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{{taxobox
{{taxobox
|name = ''Sparganium americanum'' Nutt.
|name = ''Sparganium americanum'' Nutt.
|image = Sparganium americanum Nutt. American bur-reed.jpg
|image = Sparganium americanum Nutt. American bur-reed.jpg
|image_caption = ''Sparganium americanum'' commonly referred to as American bur-reed <ref>Milo Pyne @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database / USDA SCS. 1991. Southern wetland flora: Field office guide to plant species. South National Technical Center, Fort Worth.</ref>
|image_caption = ''Sparganium americanum'' commonly referred to as American bur-reed<ref>Milo Pyne @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database / USDA SCS. 1991. Southern wetland flora: Field office guide to plant species. South National Technical Center, Fort Worth.</ref>
|regnum = [[Plantae]]
|regnum = [[Plantae]]
|unranked_divisio = [[Magnoliophyta]]
|unranked_divisio = [[Magnoliophyta]]
|unranked_classis = [[Liliopsida]]
|unranked_classis = [[Liliopsida]]
|ordo = [[Typhales]]
|ordo = [[Typhales]]
|familia = [[Sparganiaceae]]
|familia = [[Sparganiaceae]]
|genus = ''[[Sparganium L.]]''
|genus = ''[[Sparganium L.]]''
|species = '''''Sparganium americanum Nutt.'''''
|species = '''''Sparganium americanum Nutt.'''''
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|}}
|}}


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'''American bur-reed''','''''Sparganium americanum Nutt.''''', is a perennial plant found in the United States of America and Canada.<ref name="United States Department of Agriculture">http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=SPAM ''Sparganium americanum'' Nutt. American bur-reed, United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service</ref> Though this species looks like a grass, it is not, it is a type of bur-reed. <ref name="Aqua">http://www.aquascapesunlimited.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=plants.plantDetail&plant_id=102&typeID=2 ''Sparganium americanum''. Aquascapes Unlimited Inc.</ref> This species is important for conservation purposes because it has the ability to remove nitrogen and phosphorus runoff from water, like many other wetland species. By doing this it protects waterways from excess nitrogen which can cause eutrophication. This increased nitrogen is especially a problem during the farmers’ growing season. During this same time frame the ''S. americanum'' is growing and taking up nitrogen. <ref name="Kao">Kao, Jenny T., John E. Titus, and Wei-Xing Zhu. 2003. Differential Nitrogen and Phosphorous Retention by Five Wetland Plant Species. ''Wetlands'' Vol. 23, No. 4: 979-987. DOI 10.1672/0277-5212(2003)023[0979:DNAPRB]2.0.CO;2. Accessed 4/30/14.</ref>


⚫
== Distribution ==
⚫
'''American bur-reed''','''''Sparganium americanum Nutt.''''', is a perennial plant found in the United States of America and Canada. <ref name="United States Department of Agriculture">http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=SPAM ''Sparganium americanum'' Nutt. American bur-reed, United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service</ref> Though this species looks like a grass, it is not, it is a type of bur-reed. <ref name="Aqua">http://www.aquascapesunlimited.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=plants.plantDetail&plant_id=102&typeID=2 ''Sparganium americanum''. Aquascapes Unlimited Inc.</ref> This species is important for conservation purposes because it has the ability to remove nitrogen and phosphorus runoff from water, like many other wetland species. By doing this it protects waterways from excess nitrogen which can cause eutrophication. This increased nitrogen is especially a problem during the farmers’ growing season. During this same time frame the ''S. americanum'' is growing and taking up nitrogen. <ref name="Kao">Kao, Jenny T., John E. Titus, and Wei-Xing Zhu. 2003. Differential Nitrogen and Phosphorous Retention by Five Wetland Plant Species. ''Wetlands'' Vol. 23, No. 4: 979-987. DOI 10.1672/0277-5212(2003)023[0979:DNAPRB]2.0.CO;2. Accessed 4/30/14.</ref>


