Kata (Jūdō)

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Judo-Kata are defined and named sequences of techniques that are intended to convey principles to the practitioner. These processes, which are called kata - i.e. forms - are described in more detail below. On the other hand, Kata can also refer to practicing individual techniques with a partner outside of these processes, whereby the partner, in contrast to Randori , is adjusted to the technique to be practiced. The word kata is rarely used in this sense in the German-speaking world. In contrast to many other martial arts, kata in judo are almost exclusively performed with a partner. Almost all judo kata come from traditional Jiu Jitsu , where they are still part of the master’s exams today.

Well-known kata

Gonoses-no-kata

後 の 先 の 形 (form of counter throws)

In Germany, the Gonosen-no-kata is part of the examination program for the 3rd Dan in Judo. In Germany, Mifune's Nage-waza-ura-no-kata is to be shown as a version of the gonosen-no-kata ; as an alternative to the gonosis no-kata , the kime-no-kata can also be shown.

It consists of Uke's attacks and Tori's counter-throws .

Order of techniques in the Kawaeshi version:

1st group

  • O-soto-gari → O-soto-gari
  • Hiza-guruma → Hiza-guruma
  • O-uchi-gari → Okuri-ashi-barai
  • De-ashi-barai → De-ashi-barai
  • Ko-soto-gake → Tai-otoshi
  • Ko-uchi-gari → Sasae-tsuri-komi-ashi

2nd group

  • Kubi-nage → Ushiro-goshi
  • Koshi-guruma → Uki-goshi
  • Hane-goshi → Sasae-tsuri-komi-ashi
  • Harai-goshi → Utsuri-goshi
  • Uchi-mata → Te-guruma
  • Kata-seoi → Sumi-gaeshi

for the individual throws see also: Throwing technique (judo)

Kodokan Goshin-jutsu

講道 館 護身 術 (Self-defense techniques of the Kodokan)

This Kata or the Jū-no-kata is mandatory in Germany for the examination for the 4th Dan in Judo. In Austria it has to be presented for the 3rd and 4th Dan exams. This kata is officially named Kodokan Goshin-jutsu and not Kodokan-goshin-jitsu- no-kata . It was developed in 1956 - 18 years after the death of J. Kano - by a working group of the Kodokan and contains 5 groups of defense techniques against attacks with and without weapons.

It consists of attacks by uke without weapons (attacks with hands and feet) and with weapons (knife, stick and pistol) and the corresponding defense techniques of tori.

  • Defense against attacks in close combat
    • ryōte dori (grasping both hands)
    • hidari eri dori (grabbing the left lapel)
    • migi eri dori (grabbing the right lapel)
    • kata ude dori (grabbing an arm)
    • ushiro eri dori (grip from behind in the collar)
    • ushiro jime (gagging from behind)
    • kakae dori (grip from behind)
  • Defense against attacks without close physical contact
    • naname uchi (side punch)
    • ago tsuki (right hook against chin)
    • gammen tsuki (punch left in the face)
    • mae geri (kick from the front in the abdomen)
    • yoko geri (side kick)
  • Defense against attacks with a knife
    • tsukkake (defense against knife pulling)
    • choke tsuki (straight knife stab in the stomach)
    • naname tsuki (side knife stab in the neck)
  • Defense against attacks with a stick
    • furi age ( impact with raised stick)
    • furi oroshi ( two-handed blow with a raised stick sideways to the temple)
    • morote tsuki (two-handed push with the stick in the stomach area)
  • Defense against attacks with the pistol
    • shomen zuke (threat from the front, weapon attached)
    • koshi ga mae (threat from the hip, weapon at a distance)
    • haimen zuke (threat from behind, weapon attached)

Hirano-no-kata

(Form of the continued combinations of the Master Hirano)

The kata is also called the “kata of the ocean waves”. It comprises seven techniques (symbols):

  • O Nami (Big Wave) , Litter: O Soto Gari
  • Uchi Age (sandy beach) , litter: O Soto Otoshi
  • Juwa Kudaki (Big Rock) , Litter: Harai Goshi
  • Uchi Gaeshi (surf) , litter: O Uchi Gari
  • Tatumaki (Windhose) , Litter: Morote Seoi Nage
  • Saka Maki (storm wave) , litter: Uchi Mata
  • Uzumaki (water vortex) , litter: Tai Otoshi

