Hasan Pasha's dynasty

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The dynasty of Hasan Pasha ( Arabic مماليك العراقMamālīk al-ʻIrāq) was a Georgian Mamluk dynasty in Iraq (1704–1831).

background

After the pashas in Basra and Baghdad had made themselves temporarily independent of the Ottomans in the 17th century , Hasan Pasha (1704–1723), appointed by the Ottomans as governor, established the power of the Mamluks in Baghdad in 1704 . Pasha was originally from Georgia and grew up in Istanbul as the son of an Ottoman officer. The pashas of Baghdad subsequently gained extensive autonomy, but had to continue to recognize the suzerainty of the Ottomans. Under Ahmad Pascha (1723-1747) an attack by the Persians under Nadir Shah on Baghdad was repelled in 1733 . After Ahmad Pascha's death, the Ottomans tried to regain control of Baghdad, but in 1749 had to recognize Sulaiman Pascha (1749–1762) as governor. Sulaiman was originally a slave of Ahmed, whose life he had saved when attacked by a lion. In gratitude, he was released and married to Adlia, Ahmed's eldest daughter. He was also known as Abu Layla, the lion. Under him the province of Basra was united with Baghdad.

Under Büyük Süleyman Pascha (1780–1802) the dynasty reached its climax when the country was pacified and extensive building work was initiated. An attack by the Wahhabis on Iraq was also successfully repelled in 1801 , although they succeeded in destroying the Shiite shrines Najaf and Karbala . In 1831 Iraq was occupied by Ottoman troops and returned to central administration after a plague epidemic had severely weakened the rule of the dynasty. In Baghdad, of the 80,000 inhabitants, only 27,000 survived.

Ruler

  • Hasan Pasha (1704–1723)
  • Ahmad Pascha (1723–1734 and 1736–1747), the son of Hasan
  • Sulaiman or Suleyman Pascha (1749–1762), Ahmed's son-in-law
  • Omar or Umar Pasha (1762–1775)
  • Abdullah Pasha (1776–1777)
  • Büyük Süleyman Pasha or Sulaiman Pasha the Great (1780–1802)
  • Ali Pasha (1802-1807)
  • Sulaiman Pasha, the Little One (1807–1813)
  • Daud or Dawud Pasha (1817–1831)

literature

  • Yousif Izzidin: داود باشا ونهاية المماليك في العراق/ Dawud Bāshā wa-al-Nihayat Mamālīk fī al- ' Irāq . Al-Basri, Baghdad 1967, OCLC 15168332 (Arabic, with English summary, in German: Dawud Pascha and the fall of the Mamluk dynasty in Iraq).

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Heinz Halm: The fertile crescent under Ottoman rule . In: The Arabs: From the pre-Islamic period to the present . CH Beck, 2015, ISBN 978-3-406-68285-8 ( books.google.de ).
  2. ^ A b c d Justin Marozzi: Baghdad: City of Peace, City of Blood . Penguin UK, 2014, ISBN 978-0-14-194804-1 (English, books.google.de ).
  3. ↑ Kaveh Farrokh: Iran at War: 1500–1988 . Bloomsbury Publishing, 2011, ISBN 978-1-78096-221-4 ( books.google.de ).
  4. ↑ 3.5.1 Political History of Baghdad between 1750 and 1831. (PDF; 7 MB) at eprints.utas.edu.au, accessed on August 30, 2016, p. 62.
  5. ^ Laura Etheredge: Iraq . The Rosen Publishing Group, 2011, ISBN 978-1-61530-304-5 , pp. 108 ( books.google.de ).
  6. ^ A b c T. Nieuwenhuis: Politics and Society in Early Modern Iraq: Mamluk Pashas, ​​Tribal Shayks, and Local Rule Between 1802 and 1831 . Springer Science & Business Media, 2012, ISBN 978-94-009-7488-3 , p. 206 , doi : 10.1007 / 978-94-009-7488-3 ( books.google.de ).