Uzbek Khanate
Uzbeks Khanate or Khanate of the Uzbeks was the name of a tribal federation of the Uzbeks in Central Asia that was founded in 1428, broke up in 1468, was re-established around 1500 and became the Bukhara Khanate from 1506 .
Other khanates ruled by Uzbeks were the Khiva Khanate from 1510 and the Kokand Khanate from 1710 .
overview
As early as the 14th century, the name “Uzbeks” was used to designate various Turkic-speaking tribes that were native to western Siberia and northeastern Kazakhstan and who were subordinate to rulers from the Scheibanid family .
After successful campaigns against the Timurids and the conquest of the area on the Syr Darya , Abu'l-Chair founded the Uzbek Khanate and wanted to make the newly conquered areas the core of a centralized state. Against this turned an opposition within the tribal confederation, the Kazakhs (renegades) were called. After Abu'l-Chair suffered a crushing defeat against the Oirats in 1456/57 , this opposition took advantage of this situation: In 1468 the Kazakhs defeated Abu'l-Chair and founded the Kazak khanate , while the Uzbek khanate disintegrated.
The grandson of Abu'l-Chair, Mohammed Scheibani , reestablished the Uzbek khanate as a vassal of the Mughal khans from 1488 and achieved independence in 1500.
It became the Bukhara Khanate in 1506, the Khiva Khanate split off in 1512 and the Kokand Khanate split off in 1710 , with all three empires being "Uzbek Khanates". In 1753/85 the "Bukhara Khanate" became the Emirate of Bukhara .
The khanate under Abu'l-Chair
After the northern steppe nomads under the leadership of Qasym Khan, who came from the Ordas family, became independent, a struggle for supremacy in the steppe began. Boraq Khan (ruled 1422-28), the son of Qasym, had only recently sought to take over the White Horde with the help of the Timurids . Abu'l-Chair (r. 1428–1468), a descendant of Shibani Khan , was able to kill Boraq Khan in 1428 with the help of the Nogaiers Waqqas Bej.
Abu'l Chair had prevailed and now began to unite the nomads in the area between Tobol, Urals and Syr Darja . Abu'l-Chair was a staunch Muslim and tried to build a tightly organized state. With this he came into opposition to the nomadic steppe culture of the Kazakhs.
In 1447, Abu'l-Chair took action against the Timurid Ulug Beg , gained control of the Syr Darya region and conquered Samarkand. He also intervened more than once in the following throne disputes with the Timurids and, for example, in 1451 favored Abu Said.
In 1456, Boraq's sons, Kerei and Janibek, split off from the Uzbek Khanate after Abu'l-Chair suffered a heavy defeat against the western Mongolian jungles . The renegade princes initially submitted to the protection of the last important Chagatai khans Esen Bugha and Yunus . They gradually gathered all those who wanted to remain unbound and renewed the Kazak Empire .
In 1467 the Sibir Khanate under Ibaq - also a Scheibanide - broke away from its Uzbek overlord.
In 1468 Abu'l-Chair was killed by the returning Kazakhs after a defeat north of the Syr Darya. After that, his khanate came to an end: Abu'l-Chair's tribes split up among the surviving sons and other relatives; so-called appanages ( partial rule ) arose . Other tribes went over to the Kazakhs. The appanages of the sons Budaq and Baruj did not last long, both were soon removed by Yunus , the Chagatai Khan.
The Khanate under Mohammed Scheibani
Mohammed Scheibani was the son of Budaq and grandson of Abu'l-Chair. He and his followers, who kept the name Uzbeks, settled south of the Syr Darya. There they assimilated - in complete contrast to the later Kazakhs - more strongly with the Chagatai- speaking Turkish and Iranian ethnic groups already resident there .
Scheibani, a former refugee and mercenary leader , was able to reunite the Uzbeks in the last decade of the 15th century. Around 1500/01 he conquered the cities of Bukhara and Samarkand from the Timurids and occupied Transoxania . In 1503 Scheibani defeated his former feudal lords, the sons of Yunus Khan , in the Fergana Valley and took them prisoner. In 1505 the Uzbeks conquered Khorezmia (which they had to give up again in 1510) and in 1507 Scheibani occupied the city of Herat after the death of the Timurid Husain Baiqara .
Scheibani's long triumphal march came to a bloody end in 1510: He was captured by the Pers Shah Ishmael I near Merw and killed in battle.
