Dangerous interference with road traffic

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The dangerous interference with road traffic is a fact of German criminal law . It is one of the publicly dangerous offenses and is standardized in Section 315b of Section 315b of the Special Part of the Criminal Code (StGB) .

The legal norm represents a specific endangerment offense: It makes it a punishable offense to intervene in road traffic and thereby endanger the life, limb or property of third parties. Closely related to § 315b StGB is the offense of endangering road traffic ( § 315c StGB), in which the risk is created by risky behavior by a road user.

A prison sentence of up to five years or a fine can be imposed for dangerous interference with road traffic . The number of convictions and convictions is extremely low compared to other offenses.

Normalization

Since its last change on April 1, 1998, the offense of dangerous interference in road traffic according to Section 315b of the Criminal Code has been as follows:

(1) Anyone who affects the safety of road traffic by

1. Systems or vehicles destroyed, damaged or removed,
2. Obstacles prepares or
3. Carries out a similar, equally dangerous intervention,

and thereby endangering the life or limb of another person or property of significant value is punishable by imprisonment of up to five years or a fine.

(2) The attempt is punishable.

(3) If the offender acts under the requirements of Section 315 (3), the penalty is imprisonment for a period of one year to ten years, in less serious cases imprisonment of six months to five years.

(4) Anyone who negligently causes the risk in the cases of paragraph 1 is punished with imprisonment of up to three years or with a fine.

(5) Anyone who acts negligently in the cases of paragraph 1 and negligently causes the risk is punished with imprisonment for up to two years or with a fine.

Due to the control penal framework of imprisonment up to five years or fined is in § 315b of the Criminal Code is a misdemeanor .

It is disputed which legal interests are protected by the standard. Some legal scholars assume that Section 315b of the Criminal Code is intended solely to protect general road safety. Others, on the other hand, place the protection of life, limb and property of those specifically endangered at the center of the norm. According to another view, Section 315b of the Criminal Code protects both the general public and those specifically at risk. The determination of the protective purpose is particularly important for the question of whether the victim at risk from the act can consent to the act with justifying effect .

History of origin

The forerunner of Section 315b of the Criminal Code was Section 315a of the Criminal Code, introduced in 1953 , which made various types of illegal behavior a criminal offense. By the Second Law for the Safety of Road Traffic of November 26, 1964, this fact was split into several legal norms, whereby § 315b StGB was created. In the system of traffic offenses, this standard records behavior through which the perpetrator can influence road traffic from outside. The also newly created offense of endangering road traffic ( Section 315c StGB), on the other hand, includes behavior by road users that violates traffic regulations.

As part of the Sixth Criminal Law Reform Act of 1998, the legislature expanded Section 315b of the Criminal Code to include a qualification for success , i.e. a tightening of penalties in the event that the perpetrator, at least negligently, causes a particularly serious consequence.

Objective fact

The objective offense of Section 315b of the Criminal Code is made up of several acts: an act and a two-part endangering result. The offense does not require that the perpetrator harm another; it is sufficient if it causes a specific risk of damage. Thus, § 315b StGB standardizes a specific endangered offense. Unlike some other traffic offenses, this is not a handwritten crime , so that, in contrast to Section 315c of the Criminal Code , it can be committed as complicity or indirect perpetrator .

Factual situation

Section 315b of the Criminal Code is linked to behavior in public road traffic. This includes the entire traffic area that is open to a larger group of people determined according to general criteria. In addition to the traffic of motor vehicles, this also includes the traffic of pedestrians and cyclists. Road traffic includes, in particular, roads, publicly accessible parking spaces, vehicle premises and pedestrian zones. Section 315e of the Criminal Code also extends the scope of the standard to rail vehicles that take part in road traffic.

Acts

Section 315b (1) of the Criminal Code names three possible acts of offense: destroying, damaging and removing systems or vehicles, preparing obstacles and carrying out other dangerous interventions in road traffic. What these actions have in common is that the perpetrator acts on the traffic area from outside. Concrete dangers emanating from vehicle drivers, on the other hand, are generally only punishable under the additional requirements of Section 315c StGB.

In special cases, however, the jurisprudence breaks the limitation of § 315b to non-traffic interventions in the law by including the behavior of road users under § 315b StGB. She believes this is possible if the perpetrator misappropriates a traffic process in a particularly gross manner to endanger third parties. This is called anti-traffic internal interference. The case law argues that the offender no longer behaves like a road user due to the gross abuse of a traffic process, but like an outsider who intervenes in the traffic. Therefore it is not advisable to punish the perpetrator merely in accordance with the milder § 315c StGB.

