Cognitive bias (clinical psychology)

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Cognitive distortions (English: cognitive distortion ) contribute to the theory of Aaron T. Beck for the maintenance of mental disorders such as depression and anxiety disorder in because no corrective experience to be gained through the distorted perception that previous convictions ( scheme (psychology) ) call into question (see Beck's depression model ).

Cognitive distortions are said to have first been described by AT Beck in 1967. In 1975 Beck distinguished ten species. David D. Burns was a student of Beck's. In 1980 Burns released the best seller Feeling good . He renamed Beck's cognitive distortions and differentiated ten types. Burns spoke of "cognitive distortions" in 1980 and JS Beck in 1995 of "cognitive errors".

Main types of cognitive distortions in the clinical picture

AT Beck (1979) gives a list of cognitive biases and later added others that he had observed:

  • Arbitrary Conclusions - Conclusion without considering other possible explanations.
  • Overgeneralization (ger .: "overgeneralisation") - A general rule is established for a single experience. The difficulty of inferring general regularities based on experience is called the induction problem in philosophy . For example, someone who has been rejected three times for an application could say: "I will never get an acceptance".
  • Dichotomous thinking ("all-or-nothing thinking") - A distinction is only made in two (dichotomous) categories, i. i.e. without intermediate stages. When thinking in black and white, the patient shifts neutral (gray) information into the negative (black) category.
  • Personalization - Here you see yourself as the cause of events, although other people or circumstances could also be responsible. For example, because students get poor grades, a teacher might think, "I am a bad teacher". Or a child might think, “It is my fault that my parents quarreled.” In the case of a divorce, one might think, “It is my fault that our marriage failed.” Events are personal. This can go so far that a partner's car accident is interpreted as a punishment for one's own immoral act. In the strongest form, the mistake of thinking could turn into a relationship delusion. However, one speaks of a delusion only when the mistake cannot be corrected by questioning. The delusion can therefore not be treated therapeutically in the same way as thinking errors in a depression.
  • Selective abstraction ("selective generalization" also: "mental filtering") - individual experiences in one direction are remembered, whereby contradicting events are selectively overlooked.
  • Maximize (engl. Magnification ) and minimizing ( minimization ) - exaggeration of events in one direction and the understatement or down-playing events in the other direction.
  • Catastrophizing (also “magnifying the negative”) - overestimating possible consequences.
  • Emotional evidence - one's own feelings are used as evidence of the correctness of an assumption. For example, someone might think, "I feel bad so I must have done something wrong". Or a person with anorexia nervosa might think, "I feel fat, therefore I am fat". An obsessive-compulsive disorder patient might think, "If a thought creates such a strong negative feeling, that is evidence of the importance of the thought," or "If I am worried, there must be an actual cause." Socially phobic patients are also prone for emotional reasoning.
  • Labeling - An event or action is turned into a comprehensive set of facts (see also labeling approach ). The labeling ignores the fact that people who have the same characteristic may differ in other points, for example have different characters.
  • Mind Reading - The belief that you know what someone else is thinking without asking.
  • Selective attention (“tunnel vision”) - Seeing only a certain aspect of the present life.
  • "Should-Tyrannies" - "The client typically has self-rules that impose high and perfectionist standards on him."

Furthermore, the following distortions can be found in the literature:

  • Disqualifying the positive - The positive is rejected because for some reason it shouldn't count.
  • jumping to conclusions
    • Mind reading
    • Fortune telling
  • Blaming - Blaming others for feeling bad, which helps avoid having to change one's behavior.
  • Fallacy of change - Supplemented by Gilson and Freeman (1999) and Leahy (1996). McKay, Rogers and McKay would have differentiated between 4 "shoulds" and 4 "blamers" and would have described the fallacy of change as follows: People should change for us when we apply pressure.
  • the belief to always be right (English: "always being right")

