Admirative

The admirative is a mode of the verb that expresses the speaker's surprise or disbelief regardless of evidentiality .

Scott DeLancey first described the admirative as a cross-lingual grammatical category . He found that Turkish , Slavey , Sunwar , Tibetan and Korean belong to this category. In the successor of DeLancey, other researchers have found the admirative in other languages, especially in Tibeto- Burmese languages .

However, the validity of the category is also questioned by the experts Gilbert Lazard and Nathan W. Hill: Lazard is of the opinion that the category cannot be distinguished from evidentiality ; and Hill considers the evidence found by Scott DeLancey and Alexandra Aikhenvald to be either false or at least inconclusive. In recent research, DeLancey considers the languages Slavey, Kham , Magar to be clear cases of contained admiratives, assuming that his analysis of Tibetan is correct. He does not mention Turkish, Sunwar or Korean. Hill, on the other hand, offers an alternative analysis of Slavey, considering DeLancey's evidence of admiralty as direct evidentiality. The Navajo uses the admirative in combination with evidentiality.

Albanian has the admirative as a defined verb form. This expresses surprise on the part of the speaker, but other functions such as expressing irony, doubt or description can also be taken over with it. In English this is usually translated as apparently , in German with an auxiliary construction such as modal particles , the subjunctive or the epistemic variant of the verb.

literature

Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald: Evidentiality . Oxford University Press, Oxford 2004, ISBN 978-0-19-926388-2 .
Scott DeLancey: Mirativity: The grammatical marking of unexpected information . In: Linguistic Typology . tape 1 , 1997, p. 33-52 , doi : 10.1515 / lity.1997.1.1.33 .
Scott DeLancey: The mirative and evidentiality . In: Journal of Pragmatics . tape 33 , no. 3 , 2001, p. 369-382 , doi : 10.1016 / S0378-2166 (01) 80001-1 ( academia.edu ).
Scott DeLancey: Still mirative after all these years . In: Journal of Pragmatics . tape 33 , no. 3 , 2001, p. 529-564 , doi : 10.1515 / lity-2012-0020 ( academia.edu ).
Connie Dickinson: Mirativity in Tsafiki . In: Studies in Language . tape 24 , no. 2 , 2000, pp. 379-422 , doi : 10.1075 / sl.24.2.06dic ( academia.edu ).
Nathan W. Hill: 'Mirativity' does not exist: ḥdug in 'Lhasa' Tibetan and other suspects . In: Linguistic Typology . tape 13 , no. 3 , 2012, p. 389-433 , doi : 10.1515 / lity-2012-0016 ( soas.ac.uk ).
Nathan W. Hill: Hare lõ: the touchstone of mirativity. In: SKASE Journal of Theoretical Linguistics . tape 13 , no. 2 , 2015, p. 24-31 ( soas.ac.uk ).
Gilbert Lazard: Mirativity, evidentiality, mediativity, or other? In: Linguistic Typology . tape 3 , no. 1 , 2009, p. 91-109 , doi : 10.1515 / lity.1999.3.1.91 .
Dan I. Slobin, Ayhan A. Aksu: Tense, aspect and modality in the use of the Turkish evidential . In: Paul J. Hopper (Ed.): Tense-aspect: Between semantics & pragmatics . John Benjamin, Amsterdam 1982, ISBN 978-90-272-2865-9 , pp. 185-200 ( colorado.edu [PDF]).

Web links

Summary of examples for admiratives at LinguistList (with bibliography)

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b Scott DeLancey: Mirativity: The grammatical marking of unexpected information . In: Linguistic Typology . tape 1 , 1997, p. 33-52 .
^ Victor A. Friedman: Evidentiality in the Balkans: Bulgarian, Macedonian and Albanian . In: Wallace L. Chafe, Johanna Nichols (Eds.): Evidentiality: The Linguistic Coding of Epistemology . Ablex, 1986, ISBN 978-0-89391-203-1 , pp. 168–187, here: 180 ( uchicago.edu [PDF]).

[:0-1] Scott DeLancey: Mirativity: The grammatical marking of unexpected information . In: Linguistic Typology . tape 1 , 1997, p. 33-52 .

[2] Victor A. Friedman: Evidentiality in the Balkans: Bulgarian, Macedonian and Albanian . In: Wallace L. Chafe, Johanna Nichols (Eds.): Evidentiality: The Linguistic Coding of Epistemology . Ablex, 1986, ISBN 978-0-89391-203-1 , pp. 168–187, here: 180 ( uchicago.edu [PDF]).