Greed for gold
Greed for Gold is the translation of Frank Norris' novel McTeague: A Story of San Francisco. In 1958 the novel was translated by Paul Böllert from American English into German and published by Aufbau-Verlag. On the occasion of a staging of the work by Frank Castorf , the Alexander Verlag Berlin published a new edition of the out-of-print novel in 2004 . Characterized by naturalism and Darwinism , the story depicts how money, envy and greed plunge people who are driven by instinct into misery. The main characters are the dentist McTeague, his wife Trina and his first friend Marcus Schouler.
action
McTeague, who grew up the son of a miner, now works as a dentist on Polk Street, San Francisco. It was his mother who McTeague sent with a traveling dentist at a young age to give her son a better future than that of a miner. After his mother's death, McTeague inherited some money from her and used it to open his own practice. This practice, called "Ateliers" by McTeague, is a room that serves as both bedroom and living room for him. His concertina and canary are important to him. McTeague's friend Marcus Schouler, who works in a dog clinic and is best known for his short-tempered speeches, lives in the same building. McTeague, on the other hand, speaks rather little and is characterized by his enormous physical size and strength. As a dentist, he is known for pulling his patient's teeth with his bare fingers. (Chapter 1)
One day, Marcus brings his cousin, who is also dearest Trina Sieppe, to McTeagu's practice because she has knocked out a tooth. While she was waiting for her treatment there, she met Maria Macapa, who was cleaning the dentist's room. Always anxious to do business, she sells Trina a lottery ticket. When Trina was allowed to go into the treatment chair, McTeague gave her the shocking message that another tooth had to be extracted in addition to the tooth that had already been knocked out. McTeague, who can't do much with the female gender, is ultimately convinced by Trina's desperation and her pretty smile to dare a difficult treatment and to build a bridge for Trina. Since the treatment is lengthy and Trina has to come to the practice several times a week, the two get to know each other better. At McTeague there is a sexual awakening in relation to the female gender. One day he has to put Trina under anesthesia and cannot hold back from kissing her without her knowledge. Then he asks her if she would like to marry him. Trina, whose treatment has almost ended anyway, fends off the question, shocked but resolutely. The contact between the two then breaks off. (Chapter 2)
Two other parties live in the house together with McTeague, Marcus and Maria. On the one hand Miss Baker, an old maid who used to be a seamstress and on the other hand Old Grannis, with whom she lives next door. The two are very interested in each other, but don't even dare to speak to the other. When Maria tries to mediate between them, they are embarrassed. Maria cleans the whole house and likes to beg or steal things that she then sells from her friend Zerkow. He is obsessed with a story that Maria tells over and over again: in her parents' house there was an invaluable gold service and now it is lost. (Chapter 3)
Marcus notices that something is wrong with McTeague and finds out about Trina out of him. Although Marcus was interested in his cousin, he reacts surprisingly positively: After a short period of reflection, he comes to the conclusion that McTeague loves Trina more and that he would therefore like to leave her to him. He then makes it clear to McTeague that he has to meet Trina again and therefore suggests that he come on one of the trips that Marcus regularly makes with Trina's family, the Sieppes. McTeague is unsure because he doesn't know how Trina would react, but finally lets himself be convinced. Contrary to his concerns, Trina is happy about the visit and the two enjoy the day in the park. Since that outing, the two have met regularly. (Chapter 4/5)
Trina is torn back and forth. On the one hand she finds the monstrous figure of the dentist frightening and repulsive, on the other hand she cannot resist him when she is in his strong arms. However, she refuses to propose again, whereupon Marcus McTeague persuades to invite Trina and her mother to the theater. Everyone is enthusiastic about the performance and when they make their way to McTeague's practice after the theater, where the Sieppes want to spend the night, they are eagerly awaited by the other residents and an agent. Everything gets mixed up, but it quickly becomes clear what's going on: Trina has won $ 5,000 with the lottery ticket that she bought from Maria at the beginning and has since almost forgotten. To celebrate, everyone goes to McTeague's office. There is discussion and fantasizing and suddenly the wedding of Trina and the doctor is announced. Everyone is enthusiastic - only Marcus is acting strange that evening. In the excited situation, Old Grannis and Miss Baker are forced to officially “get to know” each other for the first time. After the party, Maria goes on a trip to Zerkow to sell him a gold foil that she stole from the dentist. He can hardly believe his ears when Maria hears about Trina's winnings and gets Maria to tell again about the golden service. McTeague is so confused by what has happened that he does not notice Marcus' dismay. He reproaches himself for leaving Trina to the dentist out of friendship. Not because he loves her so much, but because he is jealous of the wealth that McTeague, not him, is experiencing. (Chapter 6/7)