Destroying, damaging and removing systems or vehicles, Section 315b Paragraph 1 Number 1 StGB

The first form of inspection of Section 315b (1) of the Criminal Code is met if the perpetrator destroys, damages or removes equipment or vehicles. Systems are all facilities that serve traffic, such as traffic lights , barriers or other traffic signs . This also includes roads including their accessories, such as manhole covers . The offense is carried out, for example, by someone who makes a traffic light inoperable or removes a manhole cover.

All means of transport can be considered as vehicles, such as cars, trucks, bicycles and motorized wheelchairs. Damage is given if the perpetrator makes something temporarily unusable. This applies, for example, when he cuts a brake hose of a parked vehicle or loosens wheel bolts .

Prepare obstacles, Section 315b (1) number 2 StGB

The second form of inspection of Section 315b (1) StGB covers the preparation of obstacles in road traffic. This includes effects on traffic that can disrupt the unimpeded flow of traffic. This is the case, for example, with erecting barriers, throwing stones on a motorway, and bumping into another person on a street. Also the omission of eliminating an obstacle falls under the offense if the offender a legal obligation is to remove the obstacle. Such an obligation can arise, for example, for a truck driver who loses cargo on a traffic route.

Road users can cause an obstruction by thwart another vehicle about to to this to a certain behavior in factual expedient manner required or to provoke a collision. It can also be a matter of fact to block someone else's path using your own means of transport.

Carrying out a similar dangerous interference in road traffic, Section 315b (1) number 3 StGB

The third form of inspection of Section 315b (1) StGB is a catch-all offense that covers all types of interventions that involve similar dangers such as affecting vehicles and systems or preparing obstacles. The case law accepted such interference, for example, in a case in which the perpetrator tore a cyclist from his bicycle. She also assessed the firing of pistol shots at a moving vehicle as being part of the offense. Under Section 315b of the Criminal Code, for example, the ramming of other vehicles, the deliberate causing of rear-end collisions and the targeted approaching of people, for example at a police barrier, were defined as interventions by road users.

Legal scholars occasionally raised doubts about the constitutionality of this variant of the offense, in particular about its compatibility with the criminal law requirement of certainty under Article 103, Paragraph 2 of the Basic Law . The jurisprudence and the prevailing view in teaching consider the norm to be constitutional, since the reference to the other modalities of the offense makes it sufficiently clear which behavior the legislature disapproves of.

Endangering the safety of road traffic

As a result of the offense, the offender must endanger the safety of public road traffic. This applies if, from an abstract perspective, the offender's act is suitable for harming third parties. This element of the offense ensures the multiple acts of the offense laid down in § 315b StGB. For this purpose, it excludes from the scope of the standard acts in which the act of the act and the specific endangerment coincide in one act. This is particularly important in Section 315b (1) number 1 of the Criminal Code: According to this, damaging a vehicle is only punishable if this leads to an abstract traffic hazard. If, on the other hand, the damage is the result of preparing an obstacle and is therefore not a cause but a consequence of a hazard, Section 315b (1) number 1 of the Criminal Code is not fulfilled.

There may be a lack of a factual hazard if two people mutually bring each other into danger. For example, case law rejected criminal liability under Section 315b of the Criminal Code in a case in which two people deliberately had an accident with one another in order to defraud their insurance. As a result, those involved only endangered their vehicles and their physical integrity. However, they agreed to this. Therefore, there was no danger to road safety.

Concrete danger to life, limb or property

The endangerment to road safety must ultimately lead to a specific endangerment to life, limb or property of another. Such a hazard exists when, from the point of view of a third party, it merely depends on chance whether the situation leads to the occurrence of damage. This is also referred to as a near-accident in case law. This is the case, for example, if the perpetrator approaches another person who can only avoid the collision by jumping.

If there is a risk to property, this must relate to another object of significant value. The lower limits are estimated in jurisprudence and science between 750 € and 1,300 €. The crime vehicle is not an endangered object because of its property as a means of crime. The endangerment of those involved in the crime is also not taken into account , although the dogmatic derivation in this regard is controversial in jurisprudence.

Subjective fact

Intent-intent combination, Section 315b (1) StGB

Pursuant to Section 15 of the Criminal Code, the perpetrator must act deliberately with regard to the offense and the specific risk. Contingent intent is sufficient here . The perpetrator must therefore grasp all the characteristics of the objective factual situation and at least approve of the occurrence of the specific risk situation.

If there is a case of traffic-hostile internal interference, the case law also requires that the perpetrator acts with the intent of harming third parties. This is to ensure that the extension of Section 315b to the behavior of road users is limited to exceptional cases . The jurisprudence justifies this requirement with the fact that the perpetrator behaves in such a non-traffic manner that he is not to be judged according to the standard of § 315c StGB, but according to § 315b StGB. In jurisprudence, this additional criterion is largely viewed criterion, as it does not fit into the system of § 315b StGB and is difficult to prove in court proceedings.

