Multiple discrimination
Multiple discrimination (also multiple discrimination ) describes in the social and legal sciences a discrimination based on several simultaneously acting factors. If two factors play a role, one speaks of double discrimination . Discrimination describes a group-specific disadvantage or degradation of groups or individuals.
Typical factors that can give rise to discrimination are age , gender , sexual orientation , ethnic origin, disability and religion .
When defining and measuring multiple discrimination, the methodological difficulty arises of determining comparison groups with which a group of people who have been discriminated multiple times can be compared.
Multiple and intersectional discrimination
One speaks of multiple discrimination as soon as several forms of discrimination affect the same person, even if this happens one after the other and they do not work together.
However, if a person has several characteristics that lead to discrimination at the same time , this is a special form of multiple discrimination , intersectional discrimination . Due to the interaction of the factors, the result of the discrimination can be of a different quality than would be expected when considering the individual forms of discrimination or also when considering the multiple forms of discrimination.
If the three factors sexism , racism , and classism work at the same time, one speaks of triple oppression or race-class gender (oppression).
Groups of people
Multiple discrimination against women is highlighted particularly often, for example discrimination against older women in a combination of age and women discrimination or against women who wear a headscarf because of their Muslim beliefs. The fact that gender roles and the expectations associated with them differ depending on the cultural and social environment plays an important role. The preamble to the Anti-Racism Directive (2000/43 / EC) also highlights women as frequent victims of multiple discrimination.
Men can also be victims of multiple discrimination, for example through a generalized suspicion of terrorism against young Muslim men or through a generalized suspicion of violence against men with certain ethnic or physical characteristics. This can also apply to gay migrants, who can be affected by xenophobia on the one hand and homophobia on the other.
literature
- Ulrike Hormel, Albert Scherr (Ed.): Discrimination: Basics and Research Results , VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften, 2010, ISBN 978-3-531-16657-5
- Robert Rebhahn: Equal Treatment Act: Commentary , Springer, 2005, ISBN 3-211-23831-X
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Hardly any money against homophobia , ReachOut Berlin, March 1, 2013