Romanization of Georgian: Difference between revisions

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[[File:Road Sign in Latin and Georgian.jpg|thumb|[[Mtskheta]] and [[Tbilisi]] romanized.]]
[[File:Road Sign in Latin and Georgian.jpg|thumb|[[Mtskheta]] and [[Tbilisi]] romanized]]
'''Romanization of Georgian''' is the process of [[transliterating]] the [[Georgian language]] from the [[Georgian script]] into the [[Latin script]].
'''Romanization of Georgian''' is the process of [[transliterating]] the [[Georgian language]] from the [[Georgian script]] into the [[Latin script]].


== Georgian national system of romanization ==
== Georgian national system of romanization ==

This system, adopted in February 2002 by the State Department of Geodesy and Cartography of Georgia and the Institute of Linguistics, [[Georgian National Academy of Sciences]], establishes a [[transliteration]] system of the [[Georgian script|Georgian letters]] into [[Latin script|Latin letters]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Technical reference manual for the standardization of geographical names|year=2007|publisher=United Nations|isbn=978-92-1-161500-5|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/ungegn/docs/pubs/UNGEGN%20tech%20ref%20manual_m87_combined.pdf|author=United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names|accessdate=7 January 2013|page=64}}</ref> The system was already in use, since 1998, on driving licenses.
This system, adopted in February 2002 by the State Department of Geodesy and Cartography of Georgia and the Institute of Linguistics, [[Georgian National Academy of Sciences]], establishes a [[transliteration]] system of the [[Georgian script|Georgian letters]] into [[Latin script|Latin letters]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Technical reference manual for the standardization of geographical names|year=2007|publisher=United Nations|isbn=978-92-1-161500-5|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/geoinfo/ungegn/docs/pubs/UNGEGN%20tech%20ref%20manual_m87_combined.pdf|author=United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names|accessdate=7 January 2013|page=64}}</ref> The system was already in use, since 1998, on driving licenses.


== Unofficial system of romanization ==
== Unofficial system of romanization ==

Despite its popularity this system sometimes leads to ambiguity. The system is mostly used in [[social networks]], [[internet forum|forums]], chat rooms, etc. The system is greatly influenced by the common case-sensitive [[Georgian keyboard layout]] that ties each key to each letter in the alphabet (seven of them: T, W, R, S, J, Z, C with the help of the ''shift'' key to make another letter).
Despite its popularity this system sometimes leads to ambiguity. The system is mostly used in [[social networks]], [[internet forum|forums]], chat rooms, etc. The system is greatly influenced by the common case-sensitive [[Georgian keyboard layout]] that ties each key to each letter in the alphabet (seven of them: T, W, R, S, J, Z, C with the help of the ''shift'' key to make another letter).


== Transliteration table ==
== Transliteration table ==

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! <small>[[Georgian scripts|Georgian letter]]</small>
! <small>[[Georgian scripts|Georgian letter]]</small>
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| z
| z
|-style="background:#FFCCCC"
|-style="background:#FFCCCC"
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ჱ</span><ref name="archaic">Archaic letters.</ref>
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ჱ</span>{{efn|name=archaic|Archaic letters.}}
| {{IPA|/eɪ/}} ||
| {{IPA|/eɪ/}} ||
| ey
| ey
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| t'
| t'
| t'
| t'
| T<ref name="IbL">These are influenced by aforementioned layout, and are preferred to avoid ambiguity, as an expressions: t, j, g, ch can mean two letters.</ref> or t
| T{{efn|name=IbL|These are influenced by aforementioned layout, and are preferred to avoid ambiguity, as an expressions: t, j, g, ch can mean two letters.}} or t
|-
|-
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ი</span>
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ი</span>
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| n
| n
|-style="background:#FFCCCC"
|-style="background:#FFCCCC"
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ჲ</span><ref name="archaic"/>
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ჲ</span>{{efn|name=archaic}}
| {{IPA|/i/, /j/}} ||
| {{IPA|/i/, /j/}} ||
| j
| j
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| ž
| ž
| ž
| ž
| J,<ref name ="IbL" /> zh or j
| J,{{efn|name=IbL}} zh or j
|-
|-
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">რ</span>
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">რ</span>
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| t
| t
|-style="background:#FFCCCC"
|-style="background:#FFCCCC"
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ჳ</span><ref name="archaic"/>
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ჳ</span>{{efn|name=archaic}}
| {{IPA|/uɪ/}} ||
| {{IPA|/uɪ/}} ||
|
|
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| ḡ
| ḡ
| ġ
| ġ
| g, gh or R<ref name ="IbL" />
| g, gh or R{{efn|name=IbL}}
|-
|-
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ყ</span>
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ყ</span>
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| q
| q
| q
| q
| y<ref>Initially, the use of y letter for ყ is most probably due to their resemblance to each other.</ref>
| y{{efn|Initially, the use of y letter for ყ is most probably due to their resemblance to each other.}}
|-
|-
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">შ</span>
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">შ</span>
Line 215: Line 212:
| š
| š
| š
| š
| sh or S<ref name ="IbL" />
| sh or S{{efn|name=IbL}}
|-
|-
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ჩ</span>
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ჩ</span>
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| č'
| č'
| č'
| č'
| ch or C<ref name ="IbL" />
| ch or C{{efn|name=IbL}}
|-
|-
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ც</span>
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ც</span>
Line 236: Line 233:
| j
| j
| ż
| ż
| dz or Z<ref name ="IbL" />
| dz or Z{{efn|name=IbL}}
|-
|-
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">წ</span>
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">წ</span>
Line 250: Line 247:
| č
| č
| č
| č
| W,<ref name ="IbL" /> ch or tch
| W,{{efn|name=IbL}} ch or tch
|-
|-
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ხ</span>
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ხ</span>
Line 259: Line 256:
| x or kh (rarely)
| x or kh (rarely)
|-style="background:#FFCCCC"
|-style="background:#FFCCCC"
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ჴ</span><ref name="archaic"/>
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ჴ</span>{{efn|name=archaic}}
| {{IPA|/q/, /qʰ/}} ||
| {{IPA|/q/, /qʰ/}} ||
| q'
| q'
Line 280: Line 277:
| h
| h
|-style="background:#FFCCCC"
|-style="background:#FFCCCC"
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ჵ</span><ref name="archaic"/>
| <span style="font-size: 170%; line-height:1em">ჵ</span>{{efn|name=archaic}}
| {{IPA|/oː/}} ||
| {{IPA|/oː/}} ||
|
|
Line 288: Line 285:
|}
|}


