Khanate
Khanate (Turkish-Neo-Latin) or Chanat ( Persian خانات chānāt , Turkish Hanlık ) is the name for the historical state structures of the Turkish and Mongolian tribes in the sense of a medieval feudal state . They wereruledby a Khan (or Chan ), which is where the name comes from. For comparison for similar European state structures z. B. be called a principality or a kingdom .
A khaghanate (chaghanate) was larger and more powerful than a khanate - the relationship is comparable to that of a kingdom to an empire.
List of khanates
Bulgarian Khanates:
- Greater Bulgarian Khanate (630–665)
- Khanate of the Volga Bulgarians (665-1391)
- Danube Bulgarian Khanate (681-1064)
The great empires of the Mongols :
- The Mongol Empire (1190 to 1260) is also known as the Mongolian Great Khanate
- Tschagatai Khanate (1229–1571), successor to the Mongol Empire, one of the so-called Four Great Mongol Khanates
- Yarkant Khanate (1514–1680), on the territory of the Chagatai Khanate
- Khanate of Mogulistan (14th / 15th century), in the east of the Chagatai Khanate
- Ilchanat (1256–1335), successor to the Mongol Empire, one of the so-called Four Great Mongol Khanates
- Ögedei Khanate (around 1225–1309), successor to the Mongol Empire
- Khanate of the Golden Horde (1236–1502), also Kyptschak Khanate, successor to the Mongol Empire, one of the so-called Four Great Mongol Khanates
- Orda Khanate , Khanate of the White Horde and Khanate of the Blue Horde , parts of the Golden Horde
Other kingdoms below:
- Kazan Khanate (1437–1552), split off or successor to the Golden Horde, a Tatar khanate
- Khanate of the Great Horde (1438–1502), the rest of the Golden Horde after the secession
- Khanate of Crimea (1440–1783 / 92), split from the Golden Horde
- Astrakhan Khanate (1441 / 66–1554), Tatar split from the Golden Horde
- Khanate of the Nogaier Horde (13th – 16th centuries), Tatar split from the Golden Horde
- Uzbek Khanate (1428–1506), successor to the Golden Horde, later Bukhara Khanate (1506–1753 / 85)
- Khanate of Sibir (1467–1582 / 1600), Tatar split from the Uzbek Khanate
- Khanate Khiva (1510–1920), split off from Khanate Bukhara
- Kokand Khanate (1710–1876), split from Bukhara Khanate
Later, New Realms:
- Kazak Khanate (1509–1822 / 48)
- Kalmyk Khanate (1633–1771) of the Oirats in the Eurasian steppe
- Choschuten Khanate (1638–1717) of the Oirats in Tibet
- Djungarian Khanate (1638–1759) of the Oirats in Xinjiang
Other gentlemen:
- Kumul Khanate (1759–1931), semi-autonomous local rule in China
- Kassimow Khanate (1452–1681), autonomous local rule in the Grand Duchy of Moscow
- Khanate of Kalat (1638–1955), principality in what is now Pakistan
Khanates in the Caucasus, particularly Azerbaijan; They gained independence from Persia after Nadir Shah's death in 1747 and later annexed by Russia :
- Avar Khanate (13th / 15th century-1821/64), also called Nuzal Khanate and Khundzia
- Sheki Khanate (1500–1819), independent 1747
- Karabakh Khanate (1606–1822), independent 1747
- Quba Khanate (1680–1806), independent 1747
- Khanate Salyan (1729–1789), again independent in 1747, then part of the Khanate Quba
- Derbent Khanate (1747–1806)
- Khanate Ardabil (1747-1753)
- Ganjah Khanate (1747–1804)
- Nakhichevan Khanate (1747–1828)
- Yerevan Khanate (1747-1828)
- Baku Khanate (1747–1806)
- Talysh Khanate (1747–1826)
- Karadach Khanate (1747-1828)
- Shirvan Khanate (1748–1805)
Use of the term
There are many historical states that were khanates, but for which the use of 'Reich' has become established (in German). These include (in the 10th – 12th centuries) the early Turkic-Mongolian empires of the Pechenegs , Keraiten , Merkites , Kara Kitai , Tatars and Naimans .
literature
- Marion Linska, Andrea Handl, Gabriele Rasuly-Paleczek: Introduction to the ethnology of Central Asia. Lecture notes, Vienna 2003 ( researchgate.net , accessed on June 22, 2020).
- Jürgen Paul : Central Asia . Frankfurt am Main 2012 ( New Fischer World History , Volume 10).
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ Duden: the khanate .
- ↑ Marion Linska, Andrea Handl, Gabriele Rasuly-Paleczek: Introduction to Anthropology of Central Asia. P. 65.
- ↑ cf. J. Paul: Zentralasien, 2012. The Ögedei Khanate comprised the area of the Great Khan as well as the Dzungarei and the Altai area, p. 225. After the unsuccessful assassination attempt, the Ögedei khanate lost importance, p. 224
- ↑ Marion Linska, Andrea Handl, Gabriele Rasuly-Paleczek: Introduction to Anthropology of Central Asia. P. 66.
- ↑ J. Paul: Zentralasien, 2012, p. 416