In the further course, McTeague did not notice anything of Marcus changed behavior. Rather, he is busy with his fiancée. The two are happy, meet several times a week and talk a lot. The question of finances comes up again and again at the upcoming wedding. In principle, it looks good for both of them. McTeague has an acceptable income, Trina makes a little extra by carving small wooden figures and of course they have the $ 5,000. When it comes to this ability, the two have very different ideas. While McTeague dreams of a luxurious life, Trina decides to invest the money and not to spend a penny on it. Rather, she likes the idea of earning additional money in the form of interest. After all, McTeague thinks Trina's thrift is a responsible move, especially because Trina asserts that she can always get the money she is investing with her uncle, a businessman. (Chapter 7/8)
After Marcus once complained to McTeague about money problems and has largely ignored him since then, the dentist notices what is going on by his birthday at the latest. When McTeague comes to his local pub, Marcus gets so busy - because he feels that McTeague has cheated out of $ 5,000 - that he tries to kill him with a knife. This attempt fails, however, and McTeague no longer understands the world. He wants to get revenge and goes in search of Markus. However, since he finds Trina's birthday present in front of his room, a huge, golden tooth as a figurehead for his practice, which he has wanted for so long, he lets himself be appeased at first. (Chapter 8)
The next event is the wedding of Trina and McTeague. It should take place on a small scale in their new apartment. This is located in the same building as McTeague's practice and can be taken over furnished by both of them. When Trina is told to spend $ 200 of her profits on kitchen equipment, she is outraged because she does not want to touch her assets. Despite the discussions, there is a successful wedding where nothing is missing. It is feasted into the night and only the fact that Marcus also takes part in the celebration dampens the mood a bit. He emphasizes that his present is only for Trina and he firmly rejects the Sieppes' suggestion that he could be McTeague's best man. Miss Baker and Old Grannis are forced to sit next to each other and exchange a few words for the first time, which of course embarrasses them. After the wedding, the Sieppes will move to Los Angeles. Marcus also announces innovations: he wants to settle down as a cowboy on a ranch and is looking for a like-minded person. He wants to withdraw from the society by which he feels betrayed. (Chapter 9)
The McTeagues happily spend the first three years after the wedding in their apartment. A certain routine develops, Trina has overcome her initial doubts and begins to love her husband dearly. He, on the other hand, sees the marriage as more functional, but is just as happy with it. Trina also observes with pleasure that without McTeague's knowledge she manages to improve him in social terms: a tidier appearance, own opinions on topics discussed and other little things. Even Marcus, who is now politically active, is still in town, still looking for a partner for his ranch. Trina and McTeague develop the desire for a house and when McTeague surprises Trina with a rental agreement for a property, he is met with sheer horror: they could not afford the house and, moreover, she had heard that it was unhealthy to live in the house , because there is water in the cellar. She forces her husband to raise the rent for the month even though she has a lot of money. Her stinginess is so great that even her guilty conscience cannot change her mind to give McTeague at least a small part of the money. (Chapter 10)
The latest news is that Maria and Zerkow want to get married. Nobody can understand this, since Zerkow is old and not very attractive, but it seems reasonable to assume that Maria wants to take the chance to marry the only man who takes her and her stories seriously. (Chapter 11)
When the McTeagues want to go on a trip to the park with friends, Marcus joins them unexpectedly and is invited to the trip by the friends. In the park, the men take great pleasure in competing in all kinds of athletic disciplines and finally end up wrestling. The immense strength of McTeague brings him here the admiration of women. He and Marcus land in the final. Marcus is jealous of the admiration that McTeague receives and so the two begin to fight like animals. The situation threatens to escalate completely after Marcus bites the dentist's ear so hard that it is bleeding profusely, and McTeague breaks his arm in return. But the other men in the group finally manage to separate the two from each other. (Chapter 11)
