California effect
The California Effect or California Effect describes the adoption of stricter local regulations by a hitherto less strict higher-level legislation or standardization , for example adoption from a federal state to a state, or from a state to globally applicable standards. It can occur in particular if the region of origin of the strict regulations is particularly influential.
The name "California Effect" goes back to the Clean Air Act , which was passed in the American state of California in 1970 and prescribed stricter regulations regarding car emissions standards than the state and any other American state. Two decades later, the United States Congress adjusted the national pollution standards to the California level. California's political clout and market size were believed to have been important factors in the state's ability to influence other state and nation-state jurisdictions.
See also
- Delaware Effect , a competition between US states for the cheapest corporate law
- Brussels Effect , a regulation of the European Union is used by companies as a global standard.
literature
- The California Effect. In: David Vogel: Trading Up: Consumer and Environmental Regulation in a Global Economy. Harvard University Press, 2009, ISBN 978-0-674-04468-5 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ Joseph Huber: General environmental sociology . Westdeutscher Verlag, 2011, ISBN 978-3-531-17872-1 .
- ^ Mathias M. Siems: The convergence of legal systems in the law of shareholders: a contribution to comparative corporate governance in times of globalization. Mohr Siebeck, 2005, ISBN 3-16-148668-4 , p. 416f.
- ↑ Jan von Hein: The reception of US corporate law in Germany. Mohr Siebeck, 2008, ISBN 978-3-16-149667-7 , p. 308.
- ↑ publicpolicy.utoronto.ca: California Effect ( Memento of February 27, 2013 in the Internet Archive )