Bhaisajyaguru

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Yakushi-nyorai on Mount Imayama, Fukuoka, Japan
Kofuku-ji

Bhaisajyaguru ( Skt. Bhaisajyaguru भैषज्यगुरु; Chinese  藥師佛  /  药师佛 , Pinyin Yaoshi Fó , W.-G. Yao-shih fo syn .: 俾沙闍羅所  /  俾沙阇罗所 ; 藥師琉璃光如來  /  药师琉璃光如 来 ; 大 醫 王佛  /  大 医 王佛 ; 醫 王 善逝  /  医 王 善逝 ; Japanese. 薬 師 如 来 , Yakushi Nyorai ; tib . : Sangs rgyas sman bla ; vn. Phật Dược Sư Lưu Li Quang / Phật Dược Sư dt. Medicine Buddha, syn. Medicine Guru) is a Buddha of healing who is particularly known in Tibetan Buddhism and Japanese Buddhism and Tibetan medicine . According to the teaching of Mahayana , he heals all diseases, including those of ignorance. Its function is to heal living beings from the three poisons of the spirit . Before his enlightenment, the Medicine Buddha made twelve vows, in which he swore that he would later free all deformed, handicapped and sick people from their ailments. These vows are a major part of the discourses devoted to the Medicine Buddha.

According to the Buddhist doctrine, these mentioned spiritual poisons cause an unpeaceful spirit in the living beings, therefore also (physical and mental) illnesses, thus suffering ( dukkha ). He is often depicted to the left of Shakyamuni Buddha and is associated with the East.

Appearance and symbolism

Bhaisajyaguru has a blue body and holds a bowl of healing nectar in his left hand and a myrobalan branch with three fruits in his right. According to Buddhist belief, these three fruits have the power to neutralize the three inner poisons . He sits in the vajra posture on a lotus . The most elaborate Buddha statues are often produced in Nepal , they are covered with gold paper out of respect for the Buddha, especially on the face, and are rarely painted blue, since blue paint is less valuable than gold.

His "birthday" is celebrated on the 30th of the 9th month in the Chinese calendar .

In China there are temples that honor the "three great healers". He is then flanked by the bodhisattva of sunlight on the right and the bodhisattva of moonlight on the left. His pure land is the Chinese  浄 瑠 璃 ( skt . : Vaiduryanirbhasa). 12 Yak Ya generals ( Chinese  chines 神 將 ), which represent the vows, are assigned to him.

Sutras

The only Sanskrit original of the Bhaisajyaguru Sutra still preserved today was found by Nalinaksha Dutt in Gilgit , Kashmir, in 1931 .

In the Sino-Japanese canon there are five yakushi sutras in Chinese  薬 師 經 . A Nara period transcript was created under this title .

There are other sutras, including that first translated by Bo Siririmtra in the first half of the fourth century CE . There is also a Tibetan version that matches the Xuanzang version and was translated in the ninth century.

Dharani and mantra

In the Bhaiṣajyaguruvaidūryaprabharāja-Sūtra it is described how the Medicine Buddha utters the following dharani :

namo bhagavate bhaiṣajyaguru
vaiḍūryaprabharājāya tathāgatāya
arhate samyaksambuddhāya tadyathā:
oṃ bhaiṣajye bhaiṣajye bhaiṣajya-samudgate svāhā.

The last line of the Dharani is the Medicine Buddha's mantra. In Vajrayana there are several other mantras also be used.

literature

  • Raoul Birnbaum: The Healing Buddha; Munich 1982 (Barth Verlag); Orig. English: Boston rev. 1989 (Shambhala)
  • Chow Su-chia [arr.], (Upasaka) Shen Shou Liang: The Sutra of the Master of Healing; reprint: Hong Kong 1990 (HK Buddhist Book Distributor)
  • Dutt, Nalinaksha (Ed.): Gilgit manuscripts ; 1947, Sert .: The Kashmir series of texts & studies; 71
  • FM Hassnain, Tokan D. Sumi: Bhaisajya-guru-sutra: (original Sanskrit text with introduction and commentary); New Delhi 1985 (Reliance Pub.), ISBN 81-85972-63-X
  • Kano, Kazuo: Bhaisajyaguru and the eight Stūpas , in: The world of Tibetan Buddhism. - Hamburg, Vol. 36 (2005), pp. 747-758
  • Lodro Tulku: The Mandala of the Medicine Buddhas ; Rikon 1995 (Tibet Institute), 21 pp.

Web links

Commons : Bhaisajyaguru  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ ( Tempyō 5th year, 733), Japanese: Yakushi-rurikō-nyorai-hongwan-kudoku-kyō (in the Nanjio canon catalog [NJ]: 171; Taishō XIV, No. 450), translated 650 by Xuanzang. A copy of the same script has survived from the same year, adding “newly translated” to the title. Yakushi nyorai hongan-kyō (NJ 167, 170-3)
  2. ↑ 1 fascicle; NJ 167
  3. ↑ Minh Thàn and PD Leigh (2001): Sutra of the Medicine Buddha (English) (PDF; 916 kB) Retrieved August 15, 2011.