Valea Săbii River and Labialization: Difference between pages
Adding geodata: {{coord missing|Romania}} |
m robot Adding: es:Labialización, gl:Labialización |
||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{Sound change}} |
|||
{{Geobox River |
|||
:''"Lip rounding" redirects here. See ''[[Roundedness]]'' for the lip rounding of vowels. |
|||
<!-- *** Name section *** --> |
|||
| name = Valea Săbii River |
|||
| native_name = |
|||
| other_name = |
|||
| other_name1 = |
|||
<!-- *** Image *** ---> |
|||
| image = |
|||
| image_size = |
|||
| image_caption = |
|||
<!-- *** Country etc. *** --> |
|||
| country_type = Countries |
|||
| state_type = |
|||
| region_type = |
|||
| district_type = Counties |
|||
| city_type = Villages |
|||
| country = [[Romania]] |
|||
| country1 = |
|||
| state = |
|||
| state1 = |
|||
| region = |
|||
| region1 = |
|||
| district = [[Bistriţa-Năsăud County]] |
|||
| district1 = |
|||
| city = |
|||
| city1 = |
|||
<!-- *** Geography *** --> |
|||
| length = |
|||
| watershed = |
|||
| discharge_location = |
|||
| discharge = |
|||
| discharge_max = |
|||
| discharge_min = |
|||
| discharge1_location = |
|||
| discharge1 = |
|||
<!-- *** Source *** --> |
|||
| source_name = |
|||
| source_location = [[Ţibleş Mountains]] |
|||
| source_district = |
|||
| source_region = |
|||
| source_state = |
|||
| source_country = |
|||
| source_lat_d = |
|||
| source_lat_m = |
|||
| source_lat_s = |
|||
| source_lat_NS = |
|||
| source_long_d = |
|||
| source_long_m = |
|||
| source_long_s = |
|||
| source_long_EW = |
|||
| source_elevation = |
|||
| source_length = |
|||
<!-- *** Mouth *** --> |
|||
| mouth_name = [[Sălăuţa River|Sălăuţa]] |
|||
| mouth_location = Downstream of [[Romuli, Bistriţa-Năsăud|Romuli]] |
|||
| mouth_district = |
|||
| mouth_region = |
|||
| mouth_state = |
|||
| mouth_country = |
|||
| mouth_lat_d = |
|||
| mouth_lat_m = |
|||
| mouth_lat_s = |
|||
| mouth_lat_NS = |
|||
| mouth_long_d = |
|||
| mouth_long_m = |
|||
| mouth_long_s = |
|||
| mouth_long_EW = |
|||
| mouth_elevation = |
|||
<!-- *** Tributaries *** --> |
|||
| tributary_left = |
|||
| tributary_left1 = |
|||
| tributary_right = |
|||
| tributary_right1 = |
|||
<!-- *** Free fields *** --> |
|||
| free = |
|||
| free_type = Official River Code |
|||
<!-- *** Map section *** --> |
|||
| map = |
|||
| map_size = |
|||
| map_caption = |
|||
}} |
|||
'''Labialisation''' is a [[Secondary articulation|secondary articulatory]] feature of sounds in some languages. Labialized sounds involve the lips while the remainder of the [[mouth|oral cavity]] produces another sound. The term is normally used to refer to [[consonant]]s. When vowels involve the lips, they are usually called [[rounded vowel|rounded]]. |
|||
The '''Valea Săbii River''' is a [[tributary]] of the [[Sălăuţa River]] in [[Romania]]. |
|||
Labialisation may also refer to a type of [[Assimilation (linguistics)|assimilation]] process. |
|||
==References== |
|||
==Where found== |
|||
* Administraţia Naţională Apelor Române - Cadastrul Apelor - Bucureşti |
|||
* Institutul de Meteorologie şi Hidrologie - Rîurile României - Bucureşti 1971 |
|||
Labialisation is the most widespread secondary articulation in the world's languages. It is phonemically contrastive in the [[Northwest Caucasian languages|Northwest Caucasian]], [[Athabaskan languages|Athabaskan]], and [[Salishan languages|Salishan]] [[language family|language families]], among others. This contrast is reconstructed also for [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]], the common ancestor of the [[Indo-European languages]]. |
|||
{{coord missing|Romania}} |
|||
[[American English]] has three degrees of (phonetic) labialization: Fully rounded {{IPA|/w/}} and initial {{IPA|/ɹ/}}, open-rounded {{IPA|/ʃ/, /ʒ/, /tʃ/, /dʒ/}}, and unrounded, in which vowels are sometimes called spread. These secondary articulations are not universal. For example, while [[French language|French]] shares the [[English language|English]] open-rounding of {{IPA|/ʃ/, /ʒ/}} while [[Russian language|Russian]] does not have rounding of its postalveolar fricatives ({{IPA|/ʂ ʐ ɕ ʑ/}}).<ref>{{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=148}}</ref> |
|||
{{DEFAULTSORT:Prihodistea River}} |
|||
[[Category:Rivers of Romania]] |
|||
==Types of labialisation== |
|||
[[Category:Rivers of the Someş subbasin]] |
|||
[[Category:Rivers of Bistriţa-Năsăud County]] |
|||
Out of 706 language inventories surveyed by {{Harvcoltxt|Ruhlen|1976}}, labialisation occurred most often with [[velar consonant|velar]] (42%) and [[uvular consonant|uvular]] (15%) segments and least often with [[dental consonant|dental]] and [[alveolar consonant|alveolar]] segments. With non-dorsal consonants, labialisation may include [[velarisation]] as well. Labialisation is not restricted to lip-rounding. The following articulations have either been described as labialisation, or been found as [[allophone|allophonic]] realisations of prototypical labialisation: |
