Investment theory
The investment theory postulated by Raymond B. Cattell describes how different aspects of intelligence develop in relation to one another. According to Cattell's intelligence theory , cognitive abilities are divided into fluid (innate) and crystalline (acquired) parts. According to investment theory, fluid intelligence can be "invested" in the acquisition of crystalline intelligence. The empirical findings on investment theory have so far been inconsistent; However, more recent evidence suggests that the relationship is mediated indirectly through learning. Schweizer and Koch (2002) were able to show that fluid intelligence has an effect on learning; however, the pathway from learning to crystalline intelligence could only be demonstrated for younger students (ages 19-23), not for older students (24-30 years).
Brief overviews of investment theory can be found in Ferrer and McArdle (2004) and in Rindermann et al. (2010).
Individual evidence
- ^ Cattell, RB (1963). Theory of fluid and crystallized intelligence: A critical experiment. Journal of Educational Psychology, 54, 1-22.
- ^ Schweizer, K. & Koch, W. (2002). A revision of Cattell's Investment Theory: Cognitive properties influencing learning. Learning and Individual Differences, 13, 57-82.
- ↑ Ferrer, E. & McArdle, JJ (2004). An experimental analysis of dynamic hypotheses about cognitive abilities and achievement from childhood to early adulthood. Developmental Psychology, 40, 935-952.
- ^ Rindermann, H., Flores-Mendoza, A. & Mansur-Alves, M. (2010). Reciprocal effects between fluid and crystallized intelligence and their dependence on parents' socioeconomic status and education. Learning and Individual Differences, 20, 544-548.