There are also worrying twists and turns in Maria and Zerkow's marriage. Both are relatively uninterested in the fact that Maria is pregnant and ultimately gives birth to a child who dies a short time later. With the pregnancy, however, a crucial fact has changed for Zerkow. Maria has not remembered the gold service since she was born and has no idea what Zerkow wants to hear from her. This drives him mad, he believes Maria wants to hide the gold from him. So it happens that he begins to dig and search for the service and, in his desperation, threaten Maria with the knife. She flees to Marcus, who is busy packing suitcases. He succeeds in taking the knife from Zerkow and driving him to flight. Shortly afterwards, Marcus stands at the door of the McTeagues and announces that Mr. Sieppe has found a partner for his ranch and that he is now leaving San Francisco. He remains calm and turns to McTeague despite what is happening in the park. (Chapter 12)
Shortly after Marcus left, McTeague received a letter that he was no longer allowed to practice as a dentist because he did not have a diploma from a dentist school. For McTeague this is completely incomprehensible, he has mastered his craft. It is a catastrophe for Trina, as she sees her money in danger from the lack of income. However, both agree on one thing: Marcus must have instigated this. Since McTeague actually doesn't have a diploma, the two of them can't do much and Trina tries to convince her husband that they are now poor people. They move out of their apartment into a pitiful room, which McTeague cannot understand at all. Although Trina would have enough money to enable them a better life, her increasing avarice prevails - she does not want to touch a cent of her fortune. Your entire facility will be sold at auction. (Chapter 13/14)
This changed the life of the McTeagues tremendously. Trina is obsessed with saving money, so often lies to her husband when it comes to this topic. She is now trying to break the habit of the better habits that Trina trained her husband at the beginning of the marriage in order to save money. He is not entitled to a bit of money for small pleasures, although he has found a job again and is earning money. When he loses it again shortly afterwards, Trina is on the verge of desperation. No sooner has he got her the news than she sends him back on a job hunt. The remainder of the wages that McTeague received when he was laid off, she takes from him and - despite the rain showers - doesn't allow him a few cents for the train journey. McTeague disgruntled what Trina asked him to do, but couldn't find a job. While he is drenched in the rain on his way back, he becomes more and more aware of his wife's unbearable greed. Influenced by the whiskey that friends invited him to eat on the way home, he clearly communicates his anger to Trina for the first time at home. Trina is afraid of her huge husband, but when he sleeps, she cannot hold back from searching his pockets for money. (Chapter 15)
From this point on, McTeague lets himself go more and more and no longer seriously tries to get a job. Now and then he goes out to drink whiskey with his friends while Trina is looking for an even cheaper room. The whiskey doesn't make McTeague drunk, but rather sharpens his mind and makes him angry. When he comes home, he abuses Trina - sometimes to get money, sometimes for pleasure. Her fingers in particular suffer from the abuse, but from this she develops a certain love-hate relationship with her husband. Almost proudly, Maria and Trina tell each other about the torments caused by their husbands. When Trina wants to visit her friend again one day - also in the hope of getting a free lunch - she finds her murdered in her apartment. Great chaos breaks out in Polk Street and of course Zerkow is under urgent suspicion as a murderer. A short time later he was found dead in a body of water. With all the hustle and bustle, there seem to be only two perfectly peaceful people: Old Grannis and Miss Baker. One day Trina speaks to the old man and urges him to finally propose marriage to the little seamstress - a completely out of the question for the ashamed Grannis. Quite unexpectedly, however, Miss Baker shortly afterwards - seized with courage in a brief moment - the initiative and brings Old Grannis a cup of tea into his room. The man she hadn't even dared to speak to before. As soon as she is in the room, however, she is desolate and wants to go. The old man knows how to prevent this, however, and so it happens that they spend the evening together and overjoyed in his room. (Chapter 16/17)