|||
* Labial rounding, with or without protrusion of the lips (found in [[Navajo language|Navajo]]){{Fact|date=February 2007}} |
|||
* Labiodental frication, found in [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]]{{Fact|date=February 2007}} |
|||
* Bilabial frication, found in [[Ubykh language|Ubykh]]{{Fact|date=February 2007}} |
|||
* [[Bilabial trill]], found in Ubykh{{Fact|date=February 2007}} |
|||
* Bilabial plosion, found in Ubykh{{Fact|date=February 2007}} |
|||
* "Labilialisation" without lip rounding, found in the [[Iroquoian languages|Iroquois]] |
|||
* Rounding without velarization, found in [[Shona language|Shona]] and in the [[Bzyb dialect]] of [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]] |
|||
Eastern [[Arrernte language|Arrernte]] is a language with labialisation at all [[place of articulation|places]] and [[manner of articulation|manners of articulation]]. The labialisation derives historically from adjacent rounded vowels, as is also the case of the [[Northwest Caucasian languages]]. |
|||
==Transcription== |
|||
In the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]], labialisation of velar consonants is indicated with a raised w modifier {{IPA|[ʷ]}} ([[Unicode]] U+02B7), as in {{IPA|/kʷ/}}. (Elsewhere this diacritic generally indicates simultaneous labialization and velarization.{{Fact|date=June 2008}}) There are also diacritics, respectively {{IPA|[ɔ̹], [ɔ̜]}}, to indicate greater or lesser degrees of rounding. These are normally used with vowels, but may occur with consonants. For example, in the [[Athabaskan languages|Athabaskan language]] [[Hupa language|Hupa]], [[voiceless velar fricative]]s distinguish three degrees of labialization, transcribed either {{IPA|/x/, /x̹/, /xʷ/}} or {{IPA|/x/, /x̜ʷ/, /xʷ/}}. |
|||
The [[Extensions to the IPA]] has two additional symbols for degrees of rounding: Spread {{IPA|/ɹ͍/}} and open-rounded {{IPA|/ʒ<sup>œ</sup>/}}. It also has a symbol for [[labiodental approximant|labialdentalized]] sounds, {{IPA|/t<sup>ʋ</sup>/}}. |
|||
If precision is desired, the Abkhaz and Ubykh articulations may be transcribed with the appropriate fricative or trill raised as a diacritic: {{IPA|[t<sup>v</sup>]}}, {{IPA|[t<sup>β</sup>]}}, {{IPA|[t<sup>ʙ</sup>]}}, {{IPA|[t<sup>p</sup>]}}. |
|||
For simple labialization, {{Harvcoltxt|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996}} resurrected an old IPA symbol, {{IPA|[ ̫]}}. However, their chief example is Shona ''sv'' and ''zv,'' which they transcribe {{IPA|/s̫/}} and {{IPA|/z̫/}} but which actually seem to be [[whistled sibilant]]s, without necessarily being labialized.<ref>[http://www.cefala.org/issp2006/cdrom/articles/shosted.pdf]</ref> The open rounding of English {{IPA|/ʃ/}} is also unvelarized. |
|||
==Labial assimilation== |
|||
Labialisation also refers to a specific type of assimilatory process where a given sound become labialised due to the influence of neighboring labial sounds. For example, {{IPA|/k/}} may become {{IPA|/kʷ/}} in the environment of {{IPA|/o/}}, or {{IPA|/a/}} may become {{IPA|/o/}} in the environment of {{IPA|/p/}} or {{IPA|/kʷ/}}. |
|||
In the [[Northwest Caucasian languages]] as well as some [[Australian languages]] rounding has shifted from the vowels to the consonants, producing a wide range of labialized consonants and leaving in some cases only two phonemic vowels. This appears to have been the case in Ubykh and [[Eastern Arrernte]], for example. The labial vowel sounds usually still remain, but only as allophones next to the now-labial consonant sounds. |
|||
==References== |
|||
{{reflist}} |
|||
==Bibliography== |
|||
*Crowley, Terry. (1997) ''An Introduction to Historical Linguistics.'' 3rd edition. Oxford University Press. |
|||
* {{SOWL}} |
|||
* {{citation |
|||
|last=Ruhlen |
|||
|first=M. |
|||
|year=1976 |
|||
|title=A guide to the languages of the world |
|||
|publisher=Standford |
|||
}} |
|||
[[Category:Labial consonants]] |
|||
{{BistriţaNăsăud-geo-stub}} |
|||
[[Category:Assimilation]] |
|||
[[br:Gweuzadur]] |
|||
[[ro:Râul Valea Săbii]] |
|||
[[cs:Labializace]] |
|||
[[de:Labialisierung]] |
|||
[[es:Labialización]] |
|||
[[fr:Labialisation]] |
|||
[[gl:Labialización]] |
|||
[[he:עיצורים משופתתים]] |
|||
[[ja:唇音化]] |
|||
[[pl:Labializacja]] |
|||
[[ru:Лабиализация]] |
|||
[[sv:Labialisering]] |
|||
Revision as of 03:40, 12 October 2008
| Sound change and alternation |
|---|
| Fortition |
| Dissimilation |
- "Lip rounding" redirects here. See Roundedness for the lip rounding of vowels.
