Open space planning

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Open space planning is the planning handling of undeveloped, open areas (open spaces) in urban space. It includes a sub-task of landscape architecture . Your services consist in the planning of aesthetically, ecologically and socially consistent open space structures in an implicit connection with urban and suburban structures. It is part of urban planning . Their legal task is justified by the objectives of spatial planning and urban land-use planning, taking into account nature and environmental protection. Historically, it is based on urban green planning (artistic town planning and rationalistic town planning) and regional landscape development (land beautification and landscape planning). Sometimes the term “open space planning” is also used synonymously with “landscape architecture in the city”.

tasks

Open space planning endeavors at all levels of spatial planning that are important for the settlement area to achieve a balanced relationship between settlement area and open spaces . She serves:

  • the design of public or private recreational areas such as parks, gardens, etc.
  • the protection of the natural foundations of life
  • the design of the site and landscape
  • the social and cultural needs of the people

application

When formulating general guidelines, more or less recognized guide values ​​can be used for the use of open space, for example to determine the space requirements for children's playgrounds or to determine a target number for allotment gardens. However, the formulation of generally applicable standards in specific planning cases has often turned out to be unrealistic, because the standards for the various functions in total could not be accommodated in one area or were contradicting each other or could not be financed. Public participation in open space planning can be intensified through a close connection to urban land use planning.

history

Outdoor spaces, green spaces and open spaces have existed in all European cities since ancient times . Private gardens in particular are an integral part of urban culture. In addition, up until the 18th century there were streets, squares and promenades that were at least suitable for staying. At the instigation of the liberal aristocracy, but also through the initiative of citizens ( Peter Joseph Lenné 1824), the first public gardens and public parks were created, which, however, followed the idea of ​​the English landscape park and above all were supposed to provide aesthetic pleasure.

The imperative to plan open spaces was only recognized in Germany in connection with the stormy development of cities towards the end of the 19th century. The rural landscape outside the cities moved further and further away and could no longer be reached easily and at any time. The one-sided use of the aesthetic pleasure of green and open spaces was increasingly criticized. Influences from the USA played a role. With a socio-political objective, differently usable green and open spaces were created. Aspects of urban hygiene and urban structuring were also included in the open space policy called for by Wagner, Berlin's city planning officer. The issue of open space planning is particularly pronounced in the garden city idea developed by Howard (urban structure planning).

Since the Athens Charter at the latest, open space planning has been recognized in principle as an important part of urban development planning. Open space planning has a hard time asserting itself against other municipal policy areas, because the green and open spaces created or secured within the scope of open space planning do not bring in any money. Since the turn of the century, open space planning has primarily been understood as a social concern that serves human health and urban organization. After the Second World War, landscape structural goals were added (green corridors) and the job description changed to landscape architecture . Today two further specializations have been added, on the one hand the goal of nature conservation and landscape management, on the other hand the communicative importance of green and open spaces.

literature

  • Michael Andritzky, Klaus Spitzer (ed.): Green in the city . Reinbek near Hamburg 1981.
  • Milchert, Jürgen: 200 years of urban green space policy . In: Garten u. Landscape 9/1980, pp. 703–796.
  • Sören Schöbel: Qualitative open space planning. Perspectives on urban green and open spaces from Berlin . 2., ext. Edition. Berlin 2007.
  • Klaus Selle (ed.): From economical use to sustainable development. Programs, positions and projects for open space and settlement development . Dortmund 1999.
  • Camillo Sitte: Urban planning according to its artistic principles. Increased by urban green . Reprint of the 4th edition. 1909, Basel 2001.
  • Martin Wagner : The sanitary green of the cities. A contribution to open space theory . Berlin 1915 (dissertation).
  • Wenzel, Jürgen: Landscape as a task . In: Das Gartenamt 9/1991, pp. 557-560.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Open space planning. Academy for Spatial Research and Regional Planning (ARL), 2005, accessed on October 21, 2018 .