Combination of intent and negligence, Section 315b (4) StGB

If the offender intentionally undertakes the non-traffic interference, but only caused the danger negligently , he is liable to prosecution under Section 315b (4) of the Criminal Code. Negligent acts are those who do not approve of the success, but should have expected it. This combination of intent and negligence is threatened with imprisonment for up to three years or with a fine. According to Section 11 (2) of the Criminal Code, this is an intentional offense in which third parties can participate .

Combination of negligence and negligence, Section 315b (5) StGB

If the perpetrator acts neither with intent nor with regard to the endangerment, but merely negligently, he is liable to prosecution under Section 315b (5) of the Criminal Code. This applies, for example, if someone negligently renders a traffic light unusable or repairs a safety-relevant component of a vehicle incorrectly through inattentiveness. The act of negligence under paragraph 5 is punishable by imprisonment for up to two years or a fine.

illegality

If all parties involved consent to the threat , the illegality of the act can be omitted. It is disputed in jurisprudence whether consent in Section 315b of the Criminal Code is possible. The consent presupposes that the legal interest protected by the offense is at the disposal of the individual. Consent is therefore excluded if it is assumed that Section 315b of the Criminal Code alone protects road traffic safety. If, on the other hand, individual interests are also considered to be protected, a justifying consent is possible, since the endangerment of an individual legal asset is a central component of the injustice according to this assessment. The possibility of consent, however, is restricted by the protection of life, which according to Section 216 StGB is not at the disposal of the legal guardian. Consent to a life endangerment is therefore excluded at least if it is immoral according to § 228 StGB . This applies if the perpetrator consents to a specific danger of death.

attempt

The trial of the intent-intent combination of the dangerous intervention in the road, according to § 315b 2 of the Criminal Code punishable paragraph. An act according to Section 315b of the Criminal Code reaches the experimental stage when the perpetrator decides to commit the offense and immediately starts to bring about the endangering outcome. This is the case, for example, when the perpetrator removes a manhole cover from a street. This act does not go beyond the experimental stage if third parties prevent the occurrence of the specific danger.

qualification

Section 315b (3) of the Criminal Code contains an aggravating qualification of dangerous interference in road traffic. According to this, anyone whocommitsthe act under the conditions of Section 315 (3) StGB ispunished with imprisonment between one and ten years. This makes the offense as serious as a crime .

Section 315 (3) StGB

(3) A prison sentence of not less than one year is to be recognized if the perpetrator

1. acts with the intention of
a) cause an accident or
b) to enable or cover up another criminal offense, or
2. the act causes serious damage to the health of another person or damage to the health of a large number of people.

Section 315 (3) of the Criminal Code names several aggravating circumstances, some of which are linked to the motivation of the perpetrator and others to a particularly serious consequence. Section 315 (3) number 1 of the Criminal Code is fulfilled if the perpetrator acts with the intention of causing an accident or to facilitate or cover up another criminal offense. The former comes into consideration, for example, if the perpetrator specifically wants to cause an accident. The latter is the case, for example, if the perpetrator wants to take advantage of the traffic interference to commit insurance fraud .

Section 315b (3) number 2 of the Criminal Code is fulfilled if the offender causes serious damage to the health of another person or damage to the health of a large number of people through the act. This is a qualification for success . It is therefore sufficient for criminal liability if the perpetrator is accused of negligence with regard to the occurrence of the serious consequence.

Litigation and sentencing

The act is prosecuted ex officio as an official offense, so that a criminal complaint by a person at risk is not required for prosecution.

Section 320 (2) of the Criminal Code gives the perpetrator the option of mitigating or exempting the sentence by showing repentance . This presupposes that he voluntarily averts the danger before significant damage occurs. Voluntary acts are those who decide, free of coercion, to prevent the endangered outcome from occurring. If the perpetrator acts only negligently with regard to the offense and endangerment, he or she gains compulsory impunity with active repentance according to Section 320 (3) StGB.

The dangerous interference with road traffic is deemed to have ended when the endangerment has occurred. From this point begins according § 78a of the Criminal Code, the limitation period . The statute of limitations for the basic offense is five years due to its range of penalties under Section 78 (3) no.4 of the Criminal Code. Qualification for success expires after ten years due to the higher threat of punishment in accordance with Section 78 Paragraph 3 Number 3 StGB.

If the perpetrator uses a motor vehicle as a means of crime, this can be confiscated in accordance with Section 74 (1) of the Criminal Code . If the offender uses a motor vehicle as a weapon, the offender's driving license can also be withdrawn in accordance with Section 69 of the Criminal Code .