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e Frank Wills: Cognitive therapy according to Aaron T. Beck. Therapeutic skills compact . Junferman, Paderborn 2014, ISBN 978-3-87387-950-8 , pp. 47–48 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  2. ↑ a b Carrie L. Yurica and Robert A. DiTomasso: Cognitive Distortions . In: Stephanie Felgoise, Arthur M. Nezu, Christine M. Nezu, Mark A. Reinecke (Eds.): Encyclopedia of Cognitive Behavior Therapy . S. 177 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  3. ↑ a b Bruce S. Zahn, David L. Zehrung, Laura Russo-Innamorato: Cognitive interventions in primary care . In: Robert A. DiTomasso, Barbara A. Golden, Harry J. Morris (Eds.): Handbook of Cognitive Behavioral Approaches in Primary Care . Springer, New York 2010, ISBN 978-0-8261-0384-0 , pp. 239 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  4. ^ Cognitive therapy . In: Windy Dryden (Ed.): Developments in Psychotherapy: Historical Perspectives . S. 199 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  5. ^ William Morrow and Company 1980, ISBN 0-688-03633-3
  6. ^ Lawrence D. Needleman: Cognitive Case Conceptualization. A Guidebook for Practitioners . ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  7. ^ Robert D. Friedberg, Angela A. Gorman, Laura Hollar Wilt, Adam Biuckians, Michael Murray: Cognitive bahavioral therapy for the busy child psychiatrist and other mental health professionals. Rubrics ans rurdiments . ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  8. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Peer Arndt, Nathali Klingen: Memorix Psychosomatik und Psychotherapie . Thieme, 2010, ISBN 978-3-13-162211-2 , pp. 214 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  9. ↑ a b c d e Beate Wilken: Methods of cognitive restructuring. A guide to psychotherapeutic practice . 5th edition. Kolhammer, Stuttgart 2010, ISBN 978-3-17-021324-1 , p. 26-27 .
  10. ↑ a b c d e f Koushiki Choudhury: Managing Workplace Stress. The Cognitive Behavioral Way . S. 20 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  11. ^ A b Erica Ives: Eating disorders. Decode The Controlled Chaos. Your Knowledge May Just Save A Life . S. 79 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  12. ^ A b Robert L. Leahy, Stephen JF Holland: Treatment Plans and Interventions for Depression and Anxiety Disorders . 2nd Edition. S. 441 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  13. ↑ a b Hazel E. Nelson: Cognitive-behavioral therapy for delusions and hallucinations . S. 17 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  14. ↑ M. Hautzinger: Cognitive behavior therapy . In: Michael Bauer, Anne Berghöfer, Mazda Adli (eds.): Acute and therapy-resistant depression. Pharmacotherapy - Psychotherapy - Innovations . ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  15. ↑ Jürgen Margraf: Textbook of behavior therapy . tape 2 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  16. ↑ a b Michel Hersen, Alan M. Gross: Handbook of Clinical Psychology, Adults . S. 573 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  17. ↑ Gerd Lehmkuhl, Fritz Poustka, Martin Holtmann, Hans Steiner: Textbook of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry . Hogrefe, 2013, ISBN 978-3-8409-1871-1 , pp. 821 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  18. ↑ Gunilla Wewetzer, Christoph Wewetzer: Obsessive-compulsive disorder in children and adolescents: A therapy manual . Hogrefe, 2011, ISBN 978-3-8409-2343-2 , pp. 72 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  19. ↑ Hansruedi Ambühl, Barbara Meier: Understanding and treating compulsion: a cognitive-behavioral approach . Pfeiffer at Klett-Cotta, 2003, ISBN 978-3-608-89711-1 , p. 119 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  20. ↑ Hansruedi Ambühl, Barbara Meier, Ulrike Willutzki: Understanding and Treating Social Anxiety: A Cognitive Behavioral Approach . Pfeiffer at Klett-Cotta, 2006, ISBN 978-3-608-89025-9 , p. 95 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  21. ↑ Stirling Moorey, Steven Greer: Cognitive Behavioral Therapy in Cancer Patients . ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  22. ↑ M. Hautzinger: Cognitive behavior therapy for chronic depression . In: Michael Bauer, Anne Berghöfer (eds.): Therapy-resistant depression. Current state of knowledge and guidelines for treatment in clinic and practice . S. 227 ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  23. ^ A b John F. Gunn, David Lester: Theories of suicide. Past, Present and Future . ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  24. ↑ a b Jill H. Rathus, Alec L. Miller: DBT Skills Manual for Adolescents . ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  25. ↑ Stephen Briers: Brilliant Cognitive Behavioral Therapy. How to use CBT to improve your mind and your life . ( limited preview in Google Book search).
  26. ^ Thomas Bien, Beverly Bien: Finding the Center Within. The Healing Way of Mindfulness Meditation . ( limited preview in Google Book search).