Itsutsu-no-kata

五 の 形 (form of the 5 symbols or natural laws)

This and one other kata (Koshiki-no-kata or Kime-no-kata) are mandatory in Germany for the examination for the 5th Dan in judo .

it consists of

  • Symbolizing the positive and negative power (Dai Ichi)
  • Symbolizing the law of inertia (Dai Ni)
  • Symbolizing the centrifugal and centripetal force (Dai San)
  • Symbolizing the power of the ocean waves (Dai Yon)
  • Symbolizing the trajectory and power of a comet (Dai Go)

In the Kodokan, the association of techniques with symbols of the laws of nature is known, but it is not officially made. The founder of judo, Kanō Jigorō , only gave the techniques the names first to fifth form (see above, italics in brackets). This procedure has not changed to this day, because one does not see oneself authorized in Japan to override the decision of Kanō Jigorō. In addition, the Isutsu-no-kata is considered unfinished, since it is assumed that Kanō Jigorō died before the kata was completed (or because the word itself does not tell in Japanese whether it is in the singular or plural) .

Jū-no-kata

柔 の 形 (form of yielding or suppleness)

This Kata or the Kodokan Goshin-jutsu is mandatory in Germany for the examination of the 4th Dan in Judo. In Austria the Kata is mandatory for the 4th and 5th Dan exams.

In 1887, after the Nage-no-kata and the Katame-no-kata , developed as the third kata by Kanō Jigorō in the Kodokan, in order to apply the different principles of attack and defense, of breaking one's balance and of conquering by yielding in a highly abstract way clarify.

It contains 15 movements in 3 groups

  • Ikkyo (first stage)
    • Tsuki-Dashi (pushing with the hand)
    • Kata-Oshi (pressing against the shoulder)
    • Ryote-Dori (grasping both hands)
    • Kata-Mawashi (turning shoulders)
    • Ago-Oshi (press against the chin)
  • Nikyo (second stage)
    • Kiri-Oroshi (split skull with weapon)
    • Ryokata-Oshi ( press both shoulders down)
    • Naname-Uchi (oblique blow to the temple)
    • Katate-Dori (taking a hand)
    • Katate-Age (raising one hand to strike)
  • Sankyo (third level)
    • Obi-Tori (grabbing the belt)
    • Mune-Oshi (press against the chest)
    • Tsuki-Age (chin hook)
    • Uchi-Oroshi (blow from above on the head)
    • Ryogan-Tsuki (stab in the eye)

Katame-no-kata

固 の 形 (form of control)

The Katame-no-kata was developed by Kanō Jigorō between 1884 and 1887 and consists of three groups, each with five floor techniques. The 15 techniques are only performed migi (Japanese for "right"). The demonstration of the katame-no-kata is compulsory in Germany for the examination for the 2nd dan in judo. In Austria this must be presented for the 2nd and 3rd Dan.

1st group: Katame-Waza (grab handles)
Kesa Gatame (sash)
Kata-Gatame (shoulder control)
Kami-Shiho-Gatame (hold from the head)
Yoko-Shiho-Gatame (hold from the side)
Kuzure-Kami-Shiho-Gatame (hold from the head as a variant)
2nd group: Shime-Waza (choking techniques)
Kata-Juji-Jime (cross-choking)
Hadaka-Jime (free gagging)
Okuri-Eri-Jime (gagging with the help of the lapel)
Kataha-Jime (gagging with locking arm / shoulder)
Gyaku-Juji-Jime (cross-choking as a variant)
3rd group: Kansetsu Waza (lever techniques)
Ude-Hishigi-Ude-Garami ( Bent Arm Lever )
Ude-Hishigi-Juji-Gatame (lever on the extended arm)
Ude-Hishigi-Ude-Gatame (arm rotary extension lever )
Hiza-Gatame (knee or leg lever )
Ashi-Garami (lever on knee / leg)

Kime-no-kata

極 の 形 (form of decision)

"Kata of decision", Kime = vital points of the human body; Focus, focus, center of concentration. Tori awaits the attack from Uke calmly and apparently relaxed. Uke's attack should be violent, athmi (punch) techniques are accompanied by kiai (battle cry). Tori answers Uke's attack resolutely and with full commitment. Kiai also supports his Atemi techniques. For a few moments, Tori should demonstrate that he is completely in control of the situation by relaxing in the closing technique. Uke then shows his task by tapping two or more times.