Law competitions

If further offenses are committed in connection with an act under Section 315b of the Criminal Code, these are in legal competition with the dangerous interference with road traffic .

A unit of offense according to § 52 StGB comes into consideration if the offender causes bodily harm ( § 223 StGB), homicide ( § 212 StGB) or damage to property ( § 303 StGB) through the intervention . In the case of non-traffic interventions, coercion offenses can also be included in the offense under Section 315b of the Criminal Code, such as resistance to law enforcement officers ( Section 113 of the Criminal Code). The same applies to other traffic offenses, for example endangering road traffic ( § 315c StGB) or drunkenness in traffic ( § 316 StGB). If the perpetrator causes an accident through his act, an accident escape ( § 142 StGB) is usually a majority ( § 53 StGB) to the act according to § 315b StGB.

criminology

The Federal Criminal Police Office annually publishes statistics on all criminal offenses reported in Germany, the police crime statistics . Statistically, dangerous interference in road traffic does not count as traffic offenses, but as other criminal offenses under the StGB. They are recorded under code 670025.

Is listed § 315b of the Criminal Code in the prosecution statistics, collected the waste and convictions for offenses. According to this, there were 985 convictions and 498 convictions in 2015. In terms of numbers, the offense is clearly below the endangerment of road traffic and drunkenness in traffic ( § 316 StGB). Its frequency has been decreasing for several years. Legal scholars assume that this is due to the fact that case law is interpreting the facts more and more restrictively, for example with the help of the figure of intent to cause damage. In addition, numerous investigations are being closed by the law enforcement authorities.

The amount of the ordered penalties for an act according to § 315b StGB significantly exceeds the other traffic offenses. Legal scholars consider the criminal nature of Section 315b (3) StGB and the generally higher tendency of the act to be violent to be the causes for this. Acts under Section 315b of the Criminal Code are also often associated with serious crimes. For example, they often serve to enable the perpetrator to escape from the police following such an offense.

Related facts

Dangerous interference in rail, ship and air traffic, § 315 StGB

Section 315 of the Criminal Code covers interference in traffic areas other than road traffic. In terms of structure and content, it essentially corresponds to the offense of Section 315b of the Criminal Code: It criminalizes the same acts and provides for the same qualifications. Therefore, apart from its qualification for success, which is causing damage to health that is either particularly serious for one person or affects a large number of people, § 315 StGB represents a specific high-risk offense.

Endangerment of road traffic, § 315c StGB

Section 315c StGB records dangerous behavior emanating from road users. Like Section 315b of the Criminal Code, the standard constitutes a specific offense at risk: it punishes endangering life, limb or property by driving a vehicle in a state of driving uncertainty or by grossly unlawful behavior.

