Parkinsonism
| Parkinsonism | |
|---|---|
| Specialty | Neurology  |
Parkinsonism (also known as Parkinson's syndrome, atypical Parkinson's, or secondary Parkinson's) is a syndrome characterized by tremor, hypokinesia, rigidity, and postural instability.[1] While Parkinson's disease (PD) — a neurodegenerative condition — is the most common cause of parkinsonism, a number of other etiologies can lead to similar symptoms.[2]
The underlying causes of parkinsonism are numerous and diagnosis can be complex.[3] If PD has been excluded, the differential diagnosis or list of potential causes for this disease includes:
- AIDS can sometimes lead to the symptoms of Parkinson's disease, due to commonly causing dopaminergic dysfunction.[4]
- Corticobasal degeneration
- Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease[5]
- Diffuse Lewy body disease
- Drug-induced parkinsonism (due to drugs such as antipsychotics, metoclopramide, MPTP[6])[1]
- Encephalitis lethargica[1]
- Hallervorden-Spatz syndrome[7]
- Multiple system atrophy[8]
- Progressive supranuclear palsy
- Toxicity (due to substances such as manganese, toluene, paraquat, rotenone, hexane, carbon monoxide, and carbon disulfide)[citation needed]
- Vascular parkinsonism[9]
- Wilson's disease.[7] Wilson's disease is a genetic disorder in which there is an abnormal accumulation of copper. The excess copper can lead to the formation of a copper-dopamine complex, which leads to the oxidation of dopamine to aminochrome.
References
- ^ a b c Aminoff MJ, Greenberg DA, Simon RP (2005). Clinical Neurology (6th ed. ed.). Lange: McGraw-Hill Medical. ISBN 0071423605.
{{cite book}}:|edition=has extra text (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Christine CW, Aminoff MJ (2004). "Clinical differentiation of parkinsonian syndromes: prognostic and therapeutic relevance". Am. J. Med. 117 (6): 412–9. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2004.03.032. PMID 15380498.
- ^ Tuite PJ, Krawczewski K (2007). "Parkinsonism: a review-of-systems approach to diagnosis". Seminars in neurology. 27 (2): 113–22. doi:10.1055/s-2007-971174. PMID 17390256.
- ^ Tse W, Cersosimo MG, Gracies JM, Morgello S, Olanow CW, Koller W (2004). "Movement disorders and AIDS: a review". Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 10 (6): 323–34. doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2004.03.001. PMID 15261874.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Maltête D, Guyant-Maréchal L, Mihout B, Hannequin D (2006). "Movement disorders and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: a review". Parkinsonism Relat. Disord. 12 (2): 65–71. doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2005.10.004. PMID 16364674.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Watanabe Y, Himeda T, Araki T (2005). "Mechanisms of MPTP toxicity and their implications for therapy of Parkinson's disease". Med. Sci. Monit. 11 (1): RA17-23. PMID 15614202.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b Uc EY, Rodnitzky RL (2003). "Childhood dystonia". Seminars in pediatric neurology. 10 (1): 52–61. PMID 12785748.
- ^ Wenning GK, Geser F (2003). "Multiple system atrophy". Rev. Neurol. (Paris). 159 (5 Pt 2): 3S31-8. PMID 12773886.
- ^ Thanvi B, Lo N, Robinson T (2005). "Vascular parkinsonism--an important cause of parkinsonism in older people". Age and ageing. 34 (2): 114–9. doi:10.1093/ageing/afi025. PMID 15713855.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)