Kröger-Vink notation

The Kröger-Vink notation is a series of conventions that are used to represent electrical charge and the position of lattice defects in crystals . The notation was suggested by Ferdinand Anne Kröger and Hendrik Jan Vink .

syntax

${\ displaystyle M_ {S} ^ {C}}$

M denotes the species. Species can be:

Atoms - for example Si, Ni, O, Cl
Free grid positions - V
Electrons - e
Holes - h

S denotes the grid position which the species occupies. For example, Ni can occupy the lattice position that would normally be occupied by Cu. In this case, M would be replaced with Ni and S with Cu. The position could also be an interstitial grid, in which case the symbol 'i' is used for S.

C denotes the electrical charge relative to the charge of the ion normally present there. For example, nickel often has the same number of valence electrons as copper, so the relative charge is zero. Thesymbol is usedto indicate that there is no difference in charge between the replaced and replacing ion. A singlesymbol is used to denote a single positive charge. Twosymbols indicate a double positive charge. Negative, relative charges are marked with the symbol. The slashand the minusare also used to identify negative charges. ${\ displaystyle \ times}$ ${\ displaystyle \ bullet}$ ${\ displaystyle \ bullet}$ ${\ displaystyle '}$ ${\ displaystyle /}$ ${\ displaystyle -}$

Examples

${\ displaystyle {\ text {Al}} _ {\ text {Al}} ^ {\ times}}$ = An aluminum ion is located on the grid position of an aluminum ion. The relative charge is therefore zero.

${\ displaystyle {\ text {Ni}} _ {\ text {Cu}} ^ {\ times}}$ = A nickel ion is on the grid position of a copper ion. The relative charge is zero.

${\ displaystyle {\ text {V}} _ {\ text {Cl}} ^ {\ bullet}}$ = A void where a chloride ion would normally be located. The relative charge is simply positive.

${\ displaystyle {\ text {Ca}} _ {\ text {i}} ^ {\ bullet \ bullet}}$ = A calcium ion is located on an interstitial space. The relative charge is twofold positive.

${\ displaystyle {\ text {e}} _ {} ^ {'}}$ = An electron with a single negative charge.