See also

literature

  • Andreas Ernemann: § 315b . In: Helmut Satzger, Wilhelm Schluckebier, Gunter Widmaier (Ed.): Criminal Code: Commentary . 3. Edition. Carl Heymanns Verlag, Cologne 2016, ISBN 978-3-452-28685-7 .
  • Thomas Fischer: Criminal Code with subsidiary laws . 65th edition. CH Beck, Munich 2018, ISBN 978-3-406-69609-1 , § 315b .
  • Martin Heger: § 315b . In: Kristian Kühl, Martin Heger: Criminal Code: Comment . 29th, revised edition. CH Beck, Munich 2018, ISBN 978-3-406-70029-3 .
  • Peter König: § 315b . In: Heinrich Wilhelm Laufhütte (Ed.): Leipzig Commentary on the Criminal Code . 12th edition. tape 8: §§ 306-323 . De Gruyter, Berlin 2008, ISBN 978-3-89949-564-5 .
  • Hans Kudlich: § 315b . In: Bernd von Heintschel-Heinegg (Hrsg.): Beckscher Online Comment StGB , 30th Edition 2016.
  • Joachim Renzikowski: § 315b . In: Holger Matt, Joachim Renzikowski (Ed.): Criminal Code: Comment . Vahlen, Munich 2013, ISBN 978-3-8006-3603-7 .
  • Christian level: § 315b . In: Wolfgang Joecks, Klaus Miebach (Hrsg.): Munich Commentary on the Criminal Code . 2nd Edition. tape 5 : §§ 263–358 StGB. CH Beck, Munich 2014, ISBN 978-3-406-60290-0 .
  • Matthias Quarch: § 315b . In: Dieter Dölling, Kai Ambos, Gunnar Duttge, Dieter Rössner (eds.): Entire criminal law: StGB - StPO - ancillary laws . 3. Edition. Nomos, Baden-Baden 2013, ISBN 978-3-8329-7129-8 .
  • Detlev Sternberg-Lieben, Bernd Hecker: § 315b . In: Adolf Schönke, Horst Schröder, Albin Eser (eds.): Criminal Code: Commentary . 29th edition. CH Beck, Munich 2014, ISBN 978-3-406-65226-4 .
  • Frank Zieschang: § 315b . In: Urs Kindhäuser, Ulfrid Neumann, Hans-Ullrich Paeffgen (eds.): Criminal Code . 5th edition. Nomos, Baden-Baden 2017, ISBN 978-3-8487-3106-0 .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Federal Court of Justice: judgment of May 11, 1978, file number 4 StR 161/78 .
  2. ↑ a b c Frank Zieschang: § 315b , Rn. 1. In: Urs Kindhäuser, Ulfrid Neumann, Hans-Ullrich Paeffgen (Ed.): Criminal Code . 5th edition. Nomos, Baden-Baden 2017, ISBN 978-3-8487-3106-0 .
  3. ↑ Peter König: § 315b , Rn. 7. In: Heinrich Wilhelm Laufhütte (Ed.): Leipzig Commentary on the Criminal Code . 12th edition. tape 8: §§ 306-323 . De Gruyter, Berlin 2008, ISBN 978-3-89949-564-5 .
  4. ^ Christian level: § 315b , Rn. 1. In: Wolfgang Joecks, Klaus Miebach (Ed.): Munich Commentary on the Criminal Code . 2nd Edition. tape 5 : §§ 263–358 StGB. CH Beck, Munich 2014, ISBN 978-3-406-60290-0 .
  5. ↑ BGHSt 48, 119 (123-124).
  6. ^ Frank Zieschang: § 315b , Rn. 7. In: Urs Kindhäuser, Ulfrid Neumann, Hans-Ullrich Paeffgen (eds.): Criminal Code . 5th edition. Nomos, Baden-Baden 2017, ISBN 978-3-8487-3106-0 .
  7. ↑ Andreas Ernemann: § 315b , Rn. 1. In: Helmut Satzger, Wilhelm Schluckebier, Gunter Widmaier (eds.): Criminal Code: Commentary . 3. Edition. Carl Heymanns Verlag, Cologne 2016, ISBN 978-3-452-28685-7 .
  8. ↑ Detlev Sternberg-Lieben, Bernd Hecker: § 315b , Rn. 7. In: Adolf Schönke, Horst Schröder, Albin Eser (ed.): Criminal Code: Commentary . 29th edition. CH Beck, Munich 2014, ISBN 978-3-406-65226-4 .
  9. ↑ Joachim Renzikowski: § 315b , Rn. 1. In: Holger Matt, Joachim Renzikowski (Ed.): Criminal Code: Commentary . Vahlen, Munich 2013, ISBN 978-3-8006-3603-7 .
  10. ↑ Klaus Geppert: The dangerous interference in road traffic (§ 315 b StGB). In: Jura 1996, p. 639 (641).
  11. ↑ Hans Kudlich: § 315b , Rn. 38. In: Bernd von Heintschel-Heinegg (Ed.): Beckscher Online Commentary StGB , 30th Edition 2016.
  12. ↑ Klaus Geppert: The dangerous interference in road traffic (§ 315 b StGB) . In: Jura 1996, p. 639 (640).
