Military dictatorship and 1936 Mestaruussarja: Difference between pages
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Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany were civilian, not military, dictatorships |
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Statistics of [[Veikkausliiga|Mestaruussarja]] in the 1936 season. |
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{{Unreferenced|date=August 2008}} |
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A '''military dictatorship''' is a [[form of government]] wherein the political power resides with the [[military]]; it is similar but not identical to a [[stratocracy]], a state ruled directly by the military. |
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==Overview== |
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Like any [[dictatorship]], a military dictatorship may be official or unofficial, and as a result may not actually qualify as stratocratic. Mixed forms also exist, where the military exerts a very strong influence without being entirely dominant. |
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It was contested by 8 teams, and [[HJK Helsinki]] won the championship. |
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==League standings== |
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The typical military dictatorship in [[Latin America]] was ruled by a ''[[Military junta|junta]]'' (derived from a Spanish word which can be translated as "conference" or "board"), or a committee composed of several officers, often from the military's most senior leadership, but in other cases (e.g. when their military superiors remained loyal to, or indeed were, the previous regime) less senior, as evidenced by the term ''colonels' regime''. Other military dictatorships are entirely in the hands of a single officer (also called a ''caudillo''), usually the senior army commander. In either case, the [[chairman]] of the junta or the single commander may often personally assume office as [[head of state]]. |
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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |
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|Pos||Club||P||W||D||L||F||A||Pts |
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|- |
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||1||[[HJK Helsinki]]||14||9||1||4||37||21||19 |
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|- |
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||2||[[HPS Helsinki]]||14||8||1||5||28||26||17 |
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|- |
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||3||[[HIFK|HIFK Helsinki]]||14||7||2||5||38||22||16 |
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|- |
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||4||[[Sudet Viipuri]]||14||6||3||5||26||21||15 |
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|- |
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||5||[[HT Helsinki]]||14||5||4||5||25||27||14 |
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|- |
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||6||[[Turun Palloseura|TPS Turku]]||14||7||0||7||30||36||14 |
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|- |
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||7||[[Vaasan Palloseura|VPS Vaasa]]||14||5||2||7||36||31||12 |
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|- |
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||8||[[Drott Pietarsaari]]||14||2||1||11||14||50||5 |
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|} |
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==References== |
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In the [[Middle East]] and [[Africa]], [[military]] governments more often came to be led by a single powerful person, and were [[autocracy|autocracies]] in addition to military dictatorships. Leaders like [[Idi Amin]], [[Sani Abacha]], [[Muammar al-Gaddafi]], and [[Gamal Abdul Nasser]] worked to develop a [[personality cult]] and became the face of the nation inside and outside their countries. |
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*[http://www.rsssf.com/tablesf/finhist.html Finland - List of final tables (RSSSF)] |
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{{fb start}} |
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Most military dictatorships are formed after a ''[[coup d'état]]'' has overthrown the previous government. One very different pattern was the one followed by [[Saddam Hussein]]'s regime in [[Iraq]] and [[Kim Il-sung]]'s regime in [[North Korea]], both of which began as [[one-party state]]s, but over the course of their existence turned into military dictatorships (as their leaders donned uniforms and the military became closely involved in the government). |
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{{Veikkausliiga seasons}} |
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{{fb end}} |
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[[Category:1936 domestic football (soccer) leagues]] |
