Prelude
The opening is in the prosody of the accent metric of the part of the verse or the versification before the first lifting . Correspondingly, trochaic and dactylic verses have no upbeat , while iambic and anapaestic verses are upbeat .
The term was introduced by Andreas Heusler according to the prelude in music, since according to Heusler's verse theory, verses are not divided into verse feet , but into bars. Gerhard Storz wants the use to be restricted to those cases in which a verse with a clearly falling rhythm (trochaic or dactylic) is preceded by lowerings. Example:
- The al te courage ter sat on what ser ...
A clearly trochaic rhythm can be seen here due to the dominant trochaic feet of words . On the other hand, it is the tension between the word boundary and the verse boundary that defines the iambus in German. The meaningfulness of the concept formation is therefore repeatedly called into question from a linguistic point of view.
A free prelude is the lack of a time-metrical connection of the prelude, that is, whether a verse begins with or without a prelude is not determined by the meter. Free prelude is characteristic of the old German alliance and rhyming poetry as well as the Knittelvers .
In addition to the measure-metric definition given above, there is also a foot-metric definition, according to which a prelude is formed by the unstressed syllables before the first verse foot. Examples are difficult to construct. If the first foot of the verse begins to lift, there is no difference to the definition of the meter. If an iambic verse is preceded by an unstressed syllable, there is a very strong tendency to accentuate it, and an anapaestic verse with an unstressed syllable would result in a sequence of three unstressed syllables, which is not feasible.
Alternative names in addition to the actual musical term Auftakt are:
- Pre-sinking (Schlawe),
- Lowering of the entrance ( Sievers ),
- Suggestion (Hoffmann),
- Suggested syllable (Brockhaus 1824) and
- Surcharge ( Sulzer ).
An ancient name for the short syllables at the beginning of iambic and Anapaestic verses in ancient metrics is anacrusis ( Greek ἀνάκρουσις " row back", "withdraw").
literature
- Sabine Doering: Prelude. In: Reallexikon der Deutschen Literaturwissenschaft . Vol. 1. de Gruyter 2007, pp. 165f.
- Dieter Burdorf, Christoph Fasbender, Burkhard Moennighoff (Hrsg.): Metzler Lexicon literature. Terms and definitions. 3rd edition Metzler, Stuttgart 2007, ISBN 978-3-476-01612-6 , pp. 55f.
- Otto Knörrich: Lexicon of lyrical forms (= Kröner's pocket edition . Volume 479). 2nd, revised edition. Kröner, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-520-47902-8 , p. 17f.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Christoph Küper: Language and Meter . Tübingen 1988, p. 249.
- ^ Fritz Schlawe: New German Metrics . Metzler, Stuttgart 1972.
- ^ Eduard Sievers: Old Germanic metrics. Hall 1893.
- ↑ Karl Johann Hoffmann: The science of metrics. Leipzig 1835.
- ^ Johann Georg Sulzer: General theory of the fine arts. 2nd edition Leipzig 1792ff.