  13. ↑ BGHSt 49, 128 .
  14. ^ Christian level: § 315b , Rn. 5-6. In: Wolfgang Joecks, Klaus Miebach (Hrsg.): Munich Commentary on the Criminal Code . 2nd Edition. tape 5 : §§ 263–358 StGB. CH Beck, Munich 2014, ISBN 978-3-406-60290-0 .
  15. ↑ Peter König: § 315b , Rn. 5-7. In: Heinrich Wilhelm Laufhütte (Ed.): Leipzig Commentary on the Criminal Code . 12th edition. tape 8: §§ 306-323 . De Gruyter, Berlin 2008, ISBN 978-3-89949-564-5 .
  16. ↑ Martin Heger: § 315e , Rn. 1. In: Kristian Kühl, Martin Heger: Criminal Code: Comment . 29th, revised edition. CH Beck, Munich 2018, ISBN 978-3-406-70029-3 .
  17. ^ Christian level: § 315b , Rn. 13-14. In: Wolfgang Joecks, Klaus Miebach (Hrsg.): Munich Commentary on the Criminal Code . 2nd Edition. tape 5 : §§ 263–358 StGB. CH Beck, Munich 2014, ISBN 978-3-406-60290-0 .
  18. ↑ Detlev Sternberg-Lieben, Bernd Hecker: § 315b , Rn. 7. In: Adolf Schönke, Horst Schröder, Albin Eser (ed.): Criminal Code: Commentary . 29th edition. CH Beck, Munich 2014, ISBN 978-3-406-65226-4 .
  19. ↑ Wolfgang Mitsch: Dangerous interference in road traffic and self-defense . In: Juristische Schulung 2014, p. 593 (594).
  20. ↑ BGHSt 41, 231 (234).
  21. ↑ BGHSt 48, 233 (236).
  22. ↑ a b BGH, judgment of July 2, 2002, 4 StR 174/02 = Neue Zeitschrift für Strafrecht 2002, p. 648.
  23. ↑ Peter König: § 315b , Rn. 24. In: Heinrich Wilhelm Laufhütte (Ed.): Leipzig Commentary on the Criminal Code . 12th edition. tape 8: §§ 306-323 . De Gruyter, Berlin 2008, ISBN 978-3-89949-564-5 .
  24. ↑ BayObLG, judgment of July 13, 2000, 2St RR 118/2000 = New Journal for Criminal Law Jurisprudence Report 2001, p. 26.
  25. ↑ BGH, judgment of September 4, 1995, 4 StR 471/94 = Neue Juristische Wochenschrift 1996, p. 329.
  26. ↑ OLG Munich, judgment of August 8, 2006, 4St RR 135/06 = New Journal for Criminal Law 2007, p. 157.
  27. ↑ BGH, judgment of April 3, 2007, 4 StR 108/07 = VerkehrsRechtsReport 2007, p. 113.
  28. ↑ OLG Frankfurt, judgment of November 19, 1964, 2 Ss 785/64, Verkehrsrechts-Sammlung 28, p. 423 (425).
  29. ↑ BGHSt 48, 119 .
  30. ↑ BGH, judgment of June 13, 2006, 4 StR 123/06 = Neue Zeitschrift für Verkehrsrecht 2006, p. 483.
  31. ↑ Detlev Sternberg-Lieben, Bernd Hecker: § 315b , Rn. 6. In: Adolf Schönke, Horst Schröder, Albin Eser (eds.): Criminal Code: Commentary . 29th edition. CH Beck, Munich 2014, ISBN 978-3-406-65226-4 .
  32. ↑ BGHSt 21, 301 (302-303).
  33. ^ BGH, judgment of December 12, 1991, 4 StR 488/91 = Neue Zeitschrift für Strafrecht 1992, p. 182 (183).
  34. ↑ Georg Freund: Outwardly traffic-friendly behavior as a criminal offense? - BGH, NJW 1999, 3132 . In: Juristische Schulung 2000, p. 754.
  35. ↑ Peter König: § 315b , Rn. 33-34. In: Heinrich Wilhelm Laufhütte (Ed.): Leipzig Commentary on the Criminal Code . 12th edition. tape 8: §§ 306-323 . De Gruyter, Berlin 2008, ISBN 978-3-89949-564-5 .
  36. ↑ BGHSt 34, 324 .
  37. ↑ BGHSt 25, 306 .
  38. ↑ BGH, judgment of. November 27, 1975, 4 StR 637/75, Verkehrsrechts-Sammlung 50, p. 94 (95).
  39. ^ BGH, judgment of January 16, 1992, 4 StR 591/91 = Neue Zeitschrift für Verkehrsrecht 1992, p. 325.
  40. ^ BGH, judgment of February 22, 2001, 4 StR 25/01 = New Journal for Criminal Law Jurisprudence Report 2001, p. 298.
  41. ↑ Helmut Isenbeck: The similar intervention according to § 315b Abs. 1 Nr. 3 StGB . In: Neue Juristische Wochenschrift 1969, p. 174.
  42. ^ Friedrich-Christian Schroeder, Manfred Maiwald, Reinhart Maurach: criminal law, special part. Teilbd. 2. Offenses against community values . 10th edition. CF Müller, Heidelberg 2012, ISBN 978-3-8114-9466-4 , § 53, Rn. 16.
