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{{Infobox Language
{{Short description|Language}}
{{Infobox language
|name=Quiripi
|name=Quiripi
|altname=Wampano
|familycolor=Algic
|states=[[United States]]
|states=[[United States]]
|speakers=extinct
|extinct=ca. 1900
|familycolor=Algic
|fam1=[[Algic languages|Algic]]
|fam1=[[Algic languages|Algic]]
|fam2=[[Algonquian languages|Algonquian]]
|fam2=[[Algonquian languages|Algonquian]]
|fam3=[[Eastern Algonquian languages|Eastern Algonquian]]
|fam3=[[Eastern Algonquian languages|Eastern Algonquian]]
|iso3=qyp
|iso3=qyp
|glotto=wamp1250
|glottorefname=Wampano
|map=Tribal_Territories_Southern_New_England.png
|mapcaption=The location of the Paugussett, Tunxis, Podunk, Quinnipiac, Mattabesic (Wangunk), Unquachog and their neighbors, c. 1600
}}
}}


'''Quiripi''' (pronounced {{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|w|ɪ|r|ɪ|p|iː}} {{respell|KWIH|rih|pee}},<ref>Salwen (1978:175)</ref> also known as '''Mattabesic''',<ref>{{Cite web |title=Quiripi (Quinnipiac, Unquachog, Wampano, Naugatuck, Mattabesic) |url=http://www.native-languages.org/quiripi.htm |publisher=native-languages.org}}</ref> '''Quiripi-Unquachog''', '''Quiripi-Naugatuck''', and '''Wampano''') was an [[Algonquian languages|Algonquian language]] formerly spoken by the indigenous people of [[Gold Coast (Connecticut)|southwestern Connecticut]] and central [[Long Island]],<ref name="r1">Rudes (1997:1)</ref><ref name="g72">Goddard (1978:72)</ref> including the [[Quinnipiac]], [[Metoac|Unquachog]], [[Wangunk|Mattabessett (Wangunk)]], [[Podunk people|Podunk]], [[Tunxis]], and [[Paugussett]] (subgroups Naugatuck, [[Potatuck]], [[Weantinock]]). It has been effectively [[Language death|extinct]] since the end of the 19th century,<ref>Goddard (1978:71)</ref> although [[Frank T. Siebert, Jr.]], was able to record a few Unquachog words from an elderly woman in 1932.<ref name="r5">Rudes (1997:5)</ref>
'''Quiripi''' is the name of a [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] language (also known as the Proto Eastern [[Algonquian]] – Archaic ('''PEA-A''') R-Dialect), spoken by the [[Quinnipiac]] - the indigenous people of southwestern [[Connecticut]].


==Affiliation and dialects==
One of the earliest Quiripi vocabularies was compiled by Rev. [[Abraham Pierson]] in 1658, during his ministry at [[Branford, Connecticut]]. His work consisted of a 67-page bi-lingual collection of indigenous words.<ref>Rev. Abraham Pierson, ''Some Helps for the Indians'', 1658, Cambridge; reprinted by the Connecticut Historical Society Collections, vol. III, 1895, Hartford; and reprinted by Gaynell Stone Levine & Nancy Bonvillain in “Languages and Lore of the Long Island Indians” ''Readings in Long Island Archaeology and Ethnohistory'', Vol. IV, 1980, Suffolk County Archaeological Association, Stony Brook, NY.</ref> In 1997, Blair A. Rudes identified the dialect as Wampano (Quiripi). He recognized that the language had been spoken by indigenous people all “[a]long Long Island Sound … from the Connecticut River … to at least as far as Norwalk … possibly up to the Hudson in the west, and included a portion of land in present-day New York State … [as well as] south central and western Long Island.”<ref>Blair A. Rudes, “Resurrecting Wampano (Quiripi) from the Dead: Phonological Preliminaries,” ''Anthropological Linguistics'', Volume 39, Number 1, Spring 1997, Department of Anthropology, American Indian Studies Research Institute, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN.</ref>
Quiripi is considered to have been a member of the [[Eastern Algonquian languages|Eastern Algonquian]] branch of the Algonquian language family.<ref>Goddard (1978)</ref><ref>Mithun (1999:327)</ref> It shared a number of linguistic features with the other Algonquian languages of southern New England, such as [[Massachusett language|Massachusett]] and [[Mohegan-Pequot language|Mohegan-Pequot]], including the shifting of Proto-Eastern Algonquian *{{IPA|/aː/}} and *{{IPA|/eː/}} to {{IPA|/ãː/}} and {{IPA|/aː/}}, respectively, and the [[Palatalization (sound change)|palatalization]] of earlier *{{IPA|/k/}} before certain [[front vowel]]s.<ref>Goddard (1978:75)</ref><ref name="r27">Rudes (1997:27)</ref> There appear to have been two major dialects of Quiripi: an "insular" dialect spoken on Long Island by the Unquachog and a "mainland" dialect spoken by the other groups in Connecticut, principally the Quinnipiac.<ref>Rudes (1997:6-7)</ref><ref>Costa (2007:116, 119)</ref>


