EQ-5D

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The EQ-5D is a generic measuring instrument that uses a standardized, preference-based method to determine the state of health . The EQ-5D is a health questionnaire for use in population-based, clinical or health economic studies. The EQ-5D expresses the health status of the respondents in a one-dimensional number from 0 (very poor) to 1 (best possible health status).

The questionnaire was developed in 1987 by the EuroQol Group , an international interdisciplinary group consisting of doctors, psychologists, philosophers, economists, nurses and sociologists based in Rotterdam , as a self- reporting tool for patients.

Structure of the EQ-5D

The EQ-5D consists of several components: On the one hand, the self-assessment based on the EQ-5D questionnaire, which describes the state of health using five dimensions:

Versions

A distinction is made between the EQ-5D-3L and the EQ-5D-5L for adults and the EQ-5D-Y for children and adolescents. There are also proxy versions for patients who are no longer able to fill out this questionnaire themselves. The versions differ in the number of possible answers per dimension (level) and in the target group.

The EQ-5D-3L describes the state of health of adults in five dimensions, with each dimension having three response levels:

  1. "no problem"
  2. "some problems"
  3. "Extreme problems"

The EQ-5D-5L also describes the health status of adults in five dimensions, but based on five response levels per dimension:

  1. "no problem"
  2. "Slight problems"
  3. "Moderate problems"
  4. "big problem"
  5. "Extreme problems"

The EQ-5D-5L is the further developed questionnaire of the EQ-5D-3L. The aim of this further development was to increase the sensitivity of the questionnaire and to correct the disadvantages of the EQ-5D-3L version.

The EQ-5D-Y (Youth) was specially developed for the target group of children and young people aged 8 and over. Some target group-specific adjustments were made, such as B. the wording of the questions and answers.

A second component of the EQ-5D is the EQ-5D VAS , a visual analog scale (VAS) in the standard layout of a vertical 20 cm scale with a value range from 0 to 100. The respondents are asked to rate their own current state of health on the scale .

Questions about the socio-demographic background of the respondents represent an additional component. B. the age and gender are queried.

The EQ-5D can be used with other u. a. disease-specific instruments for measuring the quality of life of the respondents.

EQ-5D index

Based on standardized calculation specifications, the answers to the five questions are converted into an index value. The answers from all five dimensions are evaluated. A total of 243 different health states are possible for the EQ-5D-3L. In addition, the state of health is weighted differently on the basis of preference values ​​based on a country-specific sample of the general population. The EQ-5D expresses the health status of the respondents in a one-dimensional number from 0 (very bad) to 1 (best possible health status). The EQ-5D index can be used in assessments of Quality Adjusted Life Years (QALY) and as a stand-alone index in health economic evaluations.

Using the EQ-5D

The EuroQol group owns the copyright for the questionnaire. The EQ-5D can be used free of charge for charitable purposes and only requires online registration on the EuroQol homepage. If the questionnaire is used for commercial purposes, however, there is a fee to use it.

Development of the EQ-5D

The English version has been used since 1990, the German version since 1998. The EQ-5D-3L is currently available translated into approx. 169 languages ​​and is the world's most frequently used questionnaire to measure health-related quality of life.

In 2009 the EuroQol Group introduced the extended questionnaire EQ-5D-5L, which is now available in over 100 languages.

The EQ-5D-Y was introduced in 2010 and has so far only been available as an EQ-5D-3L version. However, it is already available in 25 languages.