  43. ↑ BGHSt 22, 365 .
  44. ↑ Peter König: § 315b , Rn. 41. In: Heinrich Wilhelm Laufhütte (Ed.): Leipzig Commentary on the Criminal Code . 12th edition. tape 8: §§ 306-323 . De Gruyter, Berlin 2008, ISBN 978-3-89949-564-5 .
  45. ^ Frank Zieschang: § 315b , Rn. 25. In: Urs Kindhäuser, Ulfrid Neumann, Hans-Ullrich Paeffgen (eds.): Criminal Code . 5th edition. Nomos, Baden-Baden 2017, ISBN 978-3-8487-3106-0 .
  46. ^ Christian level: § 315b , Rn. 4. In: Wolfgang Joecks, Klaus Miebach (Ed.): Munich Commentary on the Criminal Code . 2nd Edition. tape 5 : §§ 263–358 StGB. CH Beck, Munich 2014, ISBN 978-3-406-60290-0 .
  47. ↑ Peter König: § 315b , Rn. 26, 58-59. In: Heinrich Wilhelm Laufhütte (Ed.): Leipzig Commentary on the Criminal Code . 12th edition. tape 8: §§ 306-323 . De Gruyter, Berlin 2008, ISBN 978-3-89949-564-5 .
  48. ↑ BGH, judgment of 12 December 1990, 4 StR 531/90 = Neue Juristische Wochenschrift 1991, p. 1120.
  49. ^ BGH, judgment of December 15, 1998, 4 StR 576/98 = New Journal for Criminal Law Jurisprudence Report 1999, p. 120.
  50. ^ BGH, judgment of March 30, 1995, 4 StR 725/94 = Neue Juristische Wochenschrift 1995, p. 3131 (3132).
  51. ↑ BGH, decision of November 22, 2011, 4 StR 522/11 = New Journal for Traffic Law 2012, p. 249.
  52. ↑ Federal Court of Justice: Order of November 3, 2009, file number 4 StR 373/09 .
  53. ↑ BGHSt 22, 6 (9).
  54. ↑ BGHSt 48, 14 (23).
  55. ^ BGH, judgment of April 29, 2008, 4 StR 617/07 = Neue Zeitschrift für Verkehrsrecht 2008, p. 639.
  56. ^ Matthias Quarch: § 315 , Rn. 4. In: Dieter Dölling, Kai Ambos, Gunnar Duttge, Dieter Rössner (eds.): Entire criminal law: StGB - StPO - subsidiary laws . 3. Edition. Nomos, Baden-Baden 2013, ISBN 978-3-8329-7129-8 .
  57. ↑ Detlev Sternberg-Lieben, Bernd Hecker: § 315c , Rn. 31. In: Adolf Schönke, Horst Schröder, Albin Eser (ed.): Criminal Code: Commentary . 29th edition. CH Beck, Munich 2014, ISBN 978-3-406-65226-4 .
  58. ^ BGH, judgment of October 8, 2008, 4 StR 233/08 = New Journal for Criminal Law 2009, p. 628.
  59. ^ Christian level: § 315b , Rn. 68-69. In: Wolfgang Joecks, Klaus Miebach (Hrsg.): Munich Commentary on the Criminal Code . 2nd Edition. tape 5 : §§ 263–358 StGB. CH Beck, Munich 2014, ISBN 978-3-406-60290-0 .
  60. ↑ Teresa Göttl: The subjective facts of the dangerous offenses . In: Juristische Schulung 2017, p. 306 (307–308).
  61. ↑ Hans Kudlich: § 315b , Rn. 27. In: Bernd von Heintschel-Heinegg (Ed.): Beckscher Online Comment StGB , 30th Edition 2016.
  62. ↑ Kristian Kühl: Criminal Law General Part . 7th edition. Vahlen, Munich 2012, ISBN 978-3-8006-4494-0 , § 5, Rn. 43.
  63. ↑ BGHSt 48, 233 (237).
  64. ^ BGH, judgment of October 16, 2003, 4 StR 275/03 = criminal defense lawyer 2004, p. 136.
  65. ^ BGH, judgment of November 22, 2011, 4 StR 522/11 = Neue Zeitschrift für Verkehrsrecht 2012, p. 249.
  66. ↑ Detlev Sternberg-Lieben, Bernd Hecker: § 315b , Rn. 10. In: Adolf Schönke, Horst Schröder, Albin Eser (eds.): Criminal Code: Commentary . 29th edition. CH Beck, Munich 2014, ISBN 978-3-406-65226-4 .
  67. ↑ Sonja Dreher: Comment on BGH, 02/20/2003, 4 StR 228/02 . In: Juristische Schulung 2003, p. 1159 (1161).
  68. ↑ Detlev Sternberg-Lieben, Bernd Hecker: § 315b , Rn. 5. In: Adolf Schönke, Horst Schröder, Albin Eser (eds.): Criminal Code: Commentary . 29th edition. CH Beck, Munich 2014, ISBN 978-3-406-65226-4 .
  69. ^ Frank Zieschang: § 315b , Rn. 40. In: Urs Kindhäuser, Ulfrid Neumann, Hans-Ullrich Paeffgen (Ed.): Criminal Code . 5th edition. Nomos, Baden-Baden 2017, ISBN 978-3-8487-3106-0 .