==Attestation==
Quiripi/Wampano words have been preserved through deeds and place names and through individual efforts. In 1791, President [[Thomas Jefferson]] preserved a 202-word vocabulary from Long Island.<ref>Honorable Thomas Jefferson, Esquire, ''UNQUACHOG VOCABULARY'' (collected June 13. 1791), printed by American Philosophical Society Library, ''Freeman Guide'' no. 2335, Philadelphia, n.d.</ref> Three early hymns written circa 1740 in the r-dialect (at the [[Moravian Church|Moravian]] Shekomeko mission near [[Kent, Connecticut]]) have been translated by Carl Masthay.<ref>Carl Masthay, “Mahican-Language Hymns, Biblical Prose, and Vocabularies from Moravian Sources, with Eleven Mohawk Hymns (Transcription and Translation).” St. Louis, MO: Carl Masthay, 1980.</ref> In 1787, [[Ezra Stiles]] recorded a 44-word Quinnipiac word list from a woman named Sarah Maweeh (Mauwee) at Nau-ka-tungk (Naugatuck), who was born at [[East Haven, Connecticut]].<ref>Ezra Stiles, “Vocabulary of the Language Spoken at Darby and East Haven and Hereabouts” ''Itineraries and Memoirs'' 4:143-44. Ms. in the Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University, New Haven, CT.</ref>
Quiripi is very poorly attested,<ref>Costa (2007:116, 118)</ref> though some sources do exist. One of the earliest Quiripi vocabularies was a 67-page bilingual [[catechism]] compiled in 1658 by [[Abraham Pierson, the elder]], during his ministry at [[Branford, Connecticut]],<ref name="r1" /><ref>Mithun (1999:331)</ref> which remains the chief source of modern conclusions about Quiripi.<ref name="g72" /> Unfortunately, the catechism was "poorly translated" by Pierson,<ref name="g72" /> containing an "unidiomatic, non-Algonquian sentence structure."<ref>Costa (2007:118)</ref> It also displays signs of dialect mixture.<ref>Costa (2007:116)</ref> Other sources of information on the language include a vocabulary collected by the Rev. [[Ezra Stiles]] in the late 1700s<ref>Rudes (1997:4)</ref> and a 202-word Unquachog vocabulary recorded by [[Thomas Jefferson]] in 1791,<ref name="r5" /> though the Jefferson vocabulary also shows clear signs of dialect mixture and "external influences."<ref>Costa (2007:120)</ref> Additionally, three early hymns written circa 1740 at the [[Moravian Church|Moravian]] Shekomeko mission near [[Kent, Connecticut]], have been translated by Carl Masthay.<ref>Rudes (1997:2)</ref>


==Phonology==
== The Algonquian Language Family ==
Linguist [[Blair Rudes]] attempted to reconstitute the phonology of Quiripi, using the extant documentation, comparison with related Algonquian languages, as "reconstructing forward" from [[Proto-Algonquian language|Proto-Algonquian]].<ref>Rudes (1997:6)</ref> In Rudes' analysis, Quiripi contained the following consonant [[phoneme]]s:<ref name="r18">Rudes (2007:18)</ref>
The Indigenous Tribal Nations of [[North America]] spoke 150 language dialects in USA/CANADA, with 300 dialects in Mexico and 1,000 dialects throughout South America. In the USA and Canada, all but about 60 are endangered.


