Mohammed Scheibani

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Portrait of Mohammed Scheibani, Kamāl ud-Dīn Behzād around 1507
The battle between Shah Ismail and Scheibani Khan, 1510. Image from Isfahan, from 1688

Abu'l-Fath Mohammed Scheibani ( Uzbek Муҳаммад Шайбоний Muhammad Shayboniy , * 1451 ; † November 29 or December 1, 1510 ) was a Khan of the Uzbeks , the re-founder of the Uzbek Khanate and the ancestor of the Scheibanid dynasty.

Live and act

The Khan was a devout Muslim and a descendant of Genghis Khan's grandson Scheibani . His grandfather Abu'l-Chair Khan (* around 1412, † 1468) united the Uzbeks between the Urals , Irtysh and Syrdarya around 1430. However, Abu'l-Chair was killed by the renegade Kazakhs along with the rest of his family in 1468 . His sons Budaq and Baruj were then eliminated by the Chagatai , so that the rule dissolved.

Budaq's son Mohammed Scheibani began his career as a refugee (inter alia in Astrakhan ) and mercenary leader of the Timurid Ahmad Mirza (r. 1469–1494 in Samarkand), until he entered the service of the Chagatai Khan Mahmud b. Yunus (ruled 1487–1503, executed 1508) changed and was made governor of Turkestan by him. The prince (like Yunus Khan and Babur ) was regarded as a man of proportionately educated people who himself wrote poetry and teachings about the faith.

In the last decade of the 15th century, he gathered the scattered Uzbek tribes and conquered Bukhara and Samarkand from the descendants of Timur Leng in 1500 and re-established the Uzbek Khanate . Although Babur Samarkand got himself back in a coup, but could not hold it (1500-01), so that he had to make peace in July 1501, apparently by marrying his sister. Two years later, Mohammed Scheibani defeated the two Chagatai -Khane Mahmud and Ahmad and took them prisoner. After Husain Baiqara's death in 1506, he also occupied Herat without further ado and thus almost completely deposed the Timurids.

At that time, Mohammed Scheibani's court was a refuge for Sunnis who fled Persia. The Khan now tried to accept the title of caliph and asked the Shiite Persian Shah Ishmael I ( Safavids ) to end the oppression of the Sunnis, which led to war with Persia.

Unfortunately for him, the enemy Kazakhs under Qazim Khan (ruled 1509–1518) reunited in the northern steppes and wiped out the northern army of his son Temur. At the same time, he was himself on the campaign against the Shah and was waiting for the reinforcements under his son and nephew Ubaydallah, who arrived too late. At the head of his army Muhammad Shaybani fell at Merv in 1510 against the Persians Ishmael I . A drinking bowl was made from his skull and the scalp was supposedly sent to the Ottoman Sultan .

The remaining Uzbek army was able to defend Bukhara and Samarkand against the attack of the Timurid Babur and the Persians allied with him in the following years. Their new overlord was Mohammed Scheibani's uncle Kütschküntschi (1510/1530, in Samarkand), and his nephew Ubaydallah emerged as the most important prince (1510/1539 in Bukhara, ruler from 1533).

literature

See also

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Marion Linska, Andrea Handl and Gabriele Rasuly-Paleczek, p. 67
personal data
SURNAME Scheibani, Mohammed
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Scheibani, Abu 'I-Fath Mohammed
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Uzbek Khan and founder of the state
DATE OF BIRTH 1451
DATE OF DEATH November 29, 1510 or December 1, 1510