Labialisation is a secondary articulatory feature of sounds in some languages. Labialized sounds involve the lips while the remainder of the oral cavity produces another sound. The term is normally used to refer to consonants. When vowels involve the lips, they are usually called rounded.
Labialisation may also refer to a type of assimilation process.
Where found
Labialisation is the most widespread secondary articulation in the world's languages. It is phonemically contrastive in the Northwest Caucasian, Athabaskan, and Salishan language families, among others. This contrast is reconstructed also for Proto-Indo-European, the common ancestor of the Indo-European languages.
American English has three degrees of (phonetic) labialization: Fully rounded /w/ and initial /ɹ/, open-rounded /ʃ/, /ʒ/, /tʃ/, /dʒ/, and unrounded, in which vowels are sometimes called spread. These secondary articulations are not universal. For example, while French shares the English open-rounding of /ʃ/, /ʒ/ while Russian does not have rounding of its postalveolar fricatives (/ʂ ʐ ɕ ʑ/).[1]
Types of labialisation
Out of 706 language inventories surveyed by Ruhlen (1976), labialisation occurred most often with velar (42%) and uvular (15%) segments and least often with dental and alveolar segments. With non-dorsal consonants, labialisation may include velarisation as well. Labialisation is not restricted to lip-rounding. The following articulations have either been described as labialisation, or been found as allophonic realisations of prototypical labialisation:
- Labial rounding, with or without protrusion of the lips (found in Navajo)[citation needed]
- Labiodental frication, found in Abkhaz[citation needed]
- Bilabial frication, found in Ubykh[citation needed]
- Bilabial trill, found in Ubykh[citation needed]
- Bilabial plosion, found in Ubykh[citation needed]
- "Labilialisation" without lip rounding, found in the Iroquois
- Rounding without velarization, found in Shona and in the Bzyb dialect of Abkhaz
Eastern Arrernte is a language with labialisation at all places and manners of articulation. The labialisation derives historically from adjacent rounded vowels, as is also the case of the Northwest Caucasian languages.
Transcription
In the International Phonetic Alphabet, labialisation of velar consonants is indicated with a raised w modifier [ʷ] (Unicode U+02B7), as in /kʷ/. (Elsewhere this diacritic generally indicates simultaneous labialization and velarization.[citation needed]) There are also diacritics, respectively [ɔ̹], [ɔ̜], to indicate greater or lesser degrees of rounding. These are normally used with vowels, but may occur with consonants. For example, in the Athabaskan language Hupa, voiceless velar fricatives distinguish three degrees of labialization, transcribed either /x/, /x̹/, /xʷ/ or /x/, /x̜ʷ/, /xʷ/.
The Extensions to the IPA has two additional symbols for degrees of rounding: Spread /ɹ͍/ and open-rounded /ʒœ/. It also has a symbol for labialdentalized sounds, /tʋ/.
If precision is desired, the Abkhaz and Ubykh articulations may be transcribed with the appropriate fricative or trill raised as a diacritic: [tv], [tβ], [tʙ], [tp].
For simple labialization, Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996) resurrected an old IPA symbol, [ ̫]. However, their chief example is Shona sv and zv, which they transcribe /s̫/ and /z̫/ but which actually seem to be whistled sibilants, without necessarily being labialized.[2] The open rounding of English /ʃ/ is also unvelarized.
Labial assimilation
Labialisation also refers to a specific type of assimilatory process where a given sound become labialised due to the influence of neighboring labial sounds. For example, /k/ may become /kʷ/ in the environment of /o/, or /a/ may become /o/ in the environment of /p/ or /kʷ/.
In the Northwest Caucasian languages as well as some Australian languages rounding has shifted from the vowels to the consonants, producing a wide range of labialized consonants and leaving in some cases only two phonemic vowels. This appears to have been the case in Ubykh and Eastern Arrernte, for example. The labial vowel sounds usually still remain, but only as allophones next to the now-labial consonant sounds.
References
- ^ Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996:148)
- ^ [1]
Bibliography
- Crowley, Terry. (1997) An Introduction to Historical Linguistics. 3rd edition. Oxford University Press.
- Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19815-6.
- Ruhlen, M. (1976), A guide to the languages of the world, Standford