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Conversely, other military dictatorships may gradually restore significant components of [[civilian]] government while the senior-most military commander still maintains supreme [[political power]]. In [[Pakistan]], ruling Generals [[Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq]] (1977-1988) and [[Pervez Musharraf]] (1999-2008) have held singular [[referendums]] to elect themselves [[President of Pakistan]] for a further several years, as well as [[general elections]] voting in civilian Prime Ministers (politically subordinate to the President). |
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[[Category:1936 in football (soccer)]] |
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[[Category:Football in Finland]] |
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[[de:Mestaruussarja 1936]] |
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In the past, military juntas have justified their rule as a way of bringing political stability for the nation or rescuing it from the threat of "dangerous [[ideology|ideologies]]". In Latin America the threat of [[communism]] was often used, while in the Middle East the desire to oppose [[Israel]] and later [[Islamic fundamentalism]] proved an important motivating pattern. Military regimes tend to portray themselves as non-partisan, as a "neutral" party that can provide interim leadership in times of turmoil, and also tend to portray civilian politicians as corrupt and ineffective. One of the almost universal characteristics of a military government is the institution of [[martial law]] or a permanent [[state of emergency]]. |
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Although there are exceptions, military regimes usually have little respect for [[human rights]] and use whatever means necessary to silence political opponents. A military regime is also rarely willing to leave power unless forced to by popular revolt, whether active or imminent. |
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Latin America, Africa, and the Middle East have been common areas for military dictatorships. One of the reasons for this is the fact that the military often has more cohesion and [[Institution|institutional structure]] than most of the civilian institutions of society. |
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Military dictatorships can be contrasted with other forms of dictatorship. For example, in most current and historical [[Communist state]]s, the center of power rests among civilian party officials, and very careful measures (such as [[political commissar]]s and frequent rotations) are taken to prevent the military from exercising independent authority. |
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Since the 1990s, military dictatorships have become less common. Reasons for this include the fact that military dictatorships no longer have much international legitimacy, as well as the fact that many militaries having unsuccessfully ruled many nations are now inclined not to become involved in political disputes. Furthermore, the end of the [[Cold War]] and the collapse of the [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics|Soviet Union]] made it more difficult for military regimes to use the threat of [[communism]] as justification for their actions, or to gain support from foreign sources. |
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As the Cold War began to wind down, in the Middle East, regimes such as those of [[Syria]] and [[Egypt]] that were once clearly military dictatorships have switched to other forms of [[despotism]]. |
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=Cases= |
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{{Totally-disputed-section|date=August 2008}} |
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{{expand list}} |
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[[Image:Form of Government.png|right|350px|thumb|States currently under military dictatorships are shown in '''<span style="color:#808000">olive</span>''']] |
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Update image for correct country codes like Pakistan and Thailand and then remove this comment.--> |
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==Nations currently under military rule== |
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* {{flagicon|Burma}} [[Burma]] ([[Myanmar]]) - since the 1962 [[Burma|Burmese]] [[coup d'état]] resulted in [[Ne Win]] seizing power; currently the [[Myanmar Armed Forces|Tatmadaw]] (armed forces) still leads under the auspices of the [[State Peace and Development Council]] |
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* {{flagicon|Fiji}} [[Fiji]] - since the [[2006 Fijian coup d'état]]; see also [[1987 Fijian coups d'état]] and [[2000 Fijian coup d'état]] |
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* {{flagicon|Libya}} [[Libya]] - since the [[History_of_Modern_Libya#Qadhafi.27s_Coup_d.27etat|1969 Libyan coup d'état]] resulted in [[Muammar al-Gaddafi]] seizing power |
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* {{flagicon|Mauritania}} [[Mauritania]] - since the [[2008 Mauritanian coup d'état]] |
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* {{flagicon|North Korea}} [[North Korea]]{{fact}} (1946-present) |
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* {{flagicon|Zimbabwe}} [[Zimbabwe]]{{fact}} (1980-present) |
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==Nations with a legacy of military dictatorship(s)== |