These indigenous dialects were grouped into seven (7) major linguistic super-families, called [[Phylum (linguistics)|phylum]]. The largest of the Native American Phyla in the USA/Canada is the [[Algonquian]] linguistic-cultural family. According to [[glottochronology]], the Algonquian language family is thousands of years old and once covered one-third of the USA/Canada.<ref>Iron Thunderhorse, ''A Complete Language Guide & Primer to the Wampano/Quinnipiac R-Dialect of Southwestern New England'', ACQTC/ACLI, 2000, p. 2.</ref>

The Algonquian family is divided into four major regional divisions:
# the Northern Region ([[Canada]], [[Labrador]] and Upper [[Great Lakes]]), where it has its roots;
# the Central Region (Lower Great Lakes);
# the Western Region ([[Rocky Mountain]] Divide), and
# the Eastern Region ([[Maritimes|Atlantic Maritimes]]).

== Indigenous People ==
The PEA-A (Proto Eastern Algonquian – Archaic) R-Dialect, known today as Wampano-Quiripi, was spoken by the Algonquian tribes of the Wappinger-Mattabesec Confederacy. These were the Renapi (pre-[[Lenape]] Munsee/Muncee and Quiripi/[[Quinnipiac]]).

The dialect was spoken throughout [[Connecticut]], eastern [[New York]], northern [[New Jersey]], and western [[Long Island]] between AD 0 to AD 1500. After 1600 AD, it became pidginized into a ''[[lingua-franca]]'', combining elements of the l, n, y, and r dialects into a limited vocabulary.<ref>“UNDERSTANDING THE UNQUACHOG VOCABULARY” American Philosophical Society Library, Philadelphia, n.d. (introduction to “Vocabulary of Unquachog” ''op.cit.'').</ref>

Several recorded vocabularies, word lists, prayers, etc. survived into the 20th century, yet the best source is the bi-lingual [[catechism]] compiled in 1658 by Reverend [[Abraham Pierson]] at the Quinnipiac’s TOTOKET sub-sachemship ([[Branford, Connecticut]]). This was actually a debate between [[Puritan]] ministers and Quinnipiac elders about converting to [[Christian]] religion.<ref>Pierson, ''op.cit.''</ref> This source was used by ACLI (Algonquian Confederacies Language Institute) to reconstruct, resurrect and revive the Wampano-Quiripi PEA-A R-Dialect.<ref>Thunderhorse, ''op. cit.''</ref>

== Geographic Region ==
The PEA-A R-Dialect was spoken throughout the eastern [[maritimes]] (prior to 1500) from [[Nova Scotia]] to [[New Jersey]] and [[Long Island Sound]] to [[Illinois]]. Traces of this archaic dialect survive in numerous Treaty-Deeds and place-names.

As the Algonquian people migrated and came into contact with other languages and regional dialects – pidginized forms (''[[lingua-franca]]s'') developed. Two dominant groups spoke the PEA-A R-Dialect, i.e., the Munsee-dominant WAPPINGER (or Wampano), and the Quinnipiac-dominant QUIRIPI (sometimes spelled Quiripey). Their combined Sachemdoms formed a regional confederacy (WAPPINGER-MATTABESEC) that covered all of [[Connecticut]], eastern [[New York]] (below [[Esopus, New York|Esopus]] and the [[Shawangunk Mountains]]), northern [[New Jersey]] ([[Ramapo Mountains]]), and the western half of [[Long Island]] (Unquachog dominant).

