Wintering (plant)
In agriculture, wintering (also winter damage and frost damage ) is the term used to describe damage to crops caused by cold, rot, and lack of air and water during winter.
Damage and causes
- Cold death of plants from severe frost. While arctic plants can tolerate temperatures as low as −60 ° C, numerous cultivated plants in Europe die in flat frost . Although winter seeds require frost to initiate stratification and vernalization , winter rye stands die at −25 ° C, winter wheat stands at −20 ° C and winter barley stands at −15 ° C if there is no protective snow cover. If the frost occurs suddenly, so that the crops have not adapted to the cooler winter temperatures, the plant death occurs even at lower minus temperatures.
- Root damage due to alternating frost and thaw. The late frosts in the end of winter with warm temperatures during the day and frosts at night lead to different frost depths and thus to the raising and lowering of the topsoil in different soil horizons . This leads to root tears and, in the worst case, total loss of the plant population. This risk can be reduced with appropriate seedbed preparation in autumn.
- Rot in plant stands. If there is a thick, frozen blanket of snow on winter grain and winter rape fields , carbon dioxide build-up and insufficient air exchange can lead to rot. Typical diseases are snow mold , typhula rot , clover and rapeseed flea larvae.
- Frost dryness and plant death due to lack of water. If there is persistent freezing, the water in the ground is frozen and is not available to the plant roots. As a result, the plants initially wilt and finally dry out.
- Choking under a sheet of ice. In flooded fields and meadows, there is a lack of oxygen, which can lead to plant death. While meadows recover quickly in spring, the vegetation in fields is mostly lost.
Individual evidence
- ^ Ernst Klapp: Textbook of arable and plant cultivation; Paul Parey Publishing House Berlin and Hamburg 1958, page 24.
literature
- Ernst Klapp : Textbook of arable and crop production. Publisher Paul Parey Berlin 1941; 2nd edition 1944; 3rd edition 1951; 4th edition 1954; 5th edition 1958; 6th edition 1967; Publishing house Paul Parey Berlin and Hamburg
- Jiri Petr : Weather and Yield , Developments in Crop Science, Amsterdam, Oxford, New York, Tokyo and Prague 1991. ISBN 0-444-98803-3
- Manfred G. Raupp: Thoughts on the situation in German agriculture, its further development and the consequences for activities in the field of seeds, genetic engineering and industrial raw materials. Ciba Frankfurt, 1985