Inchoative
Inchoative or Incohativ ( Latin inchoātīvus 'beginning, meaning the beginning' , incohāre “to begin”), also evolutive , denotes the type of action of a verb that expresses a beginning action. The term for the sudden onset of action is ingressive . Verba inchoativa , Inchoative (Inchoativa) , Incohative (Incohativa) or Incohativa is the term for the corresponding verb class.
The addition to inchoativ is durative for the course of the action and resultative (or perfective ) for the end . Example: The word "burn" as a durative verb indicates the course of an action, while "entbrennen" as an inchoative verb indicates the beginning and "burn" as the resultant verb indicates the end of an action. Whether an action is understood as inchoative or not differs between languages.
German
In German, the verbs for beginning or unfinished actions follow several less unique patterns from which the prefix ER ( "blush" "limp"), the stem-final -er- ( "age") and the umlaut ( "Zoom" "Strengthen") are the most common. There is a whole class of intransitive inchoatives (derived from adjectives), which can be paraphrased by a construction with will : “yellow” - “turn yellow”, “wilt” - “wilt”. Knowledge of these forms of formation is helpful for learning the meanings of German verbs, but not for creating new words.
The example shows a sequence of incoative, durative and resultative: "The flower blooms / blooms / fades."
Middle High German
The Middle High German still had an analytical inchoative aspect whose importance can be traced even lexically in modern German and of be + present participle is formed: "The musicians are playing." This construction was transformed by loss of inflectional ending of the present participle in today existing future tense . However, the previously existing possibility of applying this construction to the past was also lost. The incoative of the past tense “The musicians were playing” would have produced such an ungrammatical “future past tense”: “The musicians were playing”. The loss of the past tense illustrates the transformation of the aspect into a temporal category.
In Bavarian , this type of incoative formation is still in use, at least with reference to individual expressions, such as "becoming burning" (starting to burn).
Latin
In Latin be Verba inchoativa by the affix -sce - / - SCO formed. A distinction is made between stem verbs , inchoativa verbalia ( incoativa derived from verbs) and inchoativa nominalia ( incoativa derived from adjectives ). The perfect and the supina are usually - if they occur at all - formed in the same way as in the basic verb (example: the verbs scīscere and scīre have the same perfect scīvī ). The perfect forms of these verbs can then occasionally present tense be played in German: cognōvī "I got to know" or "I know".
|
|
|
The incoative is rarely formed with the help of prefixes ( con ), e.g. B. conticēre “ fall silent”.
Ancient Greek
In ancient Greek, these verbs are formed in the present stem with the suffix -σκε - / - σκο-: ἀποθνῄσκω “to die”. As in Latin, this is also an element in the formation of the present stem and is therefore absent from other tribes.
literature
- Elisabeth Feldbusch, Reiner Pogarell, Cornelia Weiß: New questions in linguistics: files of the 25th Linguistic Colloquium. Vol. 1: Inventory and development. Paderborn 1990, p. 138 ( online ).
Web links
- Kang Minkyeong: Some problems of the causative-inchoative alternations in the state change verbs of the German language ( Word file; 91 kB)
Individual evidence
- ^ Elisabeth Feldbusch, Reiner Pogarell, Cornelia Weiß: New questions in linguistics: files of the 25th linguistic colloquium. Vol. 1: Inventory and development. Paderborn 1990, p. 138.
- ↑ Elke Hentschel, Petra Vogel (Ed.): Deutsche Morphologie. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin / New York 2009, (section future).
- ↑ Leo Spitzer : About the future tense cantare habeno. In: Essays on Romance syntax and style . Niemeyer, Tübingen 1967, pp. 173-180.