As for Trina and McTeague, the situation is getting worse. The low point is reached when Trina can finally convince her husband that they can no longer afford the shabby room either. You actually move into one of the rooms that Maria and Zerkow had previously lived in and thus slide even further socially. Trina, too, lets herself go more and more until one day she experiences a total breakdown: McTeague, who often takes long walks during the day, does not show up one evening. When Trina can't find him anywhere, she suddenly suspects that McTeague might have stolen her money. This suspicion is confirmed and Trina's pathologically saved 400 dollars and her husband have disappeared at the same time. Trina is less concerned with her husband than with the money. Totally desperate, she collapses and is found shortly afterwards. The good-hearted Miss Baker takes care of Trina and calls a doctor. He discovers Trina's fingers, badly damaged by McTeague's bite, and diagnoses blood poisoning. He sees only one way out: amputation of the fingers. After the operation, Trina can no longer carve figures, so she begins to work as a cleaning lady in a kindergarten and live there. She's not unhappy with that, but she lacks the hard cash with which she has developed an almost physical relationship. Little by little, she lets her uncle pay out parts of her profits until he forces her to withdraw all the money. The greed for the coins is so great for her that she ignores the fact that she has to forego interest with the money paid out. It even comes to the point that she distributes the money in bed and sleeps on it naked. All of a sudden, McTeague shows up again after running out of money. He begs Trina to give her at least some money for food. However, she remains tough and does not allow him a cent. McTeague leaves and shortly afterwards happens to find a job as a handyman for an instrument trade. Its main job is to carry pianos and grand pianos around. In return, he receives his wages and a room. When he found his concertina advertised for sale in the shop one evening, his displeasure with his wife increased. She sold his concertina and collected the money for it. Filled with hatred, he then went to her one evening to take revenge and get the money. He goes into kindergarten and beats Trina up. Then he takes the money with him and his wife dies that same night. (Chapter 18/19)
As a murderer, McTeague flees into the desert and wants to go back to his roots, back into the pit. His instincts let him find the paths again automatically and so he begins to work in a pit under false names. After a while, McTeague is driven by a sixth sense to leave the pit. He cannot explain this to himself, but this animal instinct is so strong that he follows him and moves on. Two days later the sheriff who was chasing him came into the pit, but by that time he is far away. He can be taken a long way through the desert in a train and ends up in a small village that mainly lives from cattle breeding. He meets a man named Cribbens, with whom he finally sets off to look for gold. After a while, they are incredibly lucky and find a vein that no one has discovered yet. That means wealth for both of them, but here, too, McTeague's instinct comes back and drives it on. During the night he leaves his partner and moves on. Driven by his feelings, he flees through the desert, which is burning hot and makes getting ahead during the day practically impossible. At some point he reaches the valley of death and moves on anyway. The heat continues to mount, and so does the intensity of McTeague's instinct. At some point it comes to the point that he is actually overtaken by his pursuer: Marcus Schouler. Marcus lives as a cowboy in the village where McTeague landed before he went hunting for gold and heard about the manhunt for McTeague. As Marcus wants to get 'his' money back, he follows McTeague to the valley of death. The two are desperate because they have run out of water, but still argue. McTeague kills Marcus during a fight, but he just manages to handcuff his body to McTeague. The end remains open - McTeague stands in the scorching heat, without water, and with the body of Marcus Schouler on his wrist. (Chapters 20-22)
Characters
McTeague
McTeague is the central character in the novel. His first name is not mentioned, his friend Marcus Schouler and Trina simply call him Mac. He is a dentist in San Francisco and has his practice there. He acquired his trade from a traveling dentist, not at a dentist school. He is a good-natured person, but he is noticeable for his extreme size and strength. His concertina and a canary that accompanies him to the end belong to him. He himself is described as an animal that does not have hair but fur and a huge head, enormous hands and a huge jaw. He is not particularly intelligent and often does not understand what it is about and what others want from him. Dealing in society is not easy for him because he is not a speaker either. He much prefers to rely on his instincts. When he marries Trina, he first learns to adapt. Later, however, Trina's avarice slowly but surely drives him down. He loses everything and from time to time starts drinking whiskey, even though he knows it won't get him. Amazingly, when he has drunk his senses are sharpened, but he also becomes angry. During these times he begins to abuse Trina. Their stinginess and the associated consumption of alcohol let the two sink ever deeper in social terms and ultimately McTeague even turned into a murderer. After leaving society and relying on his instincts in the wild, he feels much more comfortable. An animal sense is described that warns him of dangers. So ultimately he failed in society.
