Mangite
The Mangit (also Mangiten, Manghit or Mangud) were originally a Mongolian clan from the 14th century and later a Muslim ruling house in Central Asia , which ruled the Bukhara Khanate from 1758/85 to 1920 .
Origins and Nogai
The Mangit were originally a Mongolian clan , which was completely Turkic as early as the 14th century and had settled between the Volga and Emba , among other places . The Mangit were closely associated with the Nogaier Horde during this period . The influential Edigü († 1419) was called "Lord of the Nogaier or Mangit Horde".
It is not clear what the relationship between the Nogai and the Mangit was and how the mutual use of the names of “Nogai” and “Mangite” in the various Russian, Crimean Tatar and Ottoman sources of the 15th century came about. In Persian and Turkish sources, the Nogai Horde is referred to as "Ulus Mangit". Personal ties between the two clans cannot be ruled out entirely.
Way to Bukhara
In the course of the 15th and 16th centuries, groups of the Nogai and Mangit migrated through the southern Russian steppes under the leadership of various princes from the Edigus family. They initially had a center on the Urals and were located between the Astrakhan Khanate and the "Little Nogai Horde".
Another part of the Nogaier or Mangit migrated with the Uzbeks around 1500 to Qarshi and Bukhara , whereby it can be assumed that other groups followed them in the 16th to 18th centuries. When the Astrakhan khanate fell to the Russian tsar in 1555, an Astrakhan prince fled to the Uzbek khanate and married into the ruling family.
Ataliq in Bukhara
When the Janid dynasty, also from Astrakhan, ruled Bukhara from 1598–1785, the Mangit had a great influence there.
The family had held the office of Ataliq , comparable to a regent, since 1714. Muhammad Hakim Beg was the head of the Mangit, after his death in 1743 he was followed by his son Muhammad Rahim . Both negotiated the conditions of submission to Nader Shah when the Persians attacked the khanate in 1740 . Rahim served the Persian ruler for at least four years, took part in the Persian campaign in the Caucasus and in 1746 commanded a punitive expedition against Bukhara.
Reign in Bukhara
In 1747 , after the assassination of Nader Shah, Muhammad Rahim Bi had the last real ruler of the Janids in Bukhara Khanate , Abu'l Faiz , killed. For several years he ruled, still as Ataliq, with various powerless khan, until he declared himself ruler in 1756. According to other sources, he ascended the throne in 1753 and instead of “Khan” introduced the new title “Emir” and ruled until 1758. He was the first non- Genghisid ruler in Bukhara.
From 1758 to 1785 Abu'l Ghazi ruled , but he was also dependent on the Mangit clan. The rulers now invoked Islamic principles instead of Genghisid ancestry. Ma'sum Shah Murad († 1799), the son-in-law of Abu'l Ghazi , finally deposed the Janids and made the official transition to the Emirate of Bukhara . Close to the dervishes, he dared to attack Iran for the last time in 1788, conquering Merw , destroying the Murghab dams and deporting the Iranian population.
From 1866 to 1868 Muzaffar ad-Din , the emir of Bukhara, was a target for the Russians. The emir had to cede Samarkand to Russia and pay war compensation equivalent to 0.75 million euros. In addition, all foreign relations of the emirate were now controlled by Russia. The emir was given the rank of adjutant general to the tsar, but the emirate was not dissolved for political reasons.
The Mangite dynasty ruled Bukhara until 1920.
Emirs of Bukhara
- 1747–1758 Muhammad Rahim, including 53–56 as emir
- 1758–1785 Daniyal Bey, not as an emir, but as Ataliq
- 1785–1800 Mir Machzum Shah Murad, also Shah Murad bin Daniyal Bey
- 1800–1826 Haidar Tora, also Haydar Tora bin Shah Murad
- 1826 Hussain, also Hussain bin Haydar Tora
- 1826 Omar, also Umar bin Haydar Tora
- 1826–1860 Nasr Allah, also Nasr-Allah bin Haydar Tora
- 1860–1885 Muzaffar ad-Din, also Muzaffar al-Din bin Nasr-Allah
- 1885–1910 Abd al-Ahad, also Abdul-Ahad bin Muzaffar al-Din
- 1910-1920 Alim Khan
literature
- Marion Linska, Andrea Handl and Gabriele Rasuly-Paleczek: Introduction to the ethnology of Central Asia , script. Vienna, 2003, accessed on March 14, 2020.
- Jürgen Paul : Central Asia . Frankfurt am Main 2012 ( New Fischer World History , Volume 10).