== Historical Timeline ==
{| class="wikitable"
{| class="wikitable"
!
! align="center"|[[Bilabial consonant|Labial]]
! align="center"|[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
! align="center"|[[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
! align="center"|[[Velar consonant|Velar]]
! align="center"|[[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
|-
! [[Plosive consonant|Plosive]]
! Dates
| align="center"|{{IPA|p}}
! Important Milestones in Quiripi R-dialect
| align="center"|{{IPA|t}}
| align="center"|{{IPA|tʃ}}
| align="center"|{{IPA|k}}
|
|-
|-
! [[Fricative]]
| AD 0 – 1100
|
| Algonquian migrations in four successive waves spread PEA-A R-Dialect throughout NE woodlands.
| align="center"|{{IPA|s}}
| align="center"|({{IPA|ʃ}}){{ref|a|*}}
|
| align="center"|{{IPA|h}}
|-
|-
! [[Nasal stop|Nasal]]
| 1100 – 1500
| align="center"|{{IPA|m}}
| PEA-A R-Dialect (Quiripi) spoken in Long Island Sound region, related dialects as far down as Virginia, as far north as Nova Scotia, and as far west as Illinois.
| align="center"|{{IPA|n}}
|
|
|
|-
|-
! [[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]
| 1500 – 1700
|
| PEA-A Wampano Quiripi R-Dialect spoken in western Connecticut, eastern New York, northeastern New Jersey, as pidginized ''lingua franca''.
| align="center"|{{IPA|r}}
|
|
|
|-
|-
! [[Semivowel]]
| 1700 – 1800
| align="center"|{{IPA|w}}
| Majority of Wampano Quiripi speakers die in epidemics, but several pockets of refugees, who spoke or kept the dialect alive, relocate in Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Indiana, Illinois, Wisconsin, and Quebec.
|
| align="center"|{{IPA|j}}
|
|
|}
{|
|-
|-
|{{note|a unlabeled||{{IPA|/ʃ/}} was a distinct phoneme only in the mainland dialect; in Unquachog it had merged with {{IPA|/s/}}}}
| 1800 – 1900
| PEA-A ''lingua franca'' incorporates, as l, n, y, and r dialects merge with English.
|-
| 1787
| Ezra Stiles (YALE) records Quiripi word list from Sarah Mahwee, who was born at East Haven.
|-
| 1791
| Thomas Jefferson records word list of the Unquachog of Long Island.
|-
| 1859
| William Riechel records place names from Eunice Mahwee (Sarah’s granddaughter) at Kent, Connecticut, Schaghticoke Reservation
|-
| 1881
| James Hammond Trumbull publishes “Indian Place Names of Connecticut.”
|-
| 1903
| Frank G. Speck records a vocabulary from James Harris, who learned it from the Mahwee family.
|-
| 1912
| Mercy Nonsuch leaves the Nehantic Reservation at Old Lyme, Connecticut, and marries an Abenaki from St. Francis/Odanak, - Quiripi words and names attributed to her.
|-
| 1950s – 1960s
| Elizabeth Sakaskantawe Brown-Mahweeyeuh – 100-year-old maternal great grand aunt of Biwabiko Paddaquahas, - teaches 100 words or so of the pidginized/hybridized ''lingua franca'' to him at Branford, Connecticut.
|-
| 1970s – 1980s
| Biwabiko Paddaquahas learns Anishinaabemowin from his stepfather in Quebec and speaks six languages.
|-
| 1980s – 1990s
| Biwabiko Paddaquahas is mentored by Carl Masthay and other Algonquianists and learns all major Algonquian dialects. He compiles first rudimentary lexicon based on the 1658 catechism.
|-
| 1997
| Dr. Blair S. Rudes publishes his work entitled “Resurrecting Wampano (Quiripi) from the Dead: Phonological Preliminaries.”
|-
| 2000
| Algonquian Confederacies Language Institute (ACLI) is formed and launches three major publications, including 100-page Quiripi Language Guide.
|-
| 2002
| Carl Masthay publishes ''Kaskaskia Illinois-to-French Dictionary'', a 10-year project that saved the central region’s R-Dialect from vanishing.
|-
| 2004
| Quinnipiac Tribal Council (QTC) Literary Journal, ''The Dawnlander'', publishes “Revisiting the Schaghticoke Deed of New Fairfield, CT,” establishing linguistic, genetic, and cultural relationship to Quinnipiac.
|-
| 2006
| QTC Press ACLI Series #4 publishes revised and expanded 295-page edition of the WAMPANO-QUIRIPI COMPLETE LANGUAGE GUIDE, establishing a comprehensive ''Lingua Franca'' for the PEA-A dialects, using the Quiripi dialect as its foundation, as it was originally.
|}
|}


Quiripi's vowel system as reconstituted by Rudes was similar to that of the other Southern New England Algonquian languages. It consisted of two short vowels {{IPA|/a/}} and {{IPA|/ə/}}, and four long vowels {{IPA|/aː/}}, {{IPA|/iː/}}, {{IPA|/uː/}}, and {{IPA|/ʌ̃/}}.<ref name="r18" />
== References ==
<references/>