Trina Sieppe
Trina Sieppe is a young woman who comes from a German-Swiss family. She is also the cousin of Marcus Schouler, with whom she initially plans a future. She gets to know McTeague in his practice because she goes to him for dental treatment. She is a delicate creature with gorgeous black hair, and McTeague is amazed by her innocent look and her small chin, which she likes to hold in the air. She is very lucky to win $ 5,000 in the lottery and shortly afterwards she marries the dentist. She does not want to touch any of the money that is initially credited to her as praiseworthy frugality. As a housewife, she shows herself to be efficient and reliable, and in order to earn money, she carves small wooden figures for her uncle, who runs a toy shop. Over time, however, she gets so involved in saving for the sake of saving that she and her husband are psychologically and financially ruined. She is ready to go through with anything to save just a little money. The further she moves away from her husband, the more intense the relationship with the coins becomes. At some point, this relationship even becomes so strong that she physically craves the money. At the same time, she loses all of her caregivers. Maria is murdered, she loses contact with Miss Baker, as the differences between them, especially in social terms, are growing, and with her family, as they move away and Trina is also unwilling to support her parents because of her avarice. She moves further and further away from a 'normal' life, at some point only devotes herself to the addiction to money and is therefore ultimately murdered.
Marcus Schouler
Marcus Schouler is a good friend of McTeague. This is still the case when he leaves his girlfriend Trina to the dentist. He works at Old Grannis' dog clinic and likes to hear himself talking. He also likes to pick up political opinions and then take part in heated discussions. In doing so, he often gets so deep into the topic and his lecture that his choleric nature comes to the fore. His friendship with McTeague is shaken when Trina wins the lottery $ 5,000 and McTeague is now the one who will marry her. Marcus is not interested in the woman, but in the money - he is jealous of his friend and does not understand that McTeague has no access to the money either. He pursues his political career and is gaining approval thanks to his talent for speech, but his real dream is to own a ranch. When he finds a partner, he pursues this dream. But he never forgets the € 5,000 that will drive him to his death in the end.
Miss Baker
Miss Baker lives in the house where McTeague has his practice. She is a former seamstress and in love with Old Grannis, a neighbor. Miss Baker wears fake curls, loves to gossip and is very warm, but when it comes to Old Grannis, she is incredibly shy. She drinks her cup of tea every afternoon while pondering the man of her dreams. Ultimately, she is the one who overcomes herself and approaches him. In this way the two find each other and in the end are the only characters who do not experience social decline or even die.
Old Grannis
Old Grannis also lives in the same building and also owns a dog clinic, where he acts as the head of Marcus Schouler. He likes to bind pamphlets for his life and does so especially when he knows that Miss Baker is sitting next to him in the room next door, drinking her tea. He is always helpful but never wants to draw attention to himself. It often happens that he sneaks away quietly and is sitting in his room long before someone notices that he is missing. He thinks of Miss Baker all the time and acts like a teenager. He has never been in love before and, as an older gentleman, experiences his youth in this regard. When Miss Baker actually approaches him one day, he is overjoyed.
Maria Macapa
She is also a resident of the house on Polk Street and works there as a cleaning lady for everyone. She treats others in a friendly manner but has a mild mental disorder. She keeps telling people about a splendid 100-piece gold set that her family owned. She tells this story over and over again in great detail, but only the trader Zerkow, who is obsessed with gold, believes her. Another characteristic of Maria is her constant attempt to talk the residents off something or to steal gold from McTeague and then sell things off from Zerkow. After all, she even lets herself be carried away to marry Zerkow, who only does so for one reason: he has to hear the story of gold over and over again. However, she loses her fantasy about the gold service with her pregnancy. This becomes her undoing and so she is murdered in her own apartment.
Zerkow
Zerkow is a Polish Jew who trades in all kinds of goods. He loves gold and with it Maria's story about the gold service. He can't hear her often enough and therefore marries Maria. The other residents of Maria's house have no contact with Zerkow because they consider him a suspicious person. He is significantly older than Maria, but still fathered a child with her. He doesn't care that it dies a short time after birth. The only thing that interests him is the fact that Maria doesn't know anything about the service after the pregnancy. He imagines that she wants to hide it from him and goes completely crazy with it. He digs everything up to find the service and torments Maria in the hope of an answer. Mary's ignorance drives him so desperate that he kills Maria and then himself.
Naturalistic / Darwinian influence
The whole novel is strongly influenced by naturalism and Darwinism. The Darwinian elements express themselves in particular through the precise description of the physical requirements of the individual persons and through the demonstration of instinctual behavior. So McTeague is of enormous size and strength, almost like an animal: "[...] for McTeague was a young giant. He wore his huge, blond head of hair six feet three inches above the ground; slowly, heavily, he moved his massive limbs, Its muscles were like ropes, its enormous, red hands, covered with a fur of stiff blond hair, were hard as wooden hammers and strong as vices ... His head was angular, square, the chin protruding like carnivorous predators. " His instincts in the great outdoors are extremely reliable and unusually strong. On the other hand, he finds it difficult to find his way around society. The contrast to McTeague's physical condition is expressed in the form of Trina. She is small, petite and very pale, which speaks against a good state of health.
