Crypto Jews

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As crypto Jews are occasionally converts called (from Judaism to another religion) and their descendants, who continue to feel connected, contrary to their public religious affiliation of the old religion and practice it in secret Jewish culture and religion.

application

The word is derived from Greek : κρυπτός, kryptós , "hidden". The term crypto-judaism is used in religious studies literature.

The first crypto-Jewish groups arose in the 8th century after the forced conversions among the Visigoths and in the 12th century among the Almohads in North Africa and Spain.

The best-known group of Crypto Jews are the Marranos , Jews and their descendants who converted to Christianity on the Iberian Peninsula under duress. After the conclusion of the Reconquista and the decree of the Alhambra Edict in 1492, all Jews were expelled or baptized under duress, first in Spain and then in Portugal. Some of them still clung to the old religion, which the whole group under the general suspicion of Judaisierens ( judaizar / judaisar brought). Therefore, after 1500, there were repeated expulsions of new Christians ( conversos ), who were now allowed to settle as Christians in the new world. Crypto-Jewish communities still exist in northern Portugal (example: Belmonte ) and also in New Mexico or South America. Even if no crypto-Jewish communities can be identified, their customs have often remained.

Crypto Jews in the Islamic world

No uniform group name is used for the crypto Jews in the Islamic world. In the 19th century in Mashhad ( Persia ) a group of forced converts came to be known as Jadid al-Islam ("Newcomers to Islam").

See also

literature

German
  • Bernard Lewis : The Jews in the Islamic World. From the early Middle Ages to the 20th century. (= Beck series. 1572). Beck, Munich 2004, ISBN 3-406-51074-4 .
English
  • Miriam Bodian: Dying in the law of Moses. Crypto-Jewish martyrdom in the Iberian world. (= The modern Jewish experience ). Indiana University Press, Bloomington IN 2007, ISBN 978-0-253-34861-6 .
  • David Martin Gitlitz: Secrecy and Deceit. The Religion of the Crypto-Jews . Jewish Publication Society, Philadelphia PA 1996, ISBN 0-8276-0562-5 . (Also: University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque NM 2002, ISBN 0-8263-2813-X , ( Jewish Latin America )).
  • Janet Liebman Jacobs: Hidden Heritage. The Legacy of the Crypto-Jews . University of California Press, Berkeley CA et al. 2002, ISBN 0-520-23346-8 .
  • Renée Levine Melammed: Heretics or daughters of Israel? The crypto-Jewish women of Castile . Oxford University Press, New York NY et al. 1999, ISBN 0-19-509580-4 .

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Dolores J. Sloan: The Sephardic Jews of Spain and Portugal. Survival of an imperiled culture in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. MacFarland, Jefferson, NC et al. 2009.
  2. ↑ Amy Klein: On the way home: More and more people of Hispanic origin are discovering their Jewish roots. In: Jüdische Allgemeine. December 3, 2009.
  3. ↑ Maurus Reinkowski: Crypto Jews and Cryptochrists in Islam . In: Saeculum. 54, 2003, pp. 13-37.