Equilinism

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Inquilinism describes a form of interaction between individuals of different species, in which one species regularly lives in the camps or structures of another species. Occasionally, cases are also treated in which the organism of a species serves directly as a dwelling. The “resident” or “tenant” who takes advantage of the other species is called the Inquiline. The use of language in biology is not uniform. While some understand by equilinism only interactions in which the equiline does not harm or disadvantage the exploited species (called probiosis , synecy or commensalism ), others also understand interactions in which it is damaged, i.e. forms of social parasitism or kleptoparasitism . However, direct and immediate parasitism is never referred to by this term.

Definitions

The most frequently used definition in ecology is called equilines, German for "tenants", those species that live in gall , mines , boreholes or nests of other species without damaging them. Equilinism is then one of the forms of synecia ; It is often seen in a close conceptual relationship with phoresia : while with this the benefit lies in the transport, with the equiline it is the protection. This relationship, which is harmless for the host , gradually changes into forms of kleptoparasitism, in which the equiline takes up some or all of the host's nutritional base or other essential resources and thus damages it, in extreme cases kills it. This vague use of language means that the term equilinism can be used as a form of symbiosis or amensalism , which is why some authors advise against its use entirely.

Equilinism in gall producers

In the case of bile-producing insects, equilines are generally used to denote the species, often closely related to the bile producer, that live in the bile and on its nutrient tissue without being able to induce and produce bile themselves. Inquilines are common in the gall wasps and gall midges , where about 6 make up 8 percent of the number of species, but are less frequent probably in all Gallerzeugern (previously with the exception of scale insects ) before, during gelatinous forming psyllids discovered 2,000th In the fringed winged species, certain species have even produced their own “soldier” morphs, which are supposed to keep kleptoparasitic relatives out of their own bile, but at least one kleptoparasite has countered with its own soldier morph, which it specifically uses to take over the foreign bile. In addition, there are also species of fringed winged winged birds that live with the gall producer as equilines in foreign galls.

Iquilinism in social insects

In the case of social insects , especially ants , the term is consistently used in a different, different sense. Here, according to the most common definition, equilines are those species that invade nests or colonies of other species as social parasites, lay eggs here and leave the rearing of the brood to the host. These include, for example, the cuckoo bumblebees within the bumblebees and the cuckoo wasps within the real wasps (Vespinae). In the case of ants, the slave-owner ants (cf. social parasitism in ants ) are usually excluded from the definition. In ants, the equilines often do not train workers, although there are exceptions. The queen of the (mostly already polygynous ) host species usually remains alive, her workers raise those of the equiline in addition to their own sex animals. Occasionally, queenless colonies are tracked down and exploited. The term tenant or equiline is occasionally used in a different sense for all kinds of species that prefer to live in the nests and here, for example, feed on waste. In the case of termites, such species (ecologically belonging to the commensals ) are referred to as "termitophiles" (see section Tenants and Termitophiles in the Termites article).

In termite nests there are equilines among ants as well as among other termite species. Cases of genuine mutualism are known here, in which the equiline even takes part in the defense of its host's nests. Other species, such as the Inquilinitermes microcerus , named after their way of life, can interpret the alarm signals of their host ( Constrictotermes cyphergaster ), but leave the defense to the host alone.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Inquilines. in Matthias Schaefer: Ecology. Biology dictionaries. 3. Edition. Gustav Fischer Verlag, Jena 1992 (= UTB for science, Uni-Taschenbücher Volume 430), ISBN 3-334-60362-8
  2. ↑ sometimes even viewed as a synonym for commensalism: Frederick S. Russell: Definitions of Types of Symbioses. in: Advances in Marine Biology, Volume 5, Academic Press, London / New York 1967 on pages 4 to 6.
  3. ↑ Eric Parmentier & Loïc Michel (2013): Boundary lines in symbiosis forms. Symbiosis 60 (1)): 1-5. doi: 10.1007 / s13199-013-0236-0
  4. ↑ Erika V. Iyengar (2008): Kleptoparasitic interactions throughout the animal kingdom and a re-evaluation, based on participant mobility, of the conditions promoting the evolution of kleptoparasitism. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 93: 745-762. doi: 10.1111 / j.1095-8312.2008.00954.x
  5. ^ Bradford D. Martin & Ernest Schwab (2013): Current Usage of Symbiosis and Associated Terminology. International Journal of Biology 5 (1): 32-45.
  6. ↑ MM Yang, C. Mitter, DR Miller (2001): First incidence of inquilinism in gall-forming psyllids, with a description of the new inquiline species (Insecta, Hemiptera, Psylloidea, Psyllidae, Spondyliaspidinae). Zoologica Scripta 30: 97-113.
  7. ↑ Thomas W. Chapman, Brenda D. Kranz, Kristi-Lee Bejah, David C. Morris, Michael P. Schwarz, Bernard J. Crespi (2002): The evolution of soldier reproduction in social thrips. Behavioral Ecology 13 (4): 519-525. doi: 10.1093 / beheco / 13.4.519
  8. ↑ LA Mound, BJ Crespi, A. Tucker (1998): Polymorphism and kleptoparasitism in thrips (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) from woody galls on Casuarina trees. Australian Journal of Entomology 37: 8-16. doi: 10.1111 / j.1440-6055.1998.tb01535.x
  9. ↑ David C Morris, Laurence A Mound, Michael P Schwarz (2000): Advenathrips inquilinus: A new genus and species of social parasites (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae). Australian Journal of Entomology 39: 53-57. doi: 10.1046 / j.1440-6055.2000.00146.x
  10. ↑ Michael D. Breed, Chelsea Cook, Michelle O. Krasnec (2012): Cleptobiosis in Social Insects. Psyche Volume 2012, Article ID 484765, 7 pages. doi: 10.1155 / 2012/484765
  11. ^ Alfred Buschinger (2009): Social parasitism among ants: a review (Hymenoptera: Formicidae). Myrmecological News 12: 219-235.
  12. ↑ Konrad Dettner & Werner Peters: Textbook of Entomology. Section 14.7.3 .: Guests and parasites in nests of social insects. Springer Verlag, 2nd edition 2011, ISBN 978-3-8274-2618-5
  13. ^ S. Higashi & F. Ito (1984): Defense of termitaria by termitophilous ants. Oecologia 80: 145-147.
  14. ↑ Paulo F. Cristaldo, Vinícius B. Rodrigues, Simon L. Elliot, Ana PA Araújo, Og DeSouza (2016): Heterospecific detection of host alarm cues by an inquiline termite species (Blattodea: Isoptera: Termitidae). Animal Behavior 120: 43-49. doi: 10.1016 / j.anbehav.2016.07.025