  70. ↑ BGHSt 53, 55 (62-63).
  71. ^ Christian level: § 315 , marginal no. 98. In: Wolfgang Joecks, Klaus Miebach (Ed.): Munich Commentary on the Criminal Code . 2nd Edition. tape 5 : §§ 263–358 StGB. CH Beck, Munich 2014, ISBN 978-3-406-60290-0 .
  72. ↑ BGH, decision of July 2, 2002, 4 StR 174/02 = New Journal for Criminal Law 2002, p. 648.
  73. ^ Frank Zieschang: § 315b , Rn. 45-46. In: Urs Kindhäuser, Ulfrid Neumann, Hans-Ullrich Paeffgen (eds.): Criminal Code . 5th edition. Nomos, Baden-Baden 2017, ISBN 978-3-8487-3106-0 .
  74. ↑ Joachim Renzikowski: § 315 , Rn. 53. In: Holger Matt, Joachim Renzikowski (Ed.): Criminal Code: Commentary . Vahlen, Munich 2013, ISBN 978-3-8006-3603-7 .
  75. ↑ Kai Ambos: § 24 , Rn. 30. In: Dieter Dölling, Kai Ambos, Gunnar Duttge, Dieter Rössner (eds.): Entire criminal law: StGB - StPO - ancillary laws . 3. Edition. Nomos, Baden-Baden 2013, ISBN 978-3-8329-7129-8 .
  76. ↑ Joachim Renzikowski: § 315b , Rn. 29. In: Holger Matt, Joachim Renzikowski (Ed.): Criminal Code: Commentary . Vahlen, Munich 2013, ISBN 978-3-8006-3603-7 .
  77. ↑ Peter König: § 315b , Rn. 101. In: Heinrich Wilhelm Laufhütte (Ed.): Leipzig Commentary on the Criminal Code . 12th edition. tape 8: §§ 306-323 . De Gruyter, Berlin 2008, ISBN 978-3-89949-564-5 .
  78. ^ Frank Zieschang: § 315b , Rn. 49. In: Urs Kindhäuser, Ulfrid Neumann, Hans-Ullrich Paeffgen (Ed.): Criminal Code . 5th edition. Nomos, Baden-Baden 2017, ISBN 978-3-8487-3106-0 .
  79. ^ A b Thomas Fischer: Criminal Code with subsidiary laws . 65th edition. CH Beck, Munich 2018, ISBN 978-3-406-69609-1 , § 315b, Rn. 23.
  80. ↑ Police crime statistics. (No longer available online.) Federal Criminal Police Office, archived from the original on April 23, 2018 ; accessed on September 23, 2017 . Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.bka.de
  81. ↑ Law enforcement specialist series 10 series 3. (PDF) Federal Statistical Office, pp. 47, 80 , accessed on September 25, 2017 .
  82. ↑ Peter König: § 315c , Rn. 1. In: Heinrich Wilhelm Laufhütte (Ed.): Leipzig Commentary on the Criminal Code . 12th edition. tape 8: §§ 306-323 . De Gruyter, Berlin 2008, ISBN 978-3-89949-564-5 .
  83. ↑ a b Peter König: § 315b , Rn. 1. In: Heinrich Wilhelm Laufhütte (Ed.): Leipzig Commentary on the Criminal Code . 12th edition. tape 8: §§ 306-323 . De Gruyter, Berlin 2008, ISBN 978-3-89949-564-5 .
  84. ^ Christian level: § 315b , Rn. 2. In: Wolfgang Joecks, Klaus Miebach (Ed.): Munich Commentary on the Criminal Code . 2nd Edition. tape 5 : §§ 263–358 StGB. CH Beck, Munich 2014, ISBN 978-3-406-60290-0 .
  85. ^ Horst Janiszewski: Traffic criminal law . CH Beck, Munich 2004, ISBN 978-3-406-51305-3 , Rn. 239a.
  86. ^ Friedrich-Christian Schroeder, Manfred Maiwald, Reinhart Maurach: criminal law, special part. Teilbd. 2. Offenses against community values . 10th edition. CF Müller, Heidelberg 2012, ISBN 978-3-8114-9466-4 , § 53, Rn. 15th
  87. ^ Frank Zieschang: § 315 , Rn. 2. In: Urs Kindhäuser, Ulfrid Neumann, Hans-Ullrich Paeffgen (eds.): Criminal Code . 5th edition. Nomos, Baden-Baden 2017, ISBN 978-3-8487-3106-0 .
  88. ^ Andreas Ernemann: § 315c , Rn. 1. In: Helmut Satzger, Wilhelm Schluckebier, Gunter Widmaier (eds.): Criminal Code: Commentary . 3. Edition. Carl Heymanns Verlag, Cologne 2016, ISBN 978-3-452-28685-7 .
  89. ↑ Detlev Sternberg-Lieben, Bernd Hecker: § 315c , Rn. 1. In: Adolf Schönke, Horst Schröder, Albin Eser (Ed.): Criminal Code: Commentary . 29th edition. CH Beck, Munich 2014, ISBN 978-3-406-65226-4 .
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