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===In [[Africa]]=== |
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* {{flagicon|Algeria}} [[Algeria]] (1965-1976) |
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* {{flagicon|Burkina Faso}} [[Burkina Faso]] (1966-1971; 1974-1978; 1980-1991) |
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* {{flagicon|Burundi}} [[Burundi]] (1966-1993) |
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* {{flagicon|Central African Republic}} [[Central African Republic]] (1966-1976; 1981-1993; 2003-2005) |
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* {{flagicon|Chad}} [[Chad]] (1975-1979) |
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* {{flagicon|Republic of the Congo}} [[Republic of the Congo]] (1968-1970) |
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* {{flagicon|Egypt}} [[Egypt]] (1952-1956) |
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* {{flagicon|Equatorial Guinea}} [[Equatorial Guinea]] (1979-1987) |
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* {{flagicon|Ethiopia}} [[Ethiopia]] (1974-1987) |
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* {{flagicon|The Gambia}} [[The Gambia]] (1994-1996) |
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* {{flagicon|Ghana}} [[Ghana]] (1966-1969; 1972-1979; 1981-1993) |
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* {{flagicon|Guinea}} [[Guinea]] (1984-1993) |
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* {{flagicon|Liberia}} [[Liberia]] (1980-1984) |
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* {{flagicon|Libya}} [[Libya]] (1969-present) |
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* {{flagicon|Madagascar}} [[Madagascar]] (1972-1975) |
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* {{flagicon|Mauritania}} [[Mauritania]] (1978-1992; 2005-2007; 2008-present) |
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* {{flagicon|Niger}} [[Niger]] (1974-1991; 1996-1999) |
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* {{flagicon|Nigeria}} [[Nigeria]] (1966-1979; 1983-1999) |
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* {{flagicon|Rwanda}} [[Rwanda]] (1973-1994) |
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* {{flagicon|Sierra Leone}} [[Sierra Leone]] (1967-1968; 1992-1996; 1997-1998) |
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* {{flagicon|Somalia}} [[Somalia]] (1969-1991; then local military rule) |
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* {{flagicon|Sudan}} [[Sudan]] (1958-1964; 1969-1986; 1989-1993) |
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* {{flagicon|Uganda}} [[Uganda]] (1971-1979; 1980; 1985-1986) |
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===In the [[Americas]]=== |
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* {{flagicon|Argentina}} [[Argentina]] (1930-1932; 1943-1946; 1955-58; 1966-1973; 1976-1983) |
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* {{flagicon|Bolivia}} [[Bolivia]] (1964-1982) |
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* {{flagicon|Brazil}} [[Brazil]] (1964-1985) |
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* {{flagicon|Chile}} [[Chile]] (1924; 1927-1931; 1973-1990) |
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* {{flagicon|Colombia}} [[Colombia]] (1953-1957) |
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* {{flagicon|Cuba}} [[Cuba]] (1933-1940; 1952-1959) |
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* {{flagicon|Dominican Republic}} [[Dominican Republic]] (1844-1916; 1930-1978) |
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* {{flagicon|Ecuador}} [[Ecuador]] (1963-1966; 1972-1979) |
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* {{flagicon|El Salvador}} [[El Salvador]] (1931-1982) |
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* {{flagicon|Guatemala}} [[Guatemala]] (1851-65; 1873-85; 1898-1920; 1931-44; 1954-86) |
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* {{flagicon|Haiti}} [[Haiti]] (1991-1994) |
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* {{flagicon|Honduras}} [[Honduras]] (1963-1971; 1972-1982) |
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* {{flagicon|Nicaragua}} [[Nicaragua]] (1936-1979) |
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* {{flagicon|Panama}} [[Panama]] (1968-1989) |
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* {{flagicon|Paraguay}} [[Paraguay]] (1940-1948; 1949-1989) |
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* {{flagicon|Peru}} [[Peru]] (1821-1845; 1866-1872; 1928-1933; 1948-1956; 1968-1980) |
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* {{flagicon|Suriname}} [[Suriname]] (1980-1988) |
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* {{flagicon|Uruguay}} [[Uruguay]] (1973-1985) |
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* {{flagicon|Venezuela}} [[Venezuela]] (1908-1935; 1952-1958) |
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===In [[Asia]]=== |
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* {{flagicon|Bangladesh}} [[Bangladesh]] (1975-1990) |
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* {{flagicon|Burma}} [[Burma]] ([[Myanmar]]) (1988-present) |
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* {{flagicon|Cambodia}} [[Cambodia]] (1970-1975) |
