. 47 (1): 43–57. doi:10.1590/2317-4889201720160139. ISSN 2317-4889.
- ^ a b Funk, V. A.; Richardson, K. S. (1 March 2002). "Systematic Data in Biodiversity Studies: Use It or Lose It". Systematic Biology. 51 (2): 303–316. doi:10.1080/10635150252899789. ISSN 1063-5157. PMID 12028734.
- ^ a b Myers, J. G. (1936). "Savannah and Forest Vegetation of the Interior Guiana Plateau". Journal of Ecology. 24 (1): 172–182. doi:10.2307/2256273. ISSN 0022-0477. JSTOR 2256273.
- ^ De Granville, Jean-Jacques (1991). "Remarks on the Montane Flora and Vegetation Types of the Guianas". Willdenowia. 21 (1/2): 201–205. ISSN 0511-9618. JSTOR 3996609.
- ^ Thurn, Sir Everard Ferdinand Im; Quelch, John Joseph; Rodway, James (1889). Timehri: The Journal of the Royal Agricultural and Commercial Society of British Guiana. J. Thomson.
- ^ Unidade de Conservação: Parque Nacional do Monte Roraima (in Portuguese), MMA: Ministério do Meio Ambiente, retrieved 7 June 2016
- ^ HENKEL, TERRY W.; AIME, M. CATHERINE; CHIN, MIMI; ANDREW, CHRISTOPHER (August 2004). "Edible mushrooms from Guyana". Mycologist. 18 (3): 104–111. doi:10.1017/s0269915x04003027. ISSN 0269-915X.
- ^ a b Grund, Lisa Katharina (1 July 2016). "The tales and trails of a tuwama: Makushi perceptions of land use and disputes over resources in the South Pakaraima Mountains, Guyana". The Extractive Industries and Society. 3 (3): 669–675. doi:10.1016/j.exis.2016.01.001. ISSN 2214-790X.
5°00′N 61°00′W / 5.000°N 61.000°W