Exam maker

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The Clausurmacher

The exam makers (including exam maker ) is an extinct profession. The trade of exam maker corresponded substantially to the one Gürtler , which refers to the production of book closing and book hardware specialized for particularly valuable books such as Bibles, Prayer books.

job profile

"Clausurmacher" (from Latin: claudere, German: to close ) made "clausuren und gesperre", as did the locks, hooks, notebooks, corners and humps on the books, which they artfully drove , poured , hit , and depending on the customer order smooth or openwork , made of iron, brass, silver, silver-plated or gold-plated. Bumps are raised curves as metallic decorations on the studded books.

In Europe, the so-called "clausurmacher" established themselves in the 14th to 16th centuries and enjoyed a high reputation. Initially, the book fittings were made in bookbinders 'and blacksmiths' workshops in the monasteries , later by artisans in the cities. Where there were only Gürtlers, the traveling companions could eat freely. The cloister makers were officially part of the “gift” craft of the Gürtler. In the case of free handicrafts, there was a compulsory hiking tour , the wandering journeymen were entitled to a hiking support (gift) from the handicrafts.

Gürtler, Spangen- and Clausurmacher from Nuremberg received a privilege over their goods from 1716–1766. The work of the German, French and especially the Danzig retreat makers were famous. Gdansk is said to have been one of the last places to manufacture book fittings and clasps in the 19th century.

Klausurmacher were also called locking makers - locking means the hooks and closures on the book fitting. Their task was to fabricate the lock for the book covers, which consisted of two wooden covers with a leather cover, in such a way that the covers could be pressed together, since wood, parchment and paper easily absorb moisture and tend to ripple.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c Johann Georg Krünitz, Friedrich Jakob Flörke, Heinrich Gustav Flörke, Johann Wilhelm David Korth, Carl Otto Hoffmann: Oekonomische encyklopädie . J. Pauli, 1776 ( google.de [accessed July 8, 2018]).
  2. ↑ Dictionary Network - Grammatical-Critical Dictionary of High German Dialect. Retrieved July 8, 2018 .
  3. ↑ a b c d Georg Adler: manual book lock and book fitting. Terminology and history in German-speaking countries, the Netherlands and Italy from the early Middle Ages to the present. Reichert, Wiesbaden 2010, ISBN 978-3-89500-752-1 , p. 54-59 .
  4. ^ A b c Carl Günther Ludovici: Opened academy of merchants, or complete merchant's lexicon, from which all actions and trades, with all their advantages, and the way of doing them, can be learned; C to G. Zweyter Theil . Published by Bernhard Christoph Breitkopf and Son, 1767, p. 399–400 ( google.de [accessed July 6, 2018]).
  5. ↑ Illustration of the common-useful main estates From which regents and their servants assigned to so in times of peace as war, bit on all artists and craftsmen: After every job and job, mostly drawn after life and in copper brought, also to Dero origin, usable and memorable things, briefly, but thoroughly described, and presented in a completely new way . Christoph Weigel, 1698, p. 338 ( google.de [accessed on July 6, 2018]).
  6. ↑ a b Eike Barbara Dürrfeld: Research into book clasps and book fittings. Retrieved July 6, 2018 .
  7. ^ Nuremberg, Reichsstadt: Handwerk - Historisches Lexikon Bayerns. Retrieved on July 10, 2018 (German (Sie-Salutation)).
  8. ↑ AT-OeStA / HHStA RHR Grat Feud Commercial, factory and trading privileges 3-2-1 Gürtler, Spangen- and Clausurmacher from Nuremberg receive a privilege over their goods, 1716-1766 (file (collective file, basic number, bundle, dossier, File)). Retrieved July 6, 2018 .
  9. ↑ Johann Karl Gottfried Jacobsson: Johann Karl Gottfried Jacobssons Technological Dictionary, or, Alphabetical Explanation of all useful mechanical arts, manufactories, factories and craftsmen: as well as all works, instruments, tools and artificial words occurring there, according to their nature and true use . Nicolai, 1782, p. 72 ( google.de [accessed on July 6, 2018]).