⚫
==Distribution==

''Sparganium americanum'' Nutt. is located in marshes. American bur-reed grows from spring to fall in low marsh and shallow water (from 0 to 12 inches of water). <ref name="Aqua" />
''Sparganium americanum'' Nutt. is located in marshes. American bur-reed grows from spring to fall in low marsh and shallow water (from 0 to 12 inches of water). <ref name="Aqua" />
''Sparganium americanum'' Nutt. is located in the United States of America and Canada. In the United States American bur-reed is found in Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, Washington DC, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Maryland, Maine, Michigan, Missouri, Mississippi, North Carolina, North Dakota, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, Vermont, Wisconsin, and West Virginia. In Canada American bur-reed can be found in Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward, and Quebec. <ref name="United States Department of Agriculture" />
''Sparganium americanum'' Nutt. is located in the United States of America and Canada. In the United States American bur-reed is found in Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, Washington DC, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Maryland, Maine, Michigan, Missouri, Mississippi, North Carolina, North Dakota, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, Vermont, Wisconsin, and West Virginia. In Canada American bur-reed can be found in Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward, and Quebec. <ref name="United States Department of Agriculture" />


⚫
== Habitat and Ecology ==

⚫
==Habitat and Ecology==

''Sparganium americanum'' is a perennial plant. <ref name="United States Department of Agriculture" /> American bur-reed grow in low marsh and shallow water, surviving in water up to 12 inches deep. This species helps stabilize muddy areas. Waterfowl and other animals feed on the seeds of ''S. americanum'' and some animals also eat their leaves. <ref name="Aqua" />
''Sparganium americanum'' is a perennial plant. <ref name="United States Department of Agriculture" /> American bur-reed grow in low marsh and shallow water, surviving in water up to 12 inches deep. This species helps stabilize muddy areas. Waterfowl and other animals feed on the seeds of ''S. americanum'' and some animals also eat their leaves. <ref name="Aqua" />
''Sparganium americanum'' live in peaty to sandy soils along lakeshores, slow moving streams and as floating vegetation in boggy lakes. <ref name="Sulman">Sulman, Josh. 2013. ''Sparganium'' identification key and species descriptions. University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Botany. Accessed 4/30/14 at http://botany.wisc.edu/jsulman/Sparganium%20identification%20key%20and%20description.htm</ref>
''Sparganium americanum'' live in peaty to sandy soils along lakeshores, slow moving streams and as floating vegetation in boggy lakes.<ref name="Sulman">Sulman, Josh. 2013. ''Sparganium'' identification key and species descriptions. University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Botany. Accessed 4/30/14 at http://botany.wisc.edu/jsulman/Sparganium%20identification%20key%20and%20description.htm</ref>
In a paper by the State University of New York at Binghamton, scientists showed that ''S. americanum'' accrued more aboveground biomass and lower belowground biomass than the other four wetland plant species the study looked at. The study looked at ''Sparganium americanum'', ''Phalaris arundinacea'', ''Scirpus cyperinus'', ''Juncus effusus'', and ''Calamagrostis canadensis''. The study also showed that ''S. americanum'' had the highest concentration of nitrogen and phosphorous in aboveground tissue compared to the other species in the study. Even though ''S. americanum'' accumulated the most aboveground nitrogen and phosphorous, this species lost so much phosphorous that its net retention dropped below that of other species in the study. In the short run American bur-reed is helpful in retaining nutrients from agricultural runoff. <ref name="Kao">Kao, Jenny T., John E. Titus, and Wei-Xing Zhu. 2003. Differential Nitrogen and Phosphorous Retention by Five Wetland Plant Species. ''Wetlands'' Vol. 23, No. 4: 979-987. DOI 10.1672/0277-5212(2003)023[0979:DNAPRB]2.0.CO;2. Accessed 4/30/14.</ref>
In a paper by the State University of New York at Binghamton, scientists showed that ''S. americanum'' accrued more aboveground biomass and lower belowground biomass than the other four wetland plant species the study looked at. The study looked at ''Sparganium americanum'', ''Phalaris arundinacea'', ''Scirpus cyperinus'', ''Juncus effusus'', and ''Calamagrostis canadensis''. The study also showed that ''S. americanum'' had the highest concentration of nitrogen and phosphorous in aboveground tissue compared to the other species in the study. Even though ''S. americanum'' accumulated the most aboveground nitrogen and phosphorous, this species lost so much phosphorous that its net retention dropped below that of other species in the study. In the short run American bur-reed is helpful in retaining nutrients from agricultural runoff.<ref name="Kao">Kao, Jenny T., John E. Titus, and Wei-Xing Zhu. 2003. Differential Nitrogen and Phosphorous Retention by Five Wetland Plant Species. ''Wetlands'' Vol. 23, No. 4: 979-987. DOI 10.1672/0277-5212(2003)023[0979:DNAPRB]2.0.CO;2. Accessed 4/30/14.</ref>