In the OPD-2 , the questionnaire was reformulated into a third-party rating instrument. It is part of the first axis of the OPD, which describes the experience of illness and treatment requirements.

criticism

An assessment of the state of health based on preference values ​​of the general population was criticized because of the lack of a theoretical basis.

literature

  • Working group OPD: Operationalized Psychodynamic Diagnostics OPD-2. The manual for diagnosis and therapy planning. Huber, Bern 2006, ISBN 3-456-84285-6 . (2nd edition. 2009, ISBN 978-3-456-84753-5 , p. 480 f.)
  • J.-Matthias Graf vd Schulenburg, C. Claes, W. Greiner, A. Uber: The German version of the EuroQol questionnaire. In: Journal of Health Sciences. 6 (1), 1998, pp. 3-20.
  • W. Greiner, C. Claes: The EQ-5D of the EuroQol group. In: Oliver Schöffski, J.-Matthias Graf vd Schulenburg (ed.): Health economic evaluations. Springer Verlag, Berlin / Heidelberg 2007, ISBN 978-3-540-49559-8 , pp. 403-414.
  • J. Moock: Preference-based quality of life measurement: The EQ-5D questionnaire. In: physical medicine, rehabilitation medicine, spa medicine. 18, No. 5, 2008, pp. 245-249.
  • R. Rabin, F. de Charro: EQ-D5: a measure of health status from the EuroQol Group. In: Annals of Medicine ,. 33, No. 5, 2001, pp. 337-343.
  • A. Szende, B. Janssen, J. Cabases (Eds.): Self-Reported Population Health: An International Perspective based on EQ-5D. Springer Verlag, Dordrecht / Heidelberg / New York / London 2014.
  • Nora Wille, Xavier Badia, Gouke Bonsel, Kristina Burström, Gulia Cavrini, Nancy Devlin, Ann-Charlotte Egmar, Wolfgang Greiner, Narcis Gusi, Michael Herdman, Jennifer Jelsma, Paul Kind, Luciana Scalone, Ulrike Ravens-Sieberer: Development of the EQ -5D-Y: a child-friendly version of the EQ-5D . In: Quality of Life Research: An International Journal of Quality of Life Aspects of Treatment, Care and Rehabilitation . tape 19 , no. 6 , August 2010, ISSN  1573-2649 , p. 875-886 , doi : 10.1007 / s11136-010-9648-y , PMID 20405245 , PMC 2892611 (free full text).

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ EuroQol Group: EQ-5D-5L User Guide. (PDF) In: EuroQol Group User Guide. EuroQol Group, accessed on July 10, 2019 .
  2. ^ A b c d A. Szende, B. Janssen, J. Cabases (Eds.): Self-Reported Population Health: An International Perspective based on EQ-5D. Springer Verlag, Dordrecht / Heidelberg / New York / London 2014.
  3. ↑ a b Nora Wille, Xavier Badia, Gouke Bonsel, Kristina Burström, Gulia Cavrini, Nancy Devlin, Ann-Charlotte Egmar, Wolfgang Greiner, Narcis Gusi, Michael Herdman, Jennifer Jelsma, Paul Kind, Luciana Scalone, Ulrike Ravens-Sieberer: Development of the EQ-5D-Y: a child-friendly version of the EQ-5D . In: Quality of Life Research: An International Journal of Quality of Life Aspects of Treatment, Care and Rehabilitation . tape 19 , no. 6 , August 2010, ISSN  1573-2649 , p. 875-886 , doi : 10.1007 / s11136-010-9648-y , PMID 20405245 , PMC 2892611 (free full text).
  4. ↑ a b W. Greiner, C. Claes: The EQ-5D of EuroQol group. In: Oliver Schöffski, J.-Matthias Graf vd Schulenburg (ed.): Health economic evaluations. Springer Verlag, Berlin / Heidelberg 2007, pp. 403-414.
  5. ↑ EQ-5D (EuroQol) . In: Gabler Wirtschaftslexikon
  6. ↑ Afschin Gandjour: Theoretical foundation of patient v. population preferences in calculating QALYs . In: Medical Decision Making: An International Journal of the Society for Medical Decision Making . tape 30 , no. 4 , July 2010, ISSN  1552-681X , p. E57-63 , doi : 10.1177 / 0272989X10370488 , PMID 20511562 .