Indian defense

Indian defense
a b c d e f G H   8th 8th 7th 7th 6th 6th 5 5 4th 4th 3 3 2 2 1 1   a b c d e f G H
Trains	1. d2-d4 Ng8-f6 2. c2-c4
ECO key	A50-A79, D70-D99, E00-E99
Named after

The Indian Defense is a collective term for certain openings in the game of chess . Indian Defenses are Closed Games and start with the moves:

1. d2-d4 Ng8-f6

2. c2-c4

In the ECO codes , these openings are classified under the keys A50 to A79, D70 to D99 and E00 to E99.

history

The name comes from Savielly Tartakower , who popularized this name in the early 1920s. “Up to now he distinguished between an Old Indian and a New Indian opening style, depending on Black in the second move with d6 or. e6 continued ”, wrote the Neue Wiener Schach-Zeitung in 1923. Tartakower himself reported about his naming in his book Die Hypermoderne Schachpartie :“ Although this defense […] was already cultivated by Indian Brahmins in the first half of the previous [19th] century and was later used in particular by Louis Paulsen, Riemann and Tschigorin, it was developed especially by the neo-romanticists Nimzowitsch and Bogoljubow, Alekhine and Réti. ”A little later, in 1927, the Viennese master Hans Kmoch suggested a further differentiation:“ The Indian can also be divided and registered as follows: 'King's Indian' if the king's runner is fianchetted , 'Queen's Indian' if the female runner is fianchetted, 'Full Indian' if both runners are fianchetted and 'Half-Indian' if there is no fiancheted. "These The nomenclature proposed by Kmoch later became actual in most countries for King's and Queen's Indian common, in Russia, however, Tartakower's distinction between Old (for King's Indian) and New Indian (for women's Indian) prevailed.

In the literature of the 19th century, only the beginning of the game 1. e2 – e4 d7 – d6 2. d2 – d4 g7 – g6 was called “Indian Defense”. In addition, the term “Indian opening” existed for 1. e2 – e4 e7 – e5 2. d2 – d3. These styles of play became famous after Moheschunder Bannerjee from Calcutta used them in his games against John Cochrane . These games were played during Cochrane's decades of professional residence in India in the mid-19th century and were later handed down by the British. Movement changes occasionally resulted in positions in these games that were later known as "King's Indian" after this name was introduced.

Ideas

The move 1.… Ng8 – f6, like 1.… d7 – d5, prevents the formation of a white pawn duo on d4 and e4. However, Black delays determining his own pawn structure . Even if the basic position of the Indian defense can result in very different openings depending on the (white and black) continuations, there are common characteristics. Black often accepts a superior white pawn center on which black exercises figure pressure. The complex of Indian defenses is characterized by z. T. very complicated train change options.

Indian openings

• Bogolyubov-Indian Defense 2.… e7 – e6 3. Ng1 – f3 Bf8 – b4 +
• Queen's Indian Defense 2.… e7 – e6 3. Ng1 – f3 b7 – b6
• Nimzowitsch-Indian defense 2.… e7 – e6 3. Nb1 – c3 Bf8 – b4
• Catalan opening 2.… e7 – e6 3. g2 – g3
• Ancient Indian Defense 2.… d7 – d6
• Grünfeld-Indian Defense 2.… g7 – g6 3. Nb1 – c3 d7 – d5
• King's Indian defense 2.… g7 – g6 3. Nb1 – c3 Bf8 – g7 ( see also: King's Indian attack )
• Modern Benoni Defense 2.… c7 – c5 3. d4 – d5 e7 – e6
• Volga Gambit 2.… c7 – c5 3. d4 – d5 b7 – b5
• Blumenfeld Gambit 2.… e7 – e6 3. Ng1 – f3 c7 – c5 4. d4 – d5 b7 – b5
• Budapest Gambit 2.… e7 – e5
• Mexican Defense 2.… Nb8 – c6

literature

• Savielly Tartakower : Indian. From the workshop of an opening . Publishing house B. Kagan, Berlin 1924.
• Luděk Pachmann : Closed Games: Indian Defense , 3rd edition, Edition Olms, Zurich 1997.
• Chessbase (Ed.): Chessbase Tutorials: Indian Defense [DVD], Chessbase Verlag, Hamburg 2011.

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Neue Wiener Schach-Zeitung, No. 2/1923, p. 37 ( online ).
2. ↑ Savielly Tartakower: The hypermodern game of chess. Verlag der Wiener Schachzeitung, Vienna 1924, p. 411 ( digitized version ).
3. ↑ Hans Kmoch: The art of defense. 4th edition. Berlin / New York 1982, p. 33.
4. ↑ cf. Edward Winter: Earliest Occurrences of Chess Terms .