Echo (music)
In the technical terminology of musical composition (analogous to acoustic echo ), echo refers to the repetition of a short phrase in reduced pitch. The echo was particularly popular in vocal and instrumental music in the 16th and 17th centuries and was exploited to excess as a convenient means of symmetrical construction. Often the echo appears in the higher or lower octave. For pieces with echo effects, the term appears to echo as project identification, for example, in the last sentence of the French Overture in B Minor from the Clavierübung of Johann Sebastian Bach , or as title ( "Echo") or title component of instrumental pieces of the 17th and 18th centuries (“Echo en Marche”, “Rondeau en Echo”, “Air en Echo” etc.). In the orchestra, the effect of the echo can easily be achieved through various types of instrumentation; in large organs there is a special manual for this ( echo work ). It was not until the Mannheimers ( Johann Stamitz ) around 1750 that the alternating dynamics for repetitions of the same idea were replaced by the exploitation of dynamics as a characteristic property of contrasted ideas (differentiation between forte ideas and piano ideas).
literature
- Echo in Hugo Riemann , Alfred Einstein : Hugo Riemanns Musiklexikon . 11th edition. Max Hesses Verlag, Berlin 1929, p. 448 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ Adalbert Quadt (ed.): Guitar music from the 16th to 18th centuries Century. Volume 1-4. Deutscher Verlag für Musik, Leipzig 1970 ff., Volume 2: based on tablatures for Colascione, Mandora and Angelica, 3rd edition, ibid. 1972, p. 24 ( Echo , anonymous, Schwerin, around 1700).
- ^ Konrad Ragossnig : Handbook of the guitar and lute. Schott, Mainz 1978, ISBN 3-7957-2329-9 , p. 107 f.