Bukhara Khanate
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At the time of Mohammed Scheibani's death in 1510, Ubaidullah b. Mahmud , his nephew, as sultan. The Timurid Babur advanced to Bukhara and Samarqand with Persian help in 1511/12 , but was repulsed.
Ubaidullah b. Mahmud , governor of Bukhara and Khan from 1533 to 1539, the nephew of Muhammad Scheibani, continued the war against Iran, but he did not succeed in defeating Shah Tahmasp . In 1538 he tried unsuccessfully to conquer the Khiva Khanate . The long reign of Abdullah (II.) From 1583 to 1598 brought peace and prosperity, but wars broke out and around 1598 the Kazakhs attacked Bukhara.
With the death of Abdullah's son and cousin dynasty 1598/99 moved to from the Astrakhan Khanate derived Dschaniden Dynasty (1599-1785).
Imam Quli Khan (r. 1610–1640 / 2) promoted the building of mosques and madrasas in particular . When he lost his sight, he appointed his brother Nadir Muhammed (1640 / 2–1645, deposed) as his successor. The worldly minded Nadir Muhammed , previously governor of Balch, had to vacate the throne in favor of his son Abd al-Aziz (r. 1645–1678) and fled to the Persian Shah .
Under Abd al-Aziz and his brother Subhan Quli Khan (r. 1678 / 80–1702) there was a last, more modest heyday of the country. Around 1700 the khan lost power over the Fergana valley. Shah-Rukh seized the opportunity and founded the independent Kokand Khanate in 1710 . Around 1723 large groups of Kazakhs fled from the Djungars to Bukhara and Samarkand.
In July / September 1740 the Persians under Nadir Shah defeated the Khan Abu'l Faiz and entered Bukhara as victor. Abu'l Faiz became a vassal of Persia. Around 1747 Abu'l Faiz was murdered by his regent Muhammad Rahim Bi . Muhammad Rahim , leader of the Mangite clan and dependent on the Persian ruler Nadir Shah , ascended the throne himself in 1753, introduced the new title "Emir" instead of "Khan", and ruled until 1758. With that, the Janids were disempowered, and under Abu ' l Ghazi (ruled 1758–85, deposed) the Mangites ruled the country.
One of Muhammad Rahim's relatives, Ma'sum Shah Murad († 1799), became Abu'l Ghazi's son-in-law and ascended the throne himself in 1785 after he had finally deposed the Janids and made the official transition to the Emirate of Bukhara . His dynasty lasted until 1920.
The Khiva Khanate
Ilbars Khan (ruled 1512-25) had disempowered the Persians in this region in Khoresm (with the cities of Urgensch and Khiva ) in 1512 . In the following years he proclaimed the independent khanate in Khiva and thus founded a new dynasty (that of the Arabshahids). This khanate developed into a competitor of the Uzbek khanate and wrestled with it for large parts of Central Asia . who were not in alliance with the Uzbek khanate. Ibars himself was a Scheibanid, but came from a different branch of the family that separated from the ancestors of the Bukhara khans in the late 14th century.
Hajji Muhammad (ruled 1558-1602), for example, had to deal with Abdullah II in 1594/96. His successor Arab Muhammad (ruled 1603-1621) rejected a first Russian advance on Urgensch. However, he suffered a defeat against the Kalmyks around 1613 and had to relocate the capital from Urgensch to Khiva around 1620 . The government was as orthodox as that in Bukhara. But at least the Khan Abu'l Ghazi Bahadur (r. 1643–1663) was active as a poet and historian, and we owe important information about the origin of the Scheibanids to him. Abu'l Ghazi also successfully repulsed two attacks by the Kalmyks in 1648 and 1652/3 and in 1661 moved against Abd al-Aziz (r. 1645–1678) to Bukhara.
In the 18th century the power of the khans also waned here, in 1740 Nadir Shah conquered the fortress of Khanka, moved into Khiva and had Khan Ilbar II executed. In 1804 the dynasty changed and in 1873 Khiva was made a Russian protectorate.
The Kokand Khanate
The Kokand Khanate was founded in 1710 by an (alleged?) Scheibanid named Shah-Rukh and lasted until 1876. After the Qing Dynasty destroyed the mighty jungle empire, Kokander Khan Erdeni was also forced to recognize formal Chinese suzerainty (1758) . This sovereignty continued for the rest of the century.
