Barophilia

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The barophilia ( Greek βαροφιλία) means a preference for pressure . The adjective barophile is derived from this . An alternative designation is piezophilia or piezophilicity .

Barophilic organisms have adapted in the course of evolution to high water pressures such as those found in the deep sea .

The term was introduced in 1949 by Claude E. ZoBell (1904–1989) and Frank H. Johnson (1908–1990), and in 1957 Zobell and Richard Y. Morita discovered barophilic microorganisms from sediments at great depths.

Facultative barophilic bacteria can grow better under high pressures. So Spirillum sp. a generation time of 4–13 hours at approx. 500 bar and 2 ° C. At 1 bar, however, the generation time increases to 72–96 hours. Facultative barophilic bacteria such as Thermococcus barophilus can also recognize changes in pressure and react with a subsequent cell response. Obligatory barophilic bacteria require high pressures to grow, such as some strains of Shewanella benthica . A trunk was found at a depth of 11,000 meters and needs around 800 bar to grow.

Barophilic organisms must either be able to tolerate low temperatures that prevail at such depths ( psychrophilic ) or they live near volcanically active areas and have a temperature optimum at 85 ° C. They are therefore hyperthermophilic .

Barophilic organisms are often archaea that belong to the group of extremophilic organisms . However, Gram- negative eubacteria were also found at a depth of 2,500 meters that can tolerate the pressures prevailing there.

Individual evidence

  1. ^ ZoBell, CE. and Johnson, FH. (1949): The influence of hydrostatic pressure on the growth and viability of terrestrial and marine bacteria . In: J Bacteriol . 57 (2); 179-189; PMC 385493 (free full text).
  2. ^ ZoBell, CE. and Morita, RY. (1957): Barophilic bacteria in some deep sea sediments . In: J Bacteriol . 73 (4); 563-568; PMID 13428691 ; PMC 314618 (free full text).
  3. ^ A b Larry Barton: Structural and Functional Relationships in Prokaryotes . Springer, Berlin 2005; ISBN 0-387-20708-2 ; P. 373f.

literature

  • Kato C. et al. (1998): Extremely barophilic bacteria isolated from the Mariana Trench, Challenger Deep, at a depth of 11,000 meters . In: Appl Environ Microbiol . 64 (4); 1510-1513; PMID 9546187 ; PMC 106178 (free full text)