⚫
==Morphology==


⚫
== Morphology ==
[[File:Sparganium americanum Nutt. American bur-reed2.jpg|thumb|Sparganium americanum Nutt. American bur-reed, wetland plant species <ref>Robert H. Mohlenbrock @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database / USDA SCS. 1991. Southern wetland flora: Field office guide to plant species. South National Technical Center, Fort Worth.</ref>]]
[[File:Sparganium americanum Nutt. American bur-reed2.jpg|thumb|Sparganium americanum Nutt. American bur-reed, wetland plant species <ref>Robert H. Mohlenbrock @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database / USDA SCS. 1991. Southern wetland flora: Field office guide to plant species. South National Technical Center, Fort Worth.</ref>]]


''Sparganium americanum'' is a monocot plant. <ref name="United States Department of Agriculture" /> Individuals of this species may look like grass, but they aren’t. Individual American bur-reeds can grow to be between two and four feet. American bur-reed plants flower during the summer. <ref name="Aqua" /> The leaves are green and are triangular in cross section; the leaves of individuals living in deeper water can produce floating leaves. <ref name="Sulman" />
''Sparganium americanum'' is a monocot plant. <ref name="United States Department of Agriculture" /> Individuals of this species may look like grass, but they aren’t. Individual American bur-reeds can grow to be between two and four feet. American bur-reed plants flower during the summer. <ref name="Aqua" /> The leaves are green and are triangular in cross section; the leaves of individuals living in deeper water can produce floating leaves. <ref name="Sulman" />


⚫
== Flowers and fruit ==

⚫
==Flowers and fruit==

[[File:BB-0163 Sparganium americanum.png|thumbnail|right|American bur-reed <ref>USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database / Britton, N.L., and A. Brown. 1913. An illustrated flora of the northern United States, Canada and the British Possessions. 3 vols. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York. Vol. 1: 70.</ref>]]
[[File:BB-0163 Sparganium americanum.png|thumbnail|right|American bur-reed <ref>USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database / Britton, N.L., and A. Brown. 1913. An illustrated flora of the northern United States, Canada and the British Possessions. 3 vols. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York. Vol. 1: 70.</ref>]]


''Sparganium americanum'' spread rapidly through their underground root systems of rhizomes. American bur-reed does flower in the summer time. <ref name="Aqua" /> The inflorescence of ''S. americanum'' can be branched or simple. The fruits of this plant species have a dull surface with beaks that are between 2 and 5 millimeters long. These beaks may be straight, but some of them may be curved. The flower tepals could have a dark spot on them. <ref name="Sulman" />
''Sparganium americanum'' spread rapidly through their underground root systems of rhizomes. American bur-reed does flower in the summer time. <ref name="Aqua" /> The inflorescence of ''S. americanum'' can be branched or simple. The fruits of this plant species have a dull surface with beaks that are between 2 and 5 millimeters long. These beaks may be straight, but some of them may be curved. The flower tepals could have a dark spot on them. <ref name="Sulman" />


⚫
==References==


⚫
== References ==
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}


Revision as of 04:06, 5 May 2014


Sparganium americanum Nutt.
File:Sparganium americanum Nutt. American bur-reed.jpg
Sparganium americanum commonly referred to as American bur-reed[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Plantae
(unranked):
Magnoliophyta
(unranked):
Liliopsida
Order:
Typhales
Family:
Sparganiaceae
Genus:
Sparganium L.
Species:
Sparganium americanum Nutt.
Binomial name
Sparganium americanum Nutt.

American bur-reed,Sparganium americanum Nutt., is a perennial plant found in the United States of America and Canada.[2] Though this species looks like a grass, it is not, it is a type of bur-reed. [3] This species is important for conservation purposes because it has the ability to remove nitrogen and phosphorus runoff from water, like many other wetland species. By doing this it protects waterways from excess nitrogen which can cause eutrophication. This increased nitrogen is especially a problem during the farmers’ growing season. During this same time frame the S. americanum is growing and taking up nitrogen. [4]

Distribution

Sparganium americanum Nutt. is located in marshes. American bur-reed grows from spring to fall in low marsh and shallow water (from 0 to 12 inches of water). [3] Sparganium americanum Nutt. is located in the United States of America and Canada. In the United States American bur-reed is found in Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, Washington DC, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Massachusetts, Maryland, Maine, Michigan, Missouri, Mississippi, North Carolina, North Dakota, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, Vermont, Wisconsin, and West Virginia. In Canada American bur-reed can be found in Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward, and Quebec. [2]

Habitat and Ecology

Sparganium americanum is a perennial plant. [2] American bur-reed grow in low marsh and shallow water, surviving in water up to 12 inches deep. This species helps stabilize muddy areas. Waterfowl and other animals feed on the seeds of S. americanum and some animals also eat their leaves. [3] Sparganium americanum live in peaty to sandy soils along lakeshores, slow moving streams and as floating vegetation in boggy lakes.[5] In a paper by the State University of New York at Binghamton, scientists showed that S. americanum accrued more aboveground biomass and lower belowground biomass than the other four wetland plant species the study looked at. The study looked at Sparganium americanum, Phalaris arundinacea, Scirpus cyperinus, Juncus effusus, and Calamagrostis canadensis. The study also showed that S. americanum had the highest concentration of nitrogen and phosphorous in aboveground tissue compared to the other species in the study. Even though S. americanum accumulated the most aboveground nitrogen and phosphorous, this species lost so much phosphorous that its net retention dropped below that of other species in the study. In the short run American bur-reed is helpful in retaining nutrients from agricultural runoff.[4]

Morphology

File:Sparganium americanum Nutt. American bur-reed2.jpg
Sparganium americanum Nutt. American bur-reed, wetland plant species [6]

Sparganium americanum is a monocot plant. [2] Individuals of this species may look like grass, but they aren’t. Individual American bur-reeds can grow to be between two and four feet. American bur-reed plants flower during the summer. [3] The leaves are green and are triangular in cross section; the leaves of individuals living in deeper water can produce floating leaves. [5]

Flowers and fruit

American bur-reed [7]

Sparganium americanum spread rapidly through their underground root systems of rhizomes. American bur-reed does flower in the summer time. [3] The inflorescence of S. americanum can be branched or simple. The fruits of this plant species have a dull surface with beaks that are between 2 and 5 millimeters long. These beaks may be straight, but some of them may be curved. The flower tepals could have a dark spot on them. [5]

References

  1. ^ Milo Pyne @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database / USDA SCS. 1991. Southern wetland flora: Field office guide to plant species. South National Technical Center, Fort Worth.
  2. ^ a b c d http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=SPAM Sparganium americanum Nutt. American bur-reed, United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service
  3. ^ a b c d e http://www.aquascapesunlimited.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=plants.plantDetail&plant_id=102&typeID=2 Sparganium americanum. Aquascapes Unlimited Inc.
  4. ^ a b Kao, Jenny T., John E. Titus, and Wei-Xing Zhu. 2003. Differential Nitrogen and Phosphorous Retention by Five Wetland Plant Species. Wetlands Vol. 23, No. 4: 979-987. DOI 10.1672/0277-5212(2003)023[0979:DNAPRB]2.0.CO;2. Accessed 4/30/14.
  5. ^ a b c Sulman, Josh. 2013. Sparganium identification key and species descriptions. University of Wisconsin-Madison, Department of Botany. Accessed 4/30/14 at http://botany.wisc.edu/jsulman/Sparganium%20identification%20key%20and%20description.htm
  6. ^ Robert H. Mohlenbrock @ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database / USDA SCS. 1991. Southern wetland flora: Field office guide to plant species. South National Technical Center, Fort Worth.
  7. ^ USDA-NRCS PLANTS Database / Britton, N.L., and A. Brown. 1913. An illustrated flora of the northern United States, Canada and the British Possessions. 3 vols. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York. Vol. 1: 70.
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