==Orthography==
== Quiripi Language Resources ==
* a – {{IPA|[ʌ]}}
* â – {{IPA|[aː]}}
* ch – {{IPA|[t͡ʃ]}}
* h – {{IPA|[h]}}
* i – {{IPA|[iː]}}
* k – {{IPA|[k]}}
* m – {{IPA|[m]}}
* n – {{IPA|[n]}}
* o – {{IPA|[uː]}}
* ô – {{IPA|[ʌ̃]}}
* p – {{IPA|[p]}}
* r – {{IPA|[r]}}
* s – {{IPA|[s]}}
* sh – {{IPA|[ʃ]}}
* t – {{IPA|[t]}}
* u – {{IPA|[ə]}}
* w – {{IPA|[w]}}
* y – {{IPA|[j]}}<ref>[https://www.omniglot.com/writing/quiripi.htm Quiripi language, alphabet, and pronunciation], Omniglot.</ref>


==References==
* ''The Complete Guide for Learning, Speaking, and Writing the PEA-A Wampano-Quiripi R-Dialect'' (Revised and Expanded Edition), QTC Press, ACLI SERIES #4, copyright ACQTC, Inc., 201 Church Street, Milltown, IN.
{{reflist|2}}
* [http://www.native-languages.org/quiripi_prayer.htm Quiripi Lord’s Prayer]


==Bibliography==
* Rev. Abraham Pierson’s 1658 bi-lingual catechism – ''Some Helps for the Indians'', available as reprint in “ Language and Lore of the Long Island Indians,” by Gaynell Stone-Levine and Nancy Bonvillain, Eds., ''Readings in Long Island Archaeology and Ethnohistory'', Volume IV, Suffolk County Archaeological Association, 1980, Stony Brook, NY.
* {{aut|Costa, David J.}} (2007). "The Dialectology of Southern New England Algonquian." In ''Papers of the 38th Algonquian Conference'', ed. H. C. Wolfart. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba, pp.&nbsp;81–127
* {{aut|Goddard, Ives}} (1978). "Eastern Algonquian Languages." In ''Northeast'', ed. Bruce G. Trigger. Vol. 15 of ''Handbook of North American Indians'', ed. William C. Sturtevant. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, pp.&nbsp;70–77
* {{aut|Mithun, Marianne}} (1999). ''The Languages of Native North America''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
* {{aut|Pierson, Rev. Abraham}} (1980). ''Some Helps for the Indians 1658 Bilingual Catechism'', reprinted in "Language and Lore of the Long Island Indians," ''Readings in Long Island Archaeology and Ethnohistory'', Vol. IV. Stony Brook, NY: Suffolk County Archaeological Association.
* {{aut|Rudes, Blair A.}} (1997). "Resurrecting Wampano (Quiripi) from the Dead: Phonological Preliminaries." ''Anthropological Linguistics'' (39)1:1-59
* {{aut|Salwen, Bert}} (1978). "Indians of Southern New England and Long Island: Early Period." In ''Northeast'', ed. Bruce G. Trigger. Vol. 15 of ''Handbook of North American Indians'', ed. William C. Sturtevant. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, pp.&nbsp;160–176


== External links ==
* Blair A. Rudes, Ph.D. “Resurrecting Wampano (Quiripi) from the Dead: Phonological Preliminaries,” in ''ANTHROPOLOGICAL LINGUISTICS'', Vol. 39, No. 1, Spring 1997.
*[http://www.language-archives.org/language/qyp OLAC resources in and about the Quiripi language]
* [http://www.native-languages.org/quiripi.htm Quiripi language]


{{Algonquian languages}}
* “Indian Names of Places, etc. In and Around the Borders of Connecticut…” by James Hammond Trumbull (1881); 1974 reprint Archon Books, Hamden, CT.

* “Word List of Sarah Mahwee” compiled by Ezra Stiles 12-6-1787 (reprinted with many other Quiripi reprints in “LANGUAGE AND LORE OF LONG ISLAND INDIANS…” ''supra'').

* “The Naticoke and Conoy Indians with a Review of Linguistic Material from Manuscript and Living Sources: An Historical Study,” by Frank G. Speck, 46. Papers of the [[Historical Society of Delaware]] n.s. 1. Wilmington.