In addition to the Darwinian elements, there are mainly naturalistic expressions in the novel. The central aspects that are characteristic of this trend are taken up. On the one hand it is about the social problems of modern cities, which is made clear by the social struggle of the characters in greed for gold . In the original subtitle, A Story of San Francisco , the element of the big city is immediately addressed. Another decisive factor for naturalistic literature is the basic idea that the character and fate of people are not influenced by them, but rather are determined by historical circumstances and their genetic makeup. At this point the link between naturalism and Darwinism becomes clear. In the novel, all of the central characters are ultimately subject to their instincts, which they initially fight, but ultimately have to give in to them. While Trina is completely addicted to money and even develops a physical need for it, McTeague lets his animal instincts guide him through the desert: "The animal sensed an enemy, smelled the pursuers, made noise and fought and fought and did not tolerate contradiction." As a result, the figures plunge into self-destruction without being able to prevent this. A good example here is the trader Zerkow, who ultimately drives himself into despair and death with his obsession with gold, which he cannot influence. This leads to the next aspect of naturalism: the portrayal of the negative and the ugly. Without covering up, sheer greed, violence and hatred are discussed. The latter is particularly evident between McTeague and Marcus Schouler, while violence plays a role in many ways. Trina and Maria are mistreated, the wrestling in the park ends in a violent duel and there are several murders. As far as greed is concerned, the German title shows greed for gold. that this is a central issue. The greed to which the characters succumb leads to the death of several main characters in the course of the novel.
The mentioned aspects are only contrasted in the novel by the behavior of Miss Baker and Old Grannis.
Productions
- The novel was filmed in 1924 by Erich von Stroheim as a silent film with the title Greed (originally Greed). He was careful to include every detail in the film, creating a film that was recorded on 42 reels. In order to bring the film to an acceptable length of 11 reels, the film was radically shortened by the producers at MGM Studios . For critics, the result was “true evidence of great cinematic art”.
- In 1992 William Bolcom's opera, the content of which is based on Frank Norris' novel, premiered under the title McTeague. The opera was commissioned by Lyric Opera of Chicago and performed there first.
- In Germany, Frank Norris' novel was first staged by Frank Castorf on the occasion of the Ruhr Festival in 2004. As head of the Volksbühne in Berlin, Castorf brought the play to the state capital that same year.
literature
Primary literature
- Frank Norris: Greed for gold. trans. by Paul Böllert. Alexander Verlag, Berlin 2004, ISBN 3-89581-127-0 .
Secondary literature
- Charles Darwin: On the origin of species in the animal and plant kingdom through natural breeding . E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagbuchhandlung, Stuttgart 1860.
- Franz Wuketits: Darwin and Darwinism . CH Beck, Munich 2005, ISBN 3-406-50881-2 .
- Ingo Stöckmann: Naturalism . Metzler Verlag, Stuttgart 2011, ISBN 978-3-476-02257-8 .
- Wolfgang Bunzel: Introduction to the literature of naturalism . Scientific Book Society, Darmstadt 2011, ISBN 978-3-534-23839-2 .
- Keith Newlin: The Oxford Handbook of American Literary Naturalism. Oxford University Press, New York 2011, ISBN 978-0-19-536893-2 .
Individual evidence
- ^ A b Frank Norris: Greed for gold. trans. by Paul Böllert. Alexander Verlag, Berlin 2004, p. 2.
- ^ Frank Norris: Greed for gold. trans. by Paul Böllert. Alexander Verlag, Berlin 2004, p. 190.
- ↑ Such villains and similar ones . In: Spiegel Online . Edition 49/1950. Retrieved February 1, 2015.
- ^ Edward Rothstein: Review / Opera: McTeague; A Musical Slice of Grim American Life. In: The New York Times . November 2, 1992. Retrieved February 1, 2015.
- ↑ Ulrich Seidler: I need your stubbornness. In: Berliner Zeitung . May 24, 2004. Retrieved February 1, 2015.