Scheibanids

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The term Scheibaniden (often also Schaibaniden ) means an Uzbek dynasty of the 16th century that was founded by Mohammed Scheibani . Generally speaking, the word Scheibaniden refers to all male descendants of Scheiban , the fifth son of Jötschis and grandson of Genghis Khan .

Beginnings

The namesake of the dynasty, Abu'l-Fath Mohammed Scheibani , lived from 1451 to 1510 and was the founder of the Uzbek Khanate .

Until the middle of the 14th century, the Scheibanids were under the authority of their higher-ranking relatives, the rulers of the Golden Horde ; H. the descendants of Batu Khan on the Volga (e.g. Uzbek Khan ) and Orda Khan in present-day Kazakhstan. During the 14th century, their princes adopted Islam.

When the Batu Khan line died out due to power struggles in the middle of the 14th century, the Scheibanids, as more or less legitimate successors of Jochi Khan, raised their claim to the entire ulus , which also included Siberia and Kazakhstan . Their main rivals were the descendants of Orda Khan and Tuqa Timur, d. H. Dschötschi Khan's eldest and his thirteenth son. The Tuqay Timurids were long in the shadow of the Scheibanids, but were later able to oust them from power in the Bukhara Khanate in 1599

Several decades of conflict brought their rivals control of the Golden Horde and its European successor states, namely the khanates of Kazan , Astrakhan and the Crimea .

Successes in the Uzbek khanate, Khiva and Siberia

The battle between Shah Ismail and Scheibani Khan, 1510. Image from Isfahan, from 1688

Regardless of the setbacks in Europe, in the early 15th century a branch of the Scheibanid pushed south or to Transoxania , where, after a century of conflict, it managed to overthrow the Timurid rule. It was Abu'l-Chair Khan , who ruled from 1428 to 1468 and began the unification of the tribes (hereinafter known as "Uzbeks") in the area between the Tyumen and the Tura River on the one hand and the Syr-Darja region on the other. His grandson Mohammed Scheibani (ruled 1500-10) wrested Samarkand , Bukhara and Herat from the control of the Timurid Babur and established the short-lived dynasty of the Scheibanids. He was followed by his uncle, a nephew and various cousins, whose descendants ruled Bukhara and Samarkand up to Abdullah Khan and the year 1598 (see Uzbeks Khanate ).

Ilbars , from another branch of Shelbanides, the descendants of Arabsah, founded in 1512 in Chwarezm the Khanate of Khiva , she to the early 18th century dominated.

Another state that was ruled by the Scheibanids was the Sibir Khanate : It broke away from its Uzbek overlord Abu'l-Chair Khan under the Scheibanid Ibaq around 1467 . The last ruler of the Sibir Khanate, Kütschüm Khan , was deposed by the Russians in 1598 . His son and grandson were brought to Moscow by the tsar and given the surname Sibirsky. In addition to this famous branch, other noble families from Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan asked the Russian government to recognize their Scheibanid roots, but mostly unsuccessfully.

literature

  • Gavin Hambly (Ed.): Central Asia. (= Fischer Weltgeschichte, Volume 16), 9th edition: 2002, original edition, Frankfurt am Main 1966

Individual evidence

  • Vasily Bartold : The Shaybanids . Collected Works, Vol. 2, Part 2. Moscow 1964.
  • René Grousset : The Empire of the Steppes: a history of central Asia Rutgers University Press, New Brunswick, NJ, 1970 (translated by Naomi Walford from the French edition, published by Payot in 1970), Sp. 478-490 et passim , ISBN 0-8135-0627-1
  • Clifford Edmund Bosworth : The new Islamic dynasties: a chronological and genealogical manual . Columbia University Press, New York, 1996, pp. 288-9, ISBN 0-231-10714-5
  • Svatopluk Soucek : A History of Inner Asia . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2000, pp. 149-157, ISBN 0-521-65169-7

Remarks

  1. ↑ Welsford, Thomas: Four types of loyalty in early modern central Asia: the Tūqāy-Timūrid takeover of greater Mā Warā al-Nahr, 1598-1605; Brill-Verlag, Leiden 2013, p. 11.
  2. ↑ "Among the children of Genghis was the patrimony of my (for) father Scheiban close to yours. But since that time the Timur Namagan patrimony was created and now we (ie the Scheibanids) are further away from you. To them Coming to the Volga, I go to my (for) father's place and move against Timur Qutlugh's [descendants]. "
    Ibaq, Khan of Sibir to Ivan III. (1493) about the displacement of the Scheibanids around a hundred years earlier (cf. Byzantine Research Vol. XV, p. 373)