* ''Western Abenaki Dictionary'' by Gordon M. Day, Canadian Ethnology Service, Paper 129, 1995. Canadian Museum of Civilization.

* “New England Indian Place Names” in ''Rooted Like the Ash Trees'', by Carl Masthay, Ph.D., 1987 Eagle Wing Press, Naugatuck, CT.

* ''Understanding Algonquian Indian Words (New England)'' Revised Edition, by Dr. Frank O’Brien and Julianne Jennings. 2000. Aquidneck Indian Council, Newport, RI.

== Quiripi History and Culture Resources ==

* ''We the People Called Quinnipiac'' by Iron Thunderhorse, QTC PRESS, E-media e-book on CD-ROM (available at the [http://www.acqtc.com/Store/HomePage ACQTC Trading Post]).

* “Setting the Record Straight: A Linguistic-Ethnographic Study of the True Identity of the Quinnipiac/Quiripi/Renapi Nation Structure,” by Iron Thunderhorse (available online at [http://www.acqtc.com/articles/SettingtheRecordStraight ACQTC.com]) - Copy available for study at the Quinnipiac Dawnland Museum & Library, Rte 77 at Rte 80, Guilford, CT.

* Quinnipiac Dawnland Museum & Library, Guilford, CT (see [http://www.acqtc.com/NewsEvents200606 museum grand opening article at ACQTC.com]).

* The Complete Guide for Learning, Speaking, and Writing the PEA-A Wampano-Quiripi R-Dialect (Revised and Expanded Edition), QTC Press, ACLI SERIES #4, copyright ACQTC, Inc., 201 Church Street, Milltown, IN. (Available on reserve, for Course QU201: Foundations of America, at the Arnold Bernhard Library at Quinnipiac University.)[http://www.quinnipiac.edu/x874.xml]

* For more resources, see the [[Quinnipiac]] article Bibliography.


[[Category:Eastern Algonquian languages]]
[[Category:Eastern Algonquian languages]]
Line 143: Line 118:
[[Category:Extinct languages of North America]]
[[Category:Extinct languages of North America]]
[[Category:Indigenous languages of the North American eastern woodlands]]
[[Category:Indigenous languages of the North American eastern woodlands]]
[[Category:Algonquian loanwords]]
[[Category:Languages extinct in the 1900s]]
[[Category:Paugussett]]

[[fr:Quiripi]]
[[hr:Quiripi jezik]]

Latest revision as of 23:44, 17 March 2024

Quiripi
Wampano
Native toUnited States
Extinctca. 1900
Language codes
ISO 639-3qyp
Glottologwamp1250
The location of the Paugussett, Tunxis, Podunk, Quinnipiac, Mattabesic (Wangunk), Unquachog and their neighbors, c. 1600

Quiripi (pronounced /ˈkwɪrɪpiː/ KWIH-rih-pee,[1] also known as Mattabesic,[2] Quiripi-Unquachog, Quiripi-Naugatuck, and Wampano) was an Algonquian language formerly spoken by the indigenous people of southwestern Connecticut and central Long Island,[3][4] including the Quinnipiac, Unquachog, Mattabessett (Wangunk), Podunk, Tunxis, and Paugussett (subgroups Naugatuck, Potatuck, Weantinock). It has been effectively extinct since the end of the 19th century,[5] although Frank T. Siebert, Jr., was able to record a few Unquachog words from an elderly woman in 1932.[6]

Affiliation and dialects[edit]

Quiripi is considered to have been a member of the Eastern Algonquian branch of the Algonquian language family.[7][8] It shared a number of linguistic features with the other Algonquian languages of southern New England, such as Massachusett and Mohegan-Pequot, including the shifting of Proto-Eastern Algonquian */aː/ and */eː/ to /ãː/ and /aː/, respectively, and the palatalization of earlier */k/ before certain front vowels.[9][10] There appear to have been two major dialects of Quiripi: an "insular" dialect spoken on Long Island by the Unquachog and a "mainland" dialect spoken by the other groups in Connecticut, principally the Quinnipiac.[11][12]

Attestation[edit]