== Notes and references ==
== Notes ==
{{noteslist}}


== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}

{{Georgian language}}
{{Georgian language}}
{{Romanization}}
{{Romanization}}

Revision as of 15:49, 28 July 2016

Mtskheta and Tbilisi romanized

Romanization of Georgian is the process of transliterating the Georgian language from the Georgian script into the Latin script.

Georgian national system of romanization

This system, adopted in February 2002 by the State Department of Geodesy and Cartography of Georgia and the Institute of Linguistics, Georgian National Academy of Sciences, establishes a transliteration system of the Georgian letters into Latin letters.[1] The system was already in use, since 1998, on driving licenses.

Unofficial system of romanization

Despite its popularity this system sometimes leads to ambiguity. The system is mostly used in social networks, forums, chat rooms, etc. The system is greatly influenced by the common case-sensitive Georgian keyboard layout that ties each key to each letter in the alphabet (seven of them: T, W, R, S, J, Z, C with the help of the shift key to make another letter).

Transliteration table

Georgian letter IPA National system
(2002) 		BGN/PCGN
(1981) 		ISO 9984
(1996) 		ALA-LC
(1997) 		Unofficial system
ა /ɑ/ a a a a a
ბ /b/ b b b b b
გ /ɡ/ g g g g g
დ /d/ d d d d d
ე /ɛ/ e e e e e
ვ /v/ v v v v v
ზ /z/ z z z z z
ჱ[a] /eɪ/ ey ē ē
თ /tʰ/ t t' t' t' T[b] or t
ი /i/ i i i i i
კ /kʼ/ k' k k k k
ლ /l/ l l l l l
მ /m/ m m m m m
ნ /n/ n n n n n
ჲ[a] /i/, /j/ j y y
ო /ɔ/ o o o o o
პ /pʼ/ p' p p p p
ჟ /ʒ/ zh zh ž ž J,[b] zh or j
რ /r/ r r r r r
ს /s/ s s s s s
ტ /tʼ/ t' t t t t
ჳ[a] /uɪ/ w w
უ /u/ u u u u u
ფ /pʰ/ p p' p' p' p or f
ქ /kʰ/ k k' k' k' q or k
ღ /ɣ/ gh gh ḡ ġ g, gh or R[b]
ყ /qʼ/ q' q q q y[c]
შ /ʃ/ sh sh š š sh or S[b]
ჩ /tʃ(ʰ)/ ch ch' č' č' ch or C[b]
ც /ts(ʰ)/ ts ts' c' c' c or ts
ძ /dz/ dz dz j ż dz or Z[b]
წ /tsʼ/ ts' ts c c w, c or ts
ჭ /tʃʼ/ ch' ch č č W,[b] ch or tch
ხ /x/ kh kh x x x or kh (rarely)
ჴ[a] /q/, /qʰ/ q' ẖ x̣
ჯ /dʒ/ j j ǰ j j
ჰ /h/ h h h h h
ჵ[a] /oː/ ō ō

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e Archaic letters.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g These are influenced by aforementioned layout, and are preferred to avoid ambiguity, as an expressions: t, j, g, ch can mean two letters.
  3. ^ Initially, the use of y letter for ყ is most probably due to their resemblance to each other.

References

  1. ^ United Nations Group of Experts on Geographical Names (2007). Technical reference manual for the standardization of geographical names (PDF). United Nations. p. 64. ISBN 978-92-1-161500-5. Retrieved 7 January 2013.
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