This kata must be shown in Austria at the 5th Dan exam.

  • Idori (kneeling)
    • Ryote Dori (grip of both hands)
    • Tsuki Kake (stomach thrust)
    • Suri Age (forehead handle)
    • Yoko Uchi (blow from the side)
    • Ushiro Dori (embracing from behind)
    • Tsukikomi (knife stab in the stomach)
    • Kiri Komi (knife stab from above)
    • Yoko Tsuki (knife stab from the side)
  • Tachiai (standing)
    • Ryote Dori (grip of both hands)
    • Sode Tori (sleeve grip)
    • Tsuki Kake (stomach thrust)
    • Tsuki Age (chin hook)
    • Suri Age (forehead handle)
    • Yokouchi (slap from the side)
    • Ke Age (kick)
    • Ushiro Dori (embracing from behind)
    • Tsuki Komi (knife stab in the stomach)
    • Kirikomi (knife stab from above)
    • Nukikake (defense against a sword attack (while pulling))
    • Kirioroshi (defense against a sword attack )

Koshiki-no-kata

古 式 の 形 (form of ancient techniques)

The origin of this kata comes from the Kito-Ryu (" school of rising and falling "), which Kanō Jigorō had attended in his youth. Kanō took two Kata (Omote no Kata and Ura no Kata) from the Kitō Ryū and formed the Koshiki no Kata from them. As a connecting link, it reminds of the old techniques of Jiu Jitsu and shows how you can use the power of the opposing attack to your own advantage. The techniques of the Kata seem unusual for today's conditions, as they were intended for samurai who performed them in full armor (Yoroi Kumi Uchi).

The throws of the Koshiki-no-Kata are performed with the open right hand, as is still the case with Uki-goshi and O-goshi today. It is only used where armor would allow it, for example on the arms.

The Koshiki-no-Kata consists of two groups with a total of 21 techniques. The first group is Omote, 14 techniques that are performed slowly and seemingly clumsily, as if the performers were wearing combat gear. Second group are Ura consisting of seven techniques. Here the execution is quick and easy.

This kata is mandatory in Austria for the 6th Dan exam.

  • Omote (front)
    • Tai (readiness)
    • Yume-no-uchi (In the middle of a dream)
    • Ryokuhi ( Evade the Force)
    • Mizu-guruma (water wheel)
    • Mizu-nagare (running water)
    • Hiki-otoshi (pulling and dropping)
    • Ko-daore (falling into space)
    • Uchi-kudaki (smashing)
    • Tani-otoshi ( dropping into the valley)
    • Kuruma-daoshi (falling of a wheel)
    • Shikoro-dori (grabbing the neck guard )
    • Shikoro-gaeshi (turning the neck guard over )
    • Yudachi (rain shower)
    • Taki-otoshi (waterfall fall)
  • Ura (back)
    • Mi-kudaki ( shattering the body)
    • Kuruma-gaeshi (wheel throwing)
    • Mizu-iri (immersion in water)
    • Ryusetsu (snow on the willow tree)
    • Saka-otoshi ( Tempest Fall)
    • Yuki-ore (snow break)
    • Iwa-nami (wave on the rock)

Nage-no-kata

投 の 形 (form of throwing)

The Nage-no-kata was developed as the first kata by Kanō Jigorō in the Kodokan in 1887 and belongs to the group Randori-Kata. It consists of five groups of throws , each with three throws , which are executed in a fixed order - first on the right, then on the left. An exception is Uki-goshi, who is thrown first left and then right - Uke's attack is always right first. The 30 throwing actions should in principle be carried out in such a way that Tori's throwing execution (Japanese kake ) happens in the center of the execution area (middle of the mat). For an explanation of the individual throws, see also throwing technique (judo) .