Quiripi is very poorly attested,[13] though some sources do exist. One of the earliest Quiripi vocabularies was a 67-page bilingual catechism compiled in 1658 by Abraham Pierson, the elder, during his ministry at Branford, Connecticut,[3][14] which remains the chief source of modern conclusions about Quiripi.[4] Unfortunately, the catechism was "poorly translated" by Pierson,[4] containing an "unidiomatic, non-Algonquian sentence structure."[15] It also displays signs of dialect mixture.[16] Other sources of information on the language include a vocabulary collected by the Rev. Ezra Stiles in the late 1700s[17] and a 202-word Unquachog vocabulary recorded by Thomas Jefferson in 1791,[6] though the Jefferson vocabulary also shows clear signs of dialect mixture and "external influences."[18] Additionally, three early hymns written circa 1740 at the Moravian Shekomeko mission near Kent, Connecticut, have been translated by Carl Masthay.[19]

Phonology[edit]

Linguist Blair Rudes attempted to reconstitute the phonology of Quiripi, using the extant documentation, comparison with related Algonquian languages, as "reconstructing forward" from Proto-Algonquian.[20] In Rudes' analysis, Quiripi contained the following consonant phonemes:[21]

Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Glottal
Plosive p t tʃ k
Fricative s (ʃ)* h
Nasal m n
Rhotic r
Semivowel w j
^ /ʃ/ was a distinct phoneme only in the mainland dialect; in Unquachog it had merged with /s/

Quiripi's vowel system as reconstituted by Rudes was similar to that of the other Southern New England Algonquian languages. It consisted of two short vowels /a/ and /ə/, and four long vowels /aː/, /iː/, /uː/, and /ʌ̃/.[21]

Orthography[edit]

  • a – [ʌ]
  • â – [aː]
  • ch – [t͡ʃ]
  • h – [h]
  • i – [iː]
  • k – [k]
  • m – [m]
  • n – [n]
  • o – [uː]
  • ô – [ʌ̃]
  • p – [p]
  • r – [r]
  • s – [s]
  • sh – [ʃ]
  • t – [t]
  • u – [ə]
  • w – [w]
  • y – [j][22]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Salwen (1978:175)
  2. ^ "Quiripi (Quinnipiac, Unquachog, Wampano, Naugatuck, Mattabesic)". native-languages.org.
  3. ^ a b Rudes (1997:1)
  4. ^ a b c Goddard (1978:72)
  5. ^ Goddard (1978:71)
  6. ^ a b Rudes (1997:5)
  7. ^ Goddard (1978)
  8. ^ Mithun (1999:327)
  9. ^ Goddard (1978:75)
  10. ^ Rudes (1997:27)
  11. ^ Rudes (1997:6-7)
  12. ^ Costa (2007:116, 119)
  13. ^ Costa (2007:116, 118)
  14. ^ Mithun (1999:331)
  15. ^ Costa (2007:118)
  16. ^ Costa (2007:116)
  17. ^ Rudes (1997:4)
  18. ^ Costa (2007:120)
  19. ^ Rudes (1997:2)
  20. ^ Rudes (1997:6)
  21. ^ a b Rudes (2007:18)
  22. ^ Quiripi language, alphabet, and pronunciation, Omniglot.

Bibliography[edit]

  • Costa, David J. (2007). "The Dialectology of Southern New England Algonquian." In Papers of the 38th Algonquian Conference, ed. H. C. Wolfart. Winnipeg: University of Manitoba, pp. 81–127
  • Goddard, Ives (1978). "Eastern Algonquian Languages." In Northeast, ed. Bruce G. Trigger. Vol. 15 of Handbook of North American Indians, ed. William C. Sturtevant. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, pp. 70–77
  • Mithun, Marianne (1999). The Languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
  • Pierson, Rev. Abraham (1980). Some Helps for the Indians 1658 Bilingual Catechism, reprinted in "Language and Lore of the Long Island Indians," Readings in Long Island Archaeology and Ethnohistory, Vol. IV. Stony Brook, NY: Suffolk County Archaeological Association.
  • Rudes, Blair A. (1997). "Resurrecting Wampano (Quiripi) from the Dead: Phonological Preliminaries." Anthropological Linguistics (39)1:1-59
  • Salwen, Bert (1978). "Indians of Southern New England and Long Island: Early Period." In Northeast, ed. Bruce G. Trigger. Vol. 15 of Handbook of North American Indians, ed. William C. Sturtevant. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, pp. 160–176

External links[edit]

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