In the 19th century the khans Alim, Muhammad Umar (ruled 1809-22) and Muhammad Ali (ruled 1822-40) were also able to occupy Tashkent and other cities and force some Kazak tribes up to Lake Balkhash to recognize Kokander suzerainty. But the success was only apparent: Constant internal conflicts broke out around 1840 and the Emir of Bukhara, with the help of foreign advisors, equipped a reasonably modern army with which he interfered in the internal affairs of the khanate (including 1840/2, 1863), briefly before Bukhara itself fell victim to the Russian attack in 1865/68. In 1868 the Kokand Khanate became a vassal of the tsarist empire and in 1876 it was annexed by the Russians.
Prince list
In the interest of a concise presentation, the subsidiary lines and the emirate of Bukhara are not listed.
The Scheibanids :
- Abu'l-Chair, ca. 1428–1468
- Budaq and Baruj Oglan (sons of Abu'l-Chair), approx. 1468/72
- vacant
- Mohammed Scheibani (son of Budaq and grandson of Abu'l-Chair), approx. 1488–1510
- Kütschküntschi (son of Abu'l-Chairs and uncle Mohammed Scheibani), ruler from 1510–1530
- Abu Sa'id (son of Kütschküntschi), ruler 1530–1533
- Ubaidullah b. Mahmud (nephew of Mohammed Scheibani), ruler 1533–39 (in Bukhara since 1510)
- Abdullah I (son of Kütschküntschi and cousin Mohammed Scheibani), ruler in 1540
- Abd'ul Latif (son of Kütschküntschi and cousin Mohammed Scheibani), ruler 1540–1551
- Nawruz Ahmed (son of Sayarj Khwaja and grandson of Abul Chairs), ruler from 1551–56
- Pir Muhammad I (son of Janibek, grandson of Khaja Muhammed and great-grandson of Abu'l-Chairs), ruler from 1556–1561
- Iskandar (son of Janibek and brother of Pir Muhammad I), 1561–1583 ruler
- Abu'l Gazi Abd Allah II. B. Iskandar (son of Iskandar), ruler 1557–1598
- Abd al-Mumin (son of Abd Allah II. B. Iskandar), 1598,
- Pir Muhammed b. Sulayman (nephew of Iskandar and cousin of Abd Allah II. B. Iskandar), 1598/99
The Janids , also called Astrakhanids :
- Jani Muhammed (son of Yar Muhammad, a fled prince from Astrakhan, and son-in-law of Iskandar), resigned in 1599
- Din Muhammad 1599
- Baki Muhammad 1599-1605
- Wali Muhammad 1605-1610
- Imam Quli Khan 1610–1640 / 2, abdicated
- Nadir Muhammed 1640 / 2–1645, deposed
- Abd al-Aziz 1645–1678, abdicated
- Subhan Quli 1678-80 and 1680-1702
- Ubaidullah 1702–1707 († 1717)
- Abu'l Faiz 1707-1747
- ...
- Abu'l Ghazi 1758–1785 (de facto rulers: the emirs of the Manghit dynasty)
literature
- Lazar Israelowitsch Albaum, Burchard Brentjes : Lords of the steppe. On the history and culture of Central Asian peoples in Islamic times. 3. Edition. Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften, Berlin 1986, ISBN 3-326-00144-4 .
- René Grousset : The steppe peoples. Attila, Genghis Khan, Tamerlane. Magnus Verlag, Essen 1975.
- Gavin Hambly (Ed.): Central Asia (= Fischer-Weltgeschichte. Vol. 16). 62–63 Thousand. Fischer-Taschenbuch-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1995, ISBN 3-596-60016-2 .
- Henry Hoyle Howorth: History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th Century. Part 2: The So-Called Tartars of Russia and Central Asia. 2 divisions. Longmans, Green & Co., London 1880.
- Marion Linska, Andrea Handl and Gabriele Rasuly-Paleczek: Introduction to the ethnology of Central Asia , script. Vienna, 2003, accessed on January 18, 2020.
- Jürgen Paul : Central Asia . Frankfurt am Main 2012 ( New Fischer World History , Volume 10).
Remarks
- ↑ The power struggles among the Tatars of the 14th and 15th centuries are often very contradictory. The Khan Ulugh Muhammed (r. 1419–24 and 1427–1438, † 1445) is said to have also defeated and killed Boraq.
- ^ Jürgen Paul: Central Asia. 2012, p. 279f
- ↑ Marion Linska, Andrea Handl and Gabriele Rasuly-Paleczek, p. 67
- ^ Jürgen Paul: Central Asia. 2012, p. 356.