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* {{flagicon|Republic of China}} [[Republic of China]] ([[Taiwan]]) (1916-1928; 1928-1949; 1949-78) |
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* {{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Indonesia]] (1967-1998) |
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* {{flagicon|Iraq}} [[Iraq]] (1958-2003) |
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* {{flagicon|Japan}} [[Japan]] (1932-1945) |
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* {{flagicon|North Korea}} [[North Korea]] (1946-present) |
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* {{flagicon|South Korea}} [[South Korea]] (1961-1988) |
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* {{flagicon|Pakistan}} [[Pakistan]] (1951-1971; 1977-1988; 1999-2007) |
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* {{flagicon|Thailand}} [[Thailand]] (1938-1944; 1947-1973; 1976-1992; 2006-2008) |
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* {{flagicon|South Vietnam}} [[South Vietnam]] (1963-1975) |
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===In [[Europe]]=== |
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* {{flagicon|Bulgaria}} [[Bulgaria]] (1934-1935) |
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* {{flagicon|Greece}} [[Greece]] (1967-1974) |
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* {{flagicon|Turkey}} [[Turkey]] (1960-1961; 1971-1973; 1980-1983) |
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* {{flagicon|Poland}} [[Poland]] (1981-1983) |
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* {{flagicon|Portugal}} [[Portugal]] (1926-1932) |
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* {{flagicon|Romania}} [[Romania]] (1940-1944) |
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* {{flagicon|Spain}} [[Spain]] (1923-1930; 1936-1975) |
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===In [[Oceania]]=== |
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* {{flagicon|Fiji}} [[Fiji]] (2006-present) |
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===See also=== |
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*[[Police state]] |
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* [[The Generals]] |
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* [[Military government]] |
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* [[khakistocracy]] |
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* [[Military rule (disambiguation)]] |
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* [[Films depicting Latin American military dictatorships]] |
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* [[List of political leaders who held active military ranks in office]] |
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{{Authoritarian types of rule}} |
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[[Category:Military dictatorship| ]] |
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[[Category:Constitutional state types]] |
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[[Category:Military sociology]] |
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[[Category:Civil-military relations]] |
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[[Category:Political engineering by coup]] |
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[[da:Militærdiktatur]] |
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[[de:Militärdiktatur]] |
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[[el:Στρατιωτική δικτατορία]] |
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[[es:Dictadura militar]] |
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[[fr:Dictature militaire]] |
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[[id:junta militer]] |
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[[he:משטר צבאי]] |
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[[ms:Kerajaan tentera]] |
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[[nl:Junta]] |
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[[ja:軍事国家]] |
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[[no:Diktatur]] |
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[[pl:Junta wojskowa]] |
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[[pt:Ditadura militar]] |
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[[ru:Военная диктатура]] |
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[[fi:Sotilasdiktatuuri]] |
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[[sv:Militärdiktatur]] |
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[[th:เผด็จการทหาร]] |
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[[zh:軍政府]] |
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Revision as of 19:15, 10 October 2008
Statistics of Mestaruussarja in the 1936 season.
Overview
It was contested by 8 teams, and HJK Helsinki won the championship.
League standings
| Pos | Club | P | W | D | L | F | A | Pts |
| 1 | HJK Helsinki | 14 | 9 | 1 | 4 | 37 | 21 | 19 |
| 2 | HPS Helsinki | 14 | 8 | 1 | 5 | 28 | 26 | 17 |
| 3 | HIFK Helsinki | 14 | 7 | 2 | 5 | 38 | 22 | 16 |
| 4 | Sudet Viipuri | 14 | 6 | 3 | 5 | 26 | 21 | 15 |
| 5 | HT Helsinki | 14 | 5 | 4 | 5 | 25 | 27 | 14 |
| 6 | TPS Turku | 14 | 7 | 0 | 7 | 30 | 36 | 14 |
| 7 | VPS Vaasa | 14 | 5 | 2 | 7 | 36 | 31 | 12 |
| 8 | Drott Pietarsaari | 14 | 2 | 1 | 11 | 14 | 50 | 5 |