This traditional kata is compulsory in Germany for the examination for the 1st dan in judo. In the German Judo Association, individual litter groups of the Nage-no-kata are also queried for belt tests for higher Kyū grades. Since November 2014: Koshi-Waza on the 3rd Kyu (green) on one side, Ashi-Waza on the 2nd Kyu (blue) on one side and Te-Waza on the 1st Kyu (brown) on both sides. In Austria, the Nage-no-Kata is mandatory for the 1st and 2nd Dan exams.

1st group: Te Waza (hand throws)
Uki-otoshi
Seoi-nage
Kata guruma
2nd group: Koshi Waza (hip throws)
Uki-goshi
Harai-goshi
Tsuri-komi-goshi
3rd group: Ashi Waza (foot throws)
Okuri-ashi-barai
Sasae-tsuri-komi-ashi
Uchi-mata
4th group: Ma Sutemi Waza (straight sacrificial throws )
Tomoe nage
Ura-nage
Sumi-gaeshi
5th group: Yoko Sutemi Waza (Lateral sacrificial throws )
Yoko-gake
Yoko Guruma
Uki-waza

Rensa-no-kata

(Form of transition from stand to floor)

This kata can be shown in Bavaria instead of the katame-no-kata for the 2nd Dan.

It was developed by Gerhard Steidele.

  • Osae-waza( Holding techniques )
    • Tori pushes → Tori "De-ashi-barai" → "Kuzure-kesa-gatame"
    • Uke pushes → Uke "Tomoe-nage" → "Yoko-shiho-gatame"
    • Uke pulls sideways → Tori "Soto-maki-komi" → "Gyaku-kesa-gatame"
    • Tori pushes → Tori "Hiki-komi-gaeshi" → "Tate-shiho-gatame"
    • Uke pushes → Uke "Ippon-seoi-nage" → "Kuzure-kami-shiho-gatame"
  • Shime-waza( Choking techniques )
    • Uke circular movement → Uke "Uchi-mata" → "Hadaka-jime"
    • Tori pulls → Tori "Ko-uchi-gake" → "Ryo-te-jime"
    • Tori pulls sideways → Uke "Soto-maki-komi" → "Okuri-eri-jime"
    • Tori pulls → Tori "Ko-uchi-gari" → "Kata-ha-jime" (with one-sided right grip)
    • Tori pulls → Uke "O-uchi-barai" → "Ashi-jime" (with one-sided left grip)
  • Kansetsu-waza( Lever technology )
    • Tori pushes (in a circle) → Tori "Yoko-tomoe-nage" → "Juji-gatame"
    • Tori circular movement → Uke "Ko-uchi-gari" → "Ashi-gatame"
    • Tori draws → Tori "Ko-uchi-barai" → "Gyaku-waki-gatame"
    • Tori pulls sideways → Uke "O-soto-gari" → "Ude-garami"
    • Tori moves (in a circle) → Uke "Kuchiki-daoshi" → "Ude-gatame"

Ura-no-kata

(Form of the counter techniques of the master Tokyo Hirano)

The Ura-no-Kata represents the individual development of Master Hirano's combat profile.

This sequence of techniques does not represent a kata in the usual sense. Like the Hirano-no-Kata, this comes from the master Tokyo Hirano and is not an official Kodokan Judo Kata. Rather, Hirano developed it for a special reason: First he developed a special sequence of combinations for himself that made him almost invincible. It now often happened that his opponents wanted to use Hirano's chain against himself (or used it successfully). He then immediately developed a counter-throw for each technique. This is how the individual form of the counter-throws, the ur-no-kata, came about. In normal training - just like the Hirano-no-Kata - it represents a valuable enrichment of the training and is basically an anticipation of the short kata of the German Judo Association.

Attack:
Uke's throwing approach 		Defense:
Tori counter-throw
O-soto-gari Hidari Uki-otoshi
O-soto-otoshi Yoko-wakare
Harai-goshi Utsuri-goshi
O-uchi-gari O-uchi-gaeshi
Seoi-nage Hiki-otoshi
Uchi-mata Sukashi-nage
Tai-otoshi Yoko Guruma

See also

literature

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Kodokan Goshin-jutsu http://kodokanjudoinstitute.org/en/waza/forms/05/
  2. ↑ DJB Kyu examination program: http://www.judobund.de/fileadmin/_horusdam/